Association between Inflammatory Potential of Diet and Bladder Cancer Risk: Results of 3 United States Prospective Cohort Studies.

PURPOSE: Inflammatory reaction has been linked to bladder cancer. Diet, which drives systemic inflammation, may be considered a modifiable risk factor for bladder cancer. We examined the association of diet with pro-inflammatory potential and bladder cancer risk using the novel EDIP (empirical dietary inflammatory pattern) score comprising predefined food groups determining a pattern most predictive of plasma inflammatory markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We followed a total of 172,802 women in the NHS (Nurses' Health Study) from 1984 to 2012 and the NHS II from 1991 to 2013 as well as 45,272 men in the HPFS (Health Professionals Follow-Up Study) from 1986 to 2012. Multivariable adjusted Cox regression models were used to estimate the RR and 95% CI of bladder cancer across EDIP score quintiles. We performed inverse variance weighted meta-analysis to pool estimates across cohorts stratified by smoking status. RESULTS: During 4,872,188 person-years of observation 1,042 incident bladder cancer cases were identified. Overall, high EDIP scores reflecting dietary patterns with pro-inflammatory potential were not associated with a higher risk of bladder cancer (quintile 5 vs 1 pooled multivariable adjusted RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.75-1.12, ptrend = 0.67). Results were consistent across individual cohorts (quintile 5 vs 1 in the NHS RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.78-1.37, ptrend = 0.71; in the NHS II RR 1.44, 95% CI 0.53-3.91, ptrend = 0.13; and in the HPFS RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55-1.01, ptrend = 0.11). Results were similar regardless of smoking status. CONCLUSIONS: We observed no association between diets with pro-inflammatory potential and bladder cancer risk. Although additional studies are needed to explore other nutritional pathways with the potential for bladder cancer prevention, our results suggest that diets associated with inflammation are not associated with bladder cancer risk.

Alcohol intake, drinking patterns, and prostate cancer risk and mortality: a 30-year prospective cohort study of Finnish twins.

PURPOSE: Alcohol intake may be associated with cancer risk, but epidemiologic evidence for prostate cancer is inconsistent. We aimed to prospectively investigate the association between midlife alcohol intake and drinking patterns with future prostate cancer risk and mortality in a population-based cohort of Finnish twins. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Older Finnish Twin Cohort and included 11,372 twins followed from 1981 to 2012. Alcohol consumption was assessed by questionnaires administered at two time points over follow-up. Over the study period, 601 incident cases of prostate cancer and 110 deaths from prostate cancer occurred. Cox regression was used to evaluate associations between weekly alcohol intake and binge drinking patterns with prostate cancer risk and prostate cancer-specific mortality. Within-pair co-twin analyses were performed to control for potential confounding by shared genetic and early environmental factors. RESULTS: Compared to light drinkers (≤3 drinks/week; non-abstainers), heavy drinkers (>14 drinks/week) were at a 1.46-fold higher risk (HR 1.46; 95 % CI 1.12, 1.91) of prostate cancer, adjusting for important confounders. Among current drinkers, binge drinkers were at a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer (HR 1.28; 95 % CI 1.06, 1.55) compared to non-binge drinkers. Abstainers were at a 1.90-fold higher risk (HR 1.90; 95 % CI 1.04, 3.47) of prostate cancer-specific mortality compared to light drinkers, but no other significant associations for mortality were found. Co-twin analyses suggested that alcohol consumption may be associated with prostate cancer risk independent of early environmental and genetic factors. CONCLUSION: Heavy regular alcohol consumption and binge drinking patterns may be associated with increased prostate cancer risk, while abstinence may be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality compared to light alcohol consumption.

Longitudinal analysis of carcinogenic human papillomavirus infection and associated cytologic abnormalities in the Guanacaste natural history study: looking ahead to cotesting.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have addressed the timing of cervical cytologic abnormalities and human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity during the course of an infection. It remains largely unknown how infections detected by HPV and cytology wax and wane relative to each other. The aim of this analysis was to assess the longitudinal relationship of abnormal cytology and HPV positivity in a 7-year prospective study of 2500 women in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. METHODS: At each semiannual or annual visit, cervical specimens were screened using liquid-based cytology and tested for >40 HPV types with use of MY09/MY11 L1 degenerate primer polymerase chain reaction-based methods. On the basis of previous work, we separated prevalent and newly detected infections in younger and older women. RESULTS: Among newly detected HPV- and/or cytology-positive events, HPV and cytology appeared together ∼60% of the time; when discordant, HPV tended to appear before cytology in younger and older women. Combining newly and prevalently detected events, HPV and cytology disappeared at the same time >70% of the time. When discordant, HPV tended to disappear after cytology in younger and older women. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of HPV DNA and associated cytological abnormalities tend to come and leave together; however, when discordant, detection of HPV DNA tends to precede and/or last longer than associated cytologic abnormalities.