En bloc resection vs. Gips procedure in pilonidal sinus surgery. / Resección en bloque vs. técnica de Gips en cirugía del sinus pilonidal.

INTRODUCTION: Pilonidal sinus (PS) is an infectious/inflammatory condition of the sacrococcygeal region, with frequent relapses. There is no clear consensus as to which management technique is best. The most widely used technique is en bloc resection (EBR), but less invasive methods (Gips procedure) are now being developed. OBJECTIVE: To compare complications and progression of pediatric patients undergoing PS surgery in our institution using two different surgical techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of patients under 16 years of age undergoing PS surgery (EBR/Gips procedure) for the first time from 2014 to 2020 was carried out. Demographic variables, complications in the first month (exudate, wound infection, dehiscence, and bleeding), and result at the end of follow-up were collected. Qualitative variables were expressed as absolute frequency and percentage, whereas quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. RESULTS: 60 patients underwent surgery. EBR was used in the first group, and the Gips procedure was used in the second group (76.67%, n = 46 vs. 23.33%, n = 14). Both were comparable in terms of sex (32.61% vs. 35.71% male), age (14.04 vs. 13.79 years old), and BMI (26.63 vs. 26.20 kg/m2) at surgery. 6 patients underwent re-intervention (10.87% vs. 7.14%; p = 0.684). Median follow-up time to healing was 6.13 ± 0.98 months vs. 3.31 ± 1.26 months (p < 0.024). The Gips procedure caused no dehiscence, whereas dehiscence rate in EBR was 65.22%. CONCLUSION: The Gips procedure is a minimally invasive alternative to EBR. It avoids dehiscence, and time to healing is shorter. Therefore, it should be regarded as the first-line treatment in PS patients.

INTRODUCCION: El sinus pilonidal (SP) es una enfermedad infecciosa/inflamatoria de la región sacrococcígea, que asocia recaídas frecuentes, sin un consenso claro sobre su manejo óptimo. La técnica más empleada es la resección en bloque (RB), pero se están desarrollando métodos menos invasivos (técnica de Gips). OBJETIVOS: Comparar las complicaciones y evolución de pacientes pediátricos intervenidos de SP en nuestro centro con dos técnicas quirúrgicas diferentes. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes menores de 16 años intervenidos por primera vez de SP (RB/técnica de Gips) entre 2014 y 2020. Se recogieron variables demográficas, complicaciones en el primer mes (exudado, infección de herida, dehiscencia, sangrado) y resultado al final del seguimiento. Las variables cualitativas se expresaron mediante frecuencia absoluta y porcentaje, y las cuantitativas mediante media y desviación estándar. RESULTADOS: Se intervinieron 60 pacientes: el primer grupo mediante RB y el segundo mediante técnica de Gips (76,67%, n = 46 vs. 23,33%, n = 14). Ambos fueron comparables en cuanto a sexo (32,61% vs. 35,71% varones), edad (14,04 vs. 13,79 años) e IMC (26,63 vs. 26,20 kg/m2) durante la cirugía. Se reintervinieron 6 pacientes (10,87% vs. 7,14%; p = 0,684). La mediana del tiempo de seguimiento hasta la curación fue de 6,13 ± 0,98 vs. 3,31 ± 1,26 meses (p < 0,024). La técnica de Gips no presenta dehiscencias, a diferencia de la RB con un 65,22%. CONCLUSION: La técnica de Gips es una alternativa mínimamente invasiva a la RB, que evita la dehiscencia y precisa menos tiempo en alcanzar la curación, por lo que debería emplearse como tratamiento de primera elección.

Usefulness of the classification of urinary dysfunction for the prognosis of the first endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children over the age of 3. / Utilidad de la clasificación de los patrones de disfunción miccional en el pronóstico del primer tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral en niños mayores de 3 años.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic performance of urinary dysfunction patterns associated with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children over the age of 3 according to the result of the first endoscopic treatment (ENDT1), grouped into a classification designed by our group (CMD.URI-La Fe). Comparison with other current classifications such as that of Van Batavia et al. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ambispective cross-cutting study of a sample of 50 children. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: previous ENDT, age ≤ 3 years, anatomical or neurological anomalies and a history of ureteral or abdominopelvic surgery. Prior to the ENDT1, a bladder voiding function assessment by uroflowmetry+electromyography (UF-EMG) and post-mictional residue (ultrasound). Other variables from the bladder diary, pre-mictional bladder wall thickness and other clinical variables. The correction of VUR was assessed by isotope cystography 3 months after the treatment. Urinary patterns were classified according to the significant variables (URI-La Fe), and the diagnostic performance of this classification was assessed, comparing it to the classification of patients as proposed by Van Batavia et al. RESULTS: Mean age: 6.8±2.28 years. Males/females (44%/56%). Grades of VUR (mild/moderate/severe). ENDT1 VUR correction rate: 77% (n=38). Diagnostic performance (Van Batavia; URI-La Fe): correct prediction (37.5%; 75%), sensitivity (32.4%; 87.8%), specificity (54.5%; 46.6%), positive predictive value (70.6; 78.3%) and negative predictive value (19.4%; 63.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the usefulness of the non-invasive test and the classification of urinary dysfunction in children aged over 3 years prior to the first endoscopic treatment of VUR.

[Experience in the conservative treatment of renal trauma]. / Experiencia en el tratamiento conservador del traumatismo renal.

OBJECTIVE: The management of renal trauma has been changing in recent years so that nowadays, even in high grades, an initial conservative treatment is advocated. The aim of this work is to review the presentation, initial attitude and evolution of the renal traumas treated in our institution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of patients with renal trauma treated at our institution in the last 10 years. Epidemiological variables, production mechanism, pediatric trauma index (PTI), treatment and evolution were analyzed. RESULTS: We studied 26 patients, 18 men (69.3%). The most frequent mechanism was the direct hit in 11 patients (42.31%). The most frequently side affected was the right one in 14 patients (53.85%). The grade III traumatism according to American Association for the surgery of Trauma (AAST) was the most repeated, 11 patients (42.31%). Nine patients (44.55%) presented concomitant injuries in other solid organs. In 24 patients (92.30%) the initial treatment was conservative with supportive measures. One patient presented with hemodynamic instability and an urgent intervention was conducted, performing a supraselective embolization with immediate control of the active bleeding. In another patient, a double J catheter was placed due to disruption of the excretory tract. Of the patients treated conservatively initially, only one patient (4.1%) required secondary surgical maneuvers due to a complication. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with renal trauma, non-surgical treatment is safe and effective. In case of hemodynamic instability or complication, interventional radiological techniques have been demonstrated to be safe and effective in the pediatric population.

OBJETIVO: El manejo del traumatismo renal ha ido variando en los últimos años de modo que en la actualidad, incluso en los grados altos, se aboga por un tratamiento inicial conservador. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la presentación, actitud inicial y evolución de los traumatismos renales atendidos en nuestra institución. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Revisión retrospectiva de pacientes con traumatismo renal atendidos en los últimos 10 años. Se analizaron las variables epidemiológicas, mecanismo de producción, índice de trauma pediátrico (ITP), tratamiento y evolución. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 26 pacientes, 18 varones (69,23%). La causa más frecuente fue el golpe directo en 11 pacientes (42,31%). El lado más frecuentemente afectado fue el derecho en 14 pacientes (53,85%). El traumatismo grado III según la American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) fue el más común, 11 pacientes (42,31%). Nueve pacientes (44,55%) presentaron lesiones concomitantes en otros órganos sólidos. En 24 pacientes (92,30%) el tratamiento inicial fue conservador con medidas de soporte. Un paciente se presentó con inestabilidad hemodinámica y se intervino de forma urgente realizándose embolización supraselectiva con control inmediato del sangrado activo. En otro paciente se colocó un catéter doble J por disrupción de la vía excretora. De los pacientes tratados de manera conservadora inicialmente solo 1 paciente (4,1%) requirió maniobras quirúrgicas secundarias debido a una complicación. CONCLUSIONES: En pacientes con traumatismo renal el tratamiento no quirúrgico es seguro y eficaz. En caso de inestabilidad hemodinámica o complicación, las técnicas radiológicas intervencionistas han demostrado ser seguras y efectivas en la edad pediátrica.

hTERT mRNA expression in urine as a useful diagnostic tool in bladder cancer. Comparison with cytology and NMP22 BladderCheck Test®. / Expresión de ARNm de hTERT en orina como herramienta diagnóstica útil en cáncer de vejiga. Comparación con citología y NMP22 BladderCheck Test®.

INTRODUCTION: To study the relationship between quantitative mRNA determination (hTERT) in patients with bladder tumor, history of bladder tumor, and in subjects without a history of this neoplasia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled study with 91 subjects included. The value of mRNA-hTERTN was determined in 63 patients with a history or suspicion of bladder tumor and in 28 controls. Urine samples were sent for evaluation of the mRNA level (hTERT), the cytological study and the NMP22 result. RESULTS: Differences were observed in mean hTERTN levels in each of the groups: tumor presence 21.33+/- 40.66, tumor history 2.16+/- 2.67, controls 0.9+/- 1, 75 (p<0.001). In patients with tumor, there was no difference in mean hTERTN levels between the different grades and stages, although there was a tendency: low grade tumor 9.04+/- 16.95, high grade 28.95+/- 48.36 (p=.069), stage Ta 10.33+/- 19.39, T1 17.88+/- 27.14, T2 54.8+/- 74.05 (p=.056). In addition, the sensitivity of hTERTN was superior to that of other test (76%), although specificity and positive and negative predictive values were better for cytology (94%, 88.4% and 72.3% respectively) and NMP22 (88%, 80.6% and 73.3% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: hTERTN mRNA levels in urine were higher in patients with bladder tumors compared to patients with a history of bladder tumor and with negative cystoscopy, as well as in the control group. This determination showed a higher diagnostic yield compared with the detection of NMP22 and urinary cytology.

[Risk factors in the failure of surgical repair of pelvic organ prolapse]. / Factores de riesgo en el fracaso de la reparación quirúrgica del prolapso de suelo pelviano.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery has variable results of recurrence and complications. We have aimed to analyze our outcomes in order to know the factors associated with anatomical and functional failure in POP surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 69 patients who underwent POP surgery at our hospital was performed. Registered variables were: Age, BMI, number of deliveries, previous pelvic surgery, menopause, quality of life, urinary incontinence, associated frequency-urgency symptoms, high POP stage, vaginal compartments repaired, type of mesh, urethro-suspension and vaginal hysterectomy during POP surgery and its complications. Patients were evaluated at 1, 6 and 12 months post-surgery. The technique was considered as failed when relapse or mesh erosion occurred and when the patient is not satisfied or there was relapse. The sample is described, analyzing the relationship of the variables studied by univariate analysis (Chi square and Mann-Whitney U test) and a study was made of which variables may have predictive value in the failure of the repair (multiple logistic regression). RESULTS: Surgery failed in 17 patients during the follow-up at one year. BMI (29.6±2.03 vs 27.1±3.32), delivery number (3.4±0.71 vs. 2.8±1.88), menopause, frequency- urgency symptoms and number of vaginal compartments repaired were associated with treatment failure although only BMI, delivery number and frequency-urgency symptoms were defined as independent predictive variables when the logistic regression was carried out. CONCLUSIONS: Overweightness-obesity, previous delivery number and frequency-urgency symptoms before surgery are factors associated to anatomical and functional failure after POP repair.

[Radical cystectomy as a muscle-invasive bladder cancer treatment in elderly patients]. / Cistectomía radical como tratamiento del cáncer vesical infiltrante en el paciente de edad avanzada.

INTRODUCTION: Radical cystectomy in elderly is a controversial issue that increases importance overtime because average life span is growing. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our work was to analize the differences about perioperative and later outcomes between ages of patients with muscle-invasive bladder neoplasm treated with radical cystectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Two age groups were compared: < 70-years-old at time of cystectomy (n = 55) and > or = 70 years (n = 57). RESULTS: There was no difference between both age groups about: time of surgery, intraoperative complications (< 70 = 21,8%, > or = 70 = 31,6%), postoperative mortality (< 70 = 3,6%, > or = 70 = 8,8%), minor (< 70 = 18,2%, > or = 70 = 26,3%) and major medical postoperative complications (< 70 = 7,3%, > or = 70 = 8,8%), late outcomes as cancer-specific morby-mortality and actuarial overall survival stratified by patient age. The rate of major postoperative complications (< 70 = 23,6%, > or = 70 = 43,9%) as well as the mean length of hospital stay (< 70 = 10,2, > or = 70 = 15,2 days) differed significantly between the two age groups. Age and cardiovascular risk factors were independient predictive factors of mayor postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Radical cystectomy could be performed in carefully selected elderly patients.

[Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy, possible complication after urinary diversion in radical cystectomy. Review of the literature with regard to a clinical case]. / La encefalopatia hiperamonémica, una posible complicación por derivación urinaria tras cistectomía radical. Revisión de la literatura a proposito de un caso.

INTRODUCTION: Radical cystectomy is an intervention with an important morbidity. Urinary diversion is a possible cause of metabolic complications like hyperammonaemic encephalopathy. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a patient treated with a radical cystectomy and modified ureterosigmoidostomy after diagnosis of bladder cancer. After surgery the patient presented in 4 ocasions recurrent episodic confusion. Laboratory and image tests were normal. Levels of seric ammonium was increased. After supportive treatment and hemodyalisis symptoms disappeared. Later patient was reoperated and a reconstruction to ileal conduit was made. DISCUSSION: Continent urinary diversions are advised due to important negative impact on quality of life produced by ileal conduit. However these diversions have several complications, like encephalopathy secondary to non-hepatic hyperammonaemia. Increased absortion of ammonium by intestinal tissue of the new-ladder induces encephalopathy. Early diagnosis of this complication is essencial in order to administer an effective treatment.