RESUMO
Influenza virus invades the cell by binding sialic acid on the cell membrane through haemagglutinin (HA), and then genome replication and transcription are carried out in the nucleus to produce progeny virus. Multiplication of influenza virus requires metabolites, such as nucleotides and amino acids, as well as cellular machinery to synthesize its genome and proteins, thereby producing viral particles. Influenza virus infection forces the start of several metabolic systems in the cell, which consume or generate large amounts of energy. Thus, the viral multiplication processes involved in both genome replication and transcription are considered to require large numbers of nucleotides. The high-level consumption of nucleotides generates large amounts of energy, some of which is converted into heat, and this heat may increase the temperature of cells. To address this question, we prepared a tool based on rhodamine B fluorescence, which we used to measure the temperatures of influenza virus-infected and uninfected cells. The results indicated that influenza virus multiplication increased the temperature of cells by approximately 4 °C - 5 °C, ATP levels in the cells decreased at 3 h after infection, and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased with multiplication level. Thus, the increase in cellular temperature during influenza virus infection appears to be due to the massive consumption of ATP over a short period.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Temperatura Alta , Vírus da Influenza A/fisiologia , Replicação Viral , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fluorescência , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , RNA Viral/genética , Rodaminas , Vírion/genética , Vírion/fisiologiaRESUMO
Surgical simulators have recently attracted attention because they enable the evaluation of the surgical skills of medical doctors and the performance of medical devices. However, thermal damage to the human body during surgery is difficult to evaluate using conventional surgical simulators. In this study, we propose a functional surgical model with a temperature-indicating function for the evaluation of thermal damage during surgery. The simulator is made of a composite material of polydimethylsiloxane and a thermochromic dye, which produces an irreversible color change as the temperature increases. Using this material, we fabricated a three-dimensional blood vessel model using the lost-wax process. We succeeded in fabricating a renal vessel model for simulation of catheter ablation. Increases in the temperature of the materials can be measured by image analysis of their color change. The maximum measurement error of the temperature was approximately -1.6 °C/+2.4 °C within the range of 60 °C to 100 °C.