RESUMO
Invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) and invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs) are the two major pathological types of breast cancer. Epidemiological and histoclinical data suggest biological differences, but little is known about the molecular alterations involved in ILCs. We undertook a comparative large-scale study by both array-compared genomic hybridization and cDNA microarray of a set of 50 breast tumors (21 classic ILCs and 29 IDCs) selected on homogeneous histoclinical criteria. Results were validated on independent tumor sets, as well as by quantitative RT-PCR. ILCs and IDCs presented differences at both the genomic and expression levels with ILCs being less rearranged and heterogeneous than IDCs. Supervised analysis defined a 75-BACs signature discriminating accurately ILCs from IDCs. Expression profiles identified two subgroups of ILCs: typical ILCs ( approximately 50%), which were homogeneous and displayed a normal-like molecular pattern, and atypical ILCs, more heterogeneous with features intermediate between ILCs and IDCs. Supervised analysis identified a 75-gene expression signature that discriminated ILCs from IDCs, with many genes involved in cell adhesion, motility, apoptosis, protein folding, extracellular matrix and protein phosphorylation. Although ILCs and IDCs share common alterations, our data show that ILCs and IDCs could be distinguished on the basis of their genomic and expression profiles suggesting that they evolve along distinct genetic pathways.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/genética , Carcinoma Lobular/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Antígenos CD , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Caderinas/genética , Caderinas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Lobular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Lobular/patologia , Cromossomos Artificiais Bacterianos , Feminino , Humanos , Mutação/genética , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Neoplásico/genética , RNA Neoplásico/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
Infection remains a serious complication after surgical produces. The main risk factors for developing infection are: 1. endogenous-host related, 2. exogenous-produce related, 4. environmental-related ones. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduces the incidence of potentially serious infective complications. It is indicated in procedures with incidence of infective complications more as 5%, in clean contaminated wounds and also in produces, in which infection has fatal consequences (vascular surgery, heart surgery, traumatology). The decision to use antibiotic prophylaxis depends upon the operation to be performed, the findings at operations, the general health of the patient and pharmacological and antibacterial properties of the agent. Timing of the first dose (administration not more as 1 hour preoperatively) and duration not more as 24 hours are very important. We use the second generations of cephalosporins (cefuroxim and after antibiotic rotation cefamandol) in antibiotic prophylaxis obligatory in vascular surgery, pacemaker implantation, traumatology and in colorectal surgery (there in combination with metronidasol) with mean infection rate in clean surgical procedures from 0.5 to 1.5%. Complications after antibiotic prophylaxis are very rare. However antibiotic prophylaxis can not compensate the correction of medical problems preoperatively and the meticulous surgical technique.