A case report of atypical anti-glomerular basement membrane disease.

BACKGROUND: Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is characterized by crescentic necrotizing glomerulonephritis, with linear deposits of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the GBM. Classic anti-GBM disease is clinically associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with or without pulmonary hemorrhage. Some patients have a better renal prognosis and milder symptoms than those with classic anti-GBM disease, which is termed atypical anti-GBM disease. CASE PRESENTATION: A 43-year-old Japanese woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of hematuria that had persisted for more than one month. Serological examination revealed negativity for anti-nuclear, anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic, and anti-GBM antibodies. However, renal biopsy showed cellular crescents. Immunofluorescence revealed strong diffuse linear capillary loop staining for IgG. An indirect immunofluorescence antibody method was performed by applying the patient serum to normal kidney tissue to confirm the presence of autoantibodies binding to the GBM. Using this method, anti-GBM antibodies were detected. The patient was treated with high-dose steroids, cyclophosphamide, and plasma exchange. Aggressive treatment resolved proteinuria and hematuria and improved renal function. CONCLUSIONS: Renal biopsy is crucial in the diagnosis of anti-GBM disease, especially when serological tests are negative. Accurately identifying the presence of anti-GBM disease is important to initiate optimal treatment.

Low-Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy to Assess Histopathological Resolution of Class V Lupus Nephritis: A Case Report.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is most frequently associated with poor outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). LN manifests as histopathological changes in the kidney caused by immune complex formation and deposition. In particular, immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposits are frequently observed by immunofluorescence staining, which helps to establish the diagnosis of LN. In this case report, we describe a 57-year-old woman with SLE who had been undergoing treatment on an outpatient basis for 11 years. Her first and second renal biopsies revealed class V LN with a coarsely granular pattern of IgG deposition in the peripheral capillary walls. However, her third renal biopsy showed no IgG deposition, which indicated histopathological resolution of her class V LN. We used low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM) to examine the three-dimensional structural alterations in her glomerular basement membranes. In this report, we describe findings that indicated resorption of epithelial deposits, that is, resolution of LN. The results of repeated kidney biopsies confirmed by LV-SEM suggested the possibility of a state unrelated to LN.

Glomerular endothelial cell injury and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis lesion in idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) lesions have often been discussed as a negative predictor in idopathic membranous nephropathy (MN). The mechanism of the development of FSGS lesion in MN is still uncertain. METHODS: From 250 cases of MN, 26 cases contained FSGS lesion. We compared the clinicopathological characteristics between MN cases with FSGS lesion [MN-FSGS(+)] and MN without FSGS lesion [MN-FSGS(-)], matched for gender, age, stage of MN. RESULTS: The glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly lower in MN-FSGS(+) cases compared to MN-FSGS(-), although nephrotic syndrome, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure levels were not significantly different between the two groups. Pathologically, glomeruli in MN-FSGS(+) cases showed narrowing and loss of glomerular capillaries with separating from GBM or disappearance of CD34+ endothelial cells, and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in capillary walls, indicating the development of glomerular capillary injury. These findings of endothelial injury were seen even in MN-FSGS(-) cases, but they were more prominent in MN-FSGS(+) than MN-FSGS(-) by computer assessed morphometric analysis. In MN-FSGS(+) cases, 44 out of 534 glomeruli (8.2%) contained FSGS lesions (n = 31, NOS lesion; n = 13, perihilar lesion). Significant thickness of GBM with ECM accumulation was evident in MN-FSGS(+) cases. Podocyte injury with effacement of foot processes was also noted, but the expression of VEGF on podocytes was not different between the two groups, which suggests that the significant thickness of capillary walls may influence the function of VEGF from podocyte resulting in the glomerular capillary injury that contribute to the development of FSGS lesion in MN. CONCLUSION: Glomerular capillary injury was seen in all MN cases. Furthermore, the prominent injuries of glomerular capillaries may be associated with the deterioration of eGFR and the formation of FSGS lesions in MN.

Glomerular basement membrane injuries in IgA nephropathy evaluated by double immunostaining for α5(IV) and α2(IV) chains of type IV collagen and low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy.

BACKGROUND: The glomerulus contains well-developed capillaries, which are at risk of injury due to high hydrostatic pressure, hyperfiltration, hypertension and inflammation. However, the pathological alterations of the injured glomerular basement membrane (GBM), the main component of the glomerular filtration barrier, are still uncertain in cases of glomerulonephritis. METHODS: We examined the alterations of the GBM in 50 renal biopsy cases with IgA nephropathy (31.8 ± 17.6 years old) using double immunostaining for the α2(IV) and α5(IV) chains of type IV collagen, and examining the ultrastructural alterations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM). RESULTS: The GBM of IgA nephropathy cases showed various morphological and qualitative alterations. In the TEM findings, thinning, gaps, rupture, thickening with a lamellar and reticular structure and double contours were detected in the GBM. Double immunostaining for α5(IV) and α2(IV) showed thickening of the GBM with reduced α5(IV) and increased α2(IV), or mosaic images of α5(IV) and α2(IV), and holes, fractures, spiny projections and rupture of α5(IV) in the GBM. In addition, LV-SEM showed an etched image and multiple holes in a widening and wavy GBM. These findings might be associated with the development of a brittle GBM in IgA nephropathy. CONCLUSION: Glomerular basement membrane alterations were frequently noted in IgA nephropathy, and were easily evaluated by double immunostaining for α2(IV) and α5(IV) of type IV collagen and LV-SEM. The application of these analyses to human renal biopsy specimens may enhance our understanding of the alterations of the GBM that occur in human glomerular diseases.

Acute graft-versus-host disease of the kidney in allogeneic rat bone marrow transplantation.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) causes graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). However, the involvement of the kidney in acute GVHD is not well-understood. Acute GVHD was induced in Lewis rats (RT1l) by transplantation of Dark Agouti (DA) rat (RT1(a)) bone marrow cells (6.0 × 10(7) cells) without immunosuppression after lethal irradiation (10 Gy). We examined the impact of acute GVHD on the kidney in allogeneic BMT rats and compared them with those in Lewis-to-Lewis syngeneic BMT control and non-BMT control rats. In syngeneic BMT and non-BMT control rats, acute GVHD did not develop by day 28. In allogeneic BMT rats, severe acute GVHD developed at 21-28 days after BMT in the skin, intestine, and liver with decreased body weight (>20%), skin rush, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction. In the kidney, infiltration of donor-type leukocytes was by day 28. Mild inflammation characterized by infiltration of CD3(+) T-cells, including CD8(+) T-cells and CD4(+) T-cells, and CD68(+) macrophages to the interstitium around the small arteries was noted. During moderate to severe inflammation, these infiltrating cells expanded into the peritubular interstitium with peritubular capillaritis, tubulitis, acute glomerulitis, and endarteritis. Renal dysfunction also developed, and the serum blood urea nitrogen (33.9 ± 4.7 mg/dL) and urinary N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAG: 31.5 ± 15.5 U/L) levels increased. No immunoglobulin and complement deposition was detected in the kidney. In conclusion, the kidney was a primary target organ of acute GVHD after BMT. Acute GVHD of the kidney was characterized by increased levels of urinary NAG and cell-mediated injury to the renal microvasculature and renal tubules.

An ophthalmic solution of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist prevents corneal inflammation in a rat alkali burn model.

PURPOSE: We clarified the effects of an ophthalmic solution of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist on corneal inflammation and wound healing after alkali burn injury in rats. METHODS: After alkali exposure, either an ophthalmic solution with 0.1% pioglitazone hydrochloride (the PPARγ group) or vehicle (the vehicle group) was topically applied to the cornea until day 14. Histological, immunohistochemical, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis were performed. RESULTS: After alkali injury, PPARγ expression increased, with the infiltration of many inflammatory cells. The infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages started from the corneal limbus within 6 h, and developed in the corneal center by day 7, with associated neovascularization. The accumulation of α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts and the deposition of type III collagen were noted on day 14. The histological changes were suppressed significantly by treatment with the ophthalmic solution of the PPARγ agonist. In addition, the number of infiltrating M2 macrophages in the cornea was increased by PPARγ agonist treatment. In real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, the messenger ribonucleic acid expression levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor beta 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A were decreased in the PPARγ group compared to the vehicle group in the early periods of corneal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: The ophthalmic solution of the PPARγ agonist inhibited inflammation, decreased the fibrotic reaction, and prevented neovascularization in the cornea from the early phase after alkali burn injury. The ophthalmic solution of the PPARγ agonist may provide a new treatment strategy with useful clinical applications for corneal inflammation and wound healing.

Surgical technique of orthotopic liver transplantation in rats: the Kamada technique and a new splint technique for hepatic artery reconstruction.

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is technically feasible and useful for the assessment of clinical liver transplantation and analysis of inflammatory liver diseases. OLT in rats was pioneered by Lee et al. in 1973 using hand-suture techniques of all vessels. This model has not been widely used due to the long operative time and technical demand. The cuff method was introduced by Kamada in 1979, and today, the Kamada technique is the one most commonly used worldwide. However, this technique does not include hepatic artery reconstruction, although this procedure is routinely performed in clinical transplantation. Nevertheless, several techniques for hepatic artery reconstruction in rat OLT have been reported recently, and our group also developed a simple splint technique from recipient right renal artery to donor celiac axis bearing the hepatic artery. In the present article, we describe the Kamada technique, as a standard surgical method for rat OLT. In addition, we also describe our splint technique for hepatic artery reconstruction. Then, we compare the features of Kamada technique and our splint technique for hepatic artery reconstruction and all other surgical techniques currently in use for rat OLT. The widespread use of the rat OLT model should help to provide full assessment of transplant immunology and the mechanism and treatment of inflammatory liver diseases.

A case of secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with malignant hypertension.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is associated with various clinicopathological conditions, including hypertension. We report here a case of secondary FSGS associated with malignant hypertension. A 33-year-old man with a 1-month history of visual impairment and headache visited the Department of Ophthalmology at our hospital and was found to have hypertensive retinopathy and severe hypertension (230/160 mmHg). He was referred to our department based on suspected renal dysfunction. His blood pressure on admission was 250/130 mmHg. Physical examination and laboratory tests revealed hypertensive cardiac dysfunction, focal brain edema, renal dysfunction (serum creatinine, Cr 7.07 mg/dl, blood urea nitrogen, BUN 49.9 mg/dl), massive proteinuria (10.7 g/day), and thrombotic microangiopathy. Funduscopy showed exudate, hemorrhage, and papilledema. The cause of secondary hypertension could not be identified. He was treated for primary malignant hypertension, but required hemodialysis 3 days after admission due to anuria. Treatment with antihypertensive agents resulted in the gradual recovery of renal function, although heavy proteinuria continued with nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy performed 1 month after admission showed features of malignant nephrosclerosis with secondary FSGS. Hemodialysis was discontinued following further improvement in renal function and the most recent laboratory tests showed proteinuria 1.8 g/day and persistent renal dysfunction (BUN 36.5 mg/dl, Cr 3.14 mg/dl). Malignant hypertension may cause various injuries, including glomerular endothelial and epithelial cell injuries in glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration, increase of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and endothelial-epithelial interaction, resulting in the development of secondary FSGS and heavy proteinuria.

Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG2κ deposit successfully treated with steroids: a case report and review of the literature.

A novel form of glomerular injury with monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) IgG deposition, termed "proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) with monoclonal IgG deposits" (PGNMID), is a recently described entity. PGNMID presents with various histological patterns, such as membranoproliferative GN, endocapillary proliferative GN and membranous nephropathy (MN). The deposits are composed of monoclonal immunoglobulin, most commonly IgG3 and occasionally IgG2. At present, the clinical significance of each IgG subclass and the morphological patterns of glomerular injury have not been fully investigated due to the limited number of PGNMID cases reported. The patient was a 27-year-old woman presenting with a mild degree of proteinuria and no other physical or serological abnormalities. Monoclonal Ig could not be identified in her serum or urine. Renal biopsy found features of MN with deposition of monoclonal IgG2κ. Electron microscopy examination revealed non-organised electron-dense deposits predominantly in subepithelial locations. Based on a diagnosis of PGNMID, she was treated with prednisolone and proteinuria significantly decreased in less than 4 weeks. Although the clinical outcomes of PGNMID remain to be defined, MN features may possibly be a sign of favourable prognosis-a hypothesis supported by recent reports. The absence of advanced chronic damage in the kidney, such as glomerulosclerosis or tubulointerstitial fibrosis, may also have contributed to the favourable outcome in the present case. Further studies on additional PGNMID cases that allow the correlation of morphological features and IgG subclasses with clinical outcomes are needed in order to confirm our findings and further solidify the clinical aspects of this new disease entity.

Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G3κ deposits in association with parvovirus B19 infection.

Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G deposits is a recently described disease entity, characterized by nonorganized electron-dense deposits in glomeruli and immunofluorescence findings indicating monoclonal immunoglobulin G deposits. The pathogenesis of many cases of proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G deposits remains unknown. We herein report 2 patients with parvovirus B19 infection who developed acute nephritic syndrome with hypocomplementemia (patient 1) or persistent proteinuria and congestive heart failure (patient 2); however, neither patient had detectable levels of serum monoclonal immunoglobulin G. Renal biopsy in both patients showed diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G3κ deposits, and electron microscopy showed nonorganized electron-dense deposits mainly in the subendothelial and mesangial areas. Clinical symptoms, abnormal laboratory findings, and urinary abnormalities recovered spontaneously in both cases within 4 weeks. Our 2 cases may be the first reported patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G deposits possibly associated with parvovirus B19 infection. Virus infection-associated immune disorders could be implicated in the pathogenesis of proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G deposits.

Caspase-3-independent internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in ischemic acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Renal tubular cell death in ischemia-reperfusion does not follow the classical apoptosis or necrosis phenotype. We characterized the morphological and biochemical features of injured tubular epithelial cells in ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS: Ischemic AKI was induced in rats by 60 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Light and electron microscopic TUNEL (LM-TUNEL and EM-TUNEL), gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA, and caspase-3 involvement were examined during the development of death. RESULTS: Damaged tubular epithelial cells with condensed and LM-TUNEL-positive (+) nuclei were prominent at 12 and 18 h after reperfusion with DNA 'ladder' pattern on gel electrophoresis. EM-TUNEL+ cells were characterized by nuclei with condensed and clumping chromatin, whereas the cytoplasm showed irreversible necrosis. The protein levels and activity of caspase-3 did not increase in kidneys after reperfusion. In addition, caspase inhibitor (ZVAD-fmk) failed to inhibit DNA fragmentation and prevent tubular epithelial cell death in ischemic AKI. CONCLUSION: Caspase-3-independent internucleosomal DNA fragmentation occurs in injured tubular epithelial cells undergoing irreversible necrosis in ischemic AKI. The manner of this cell death may be identical to the cell death termed apoptotic necrosis, aponecrosis, or necrapoptosis. Ischemia-reperfusion injury activates caspase-3-independent endonuclease, which in turn induces irreversible damage of tubular epithelial cells, and may contribute to the initiation and development of AKI.

Development of lymphatic vasculature and morphological characterization in rat kidney.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms and morphological characteristics of lymphatic vascular development in embryonic kidneys remain uncertain. METHODS: We examined the distribution and characteristics of lymphatic vessels in developing rat kidneys using immunostaining for podoplanin, prox-1, Ki-67, type IV collagen (basement membrane: BM), and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA: pericytes or mural cells). We also examined the expression of VEGF-C. RESULTS: At embryonic day 17 (E17), podoplanin-positive lymphatic vessels were observed mainly in the kidney hilus. At E20, lymphatic vessels extended further into the developing kidneys along the interlobar vasculature. In 1-day-old pups (P1) to P20, lymphatic vessels appeared around the arcuate arteries and veins of the kidneys, with some reaching the developing cortex via interlobular vessels. In 8-week-old adult rats, lymphatic vessels were extensively distributed around the blood vasculature from the renal hilus to cortex. Only lymphatic capillaries lacking continuous BM and αSMA-positive cells were present within adult kidneys, with none observed in renal medulla. VEGF-C was upregulated in the developing kidneys and expressed mainly in tubules. Importantly, the developing lymphatic vessels were characterized by endothelial cells immunopositive for podoplanin, prox-1, and Ki-67, with no surrounding BM or αSMA-positive cells. CONCLUSION: During nephrogenesis, lymphatic vessels extend from the renal hilus into the renal cortex along the renal blood vasculature. Podoplanin, prox-1, Ki-67, type IV collagen, and αSMA immunostaining can detect lymphatic vessels during lymphangiogenesis.

Involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the development of renal interstitial fibrosis in mouse obstructive nephropathy.

Renal fibrosis is a common finding in progressive renal diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We investigated the role of MMP-2 and the effect of inhibition of MMPs on the development of renal fibrosis. Renal fibrosis was induced in MMP-2 wild-type (MMP-2⁺/⁺) mice by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Renal histopathology, EMT-associated molecules, and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were examined during the development of interstitial fibrosis. UUO-renal fibrosis was also induced in MMP-2 deficient (MMP-2⁻/⁻) and MMP-2⁺/⁺ mice treated with minocycline (inhibitor of MMPs). In MMP-2⁺/⁺ mice, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were expressed in damaged tubules, and their activities increased in a time-dependent manner after UUO. Interstitial fibrosis was noted at day 14, with deposition of types III and I collagens and expression of markers of mesenchymal cells (S100A4, vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, and heat shock protein-47) in damaged tubular epithelial cells, together with F4/80+ macrophage infiltration. Fibrotic kidneys expressed EMT-associated molecules (ILK, TGF-ß1, Smad, Wnt, ß-catenin, and Snail). In contrast, the kidneys of MMP-2⁻/⁻ mice and minocycline-treated MMP-2⁺/⁺ mice showed amelioration of renal fibrosis with reduced expression of markers of mesenchymal cells in tubular epithelial cells, inhibition of upregulated EMT-associated molecules, and suppression of macrophage infiltration. The results suggested that MMP-2 have a pathogenic role in renal interstitial fibrosis, possibly through the induction of EMT and macrophage infiltration. Inhibition of MMPs may be beneficial therapeutically in renal fibrosis.

A case of monoclonal immunoglobulin G1-lambda deposition associated with membranous feature in a patient with hepatitis C viral infection.

A 63-year-old man with hepatitis C virus infection was admitted to our hospital for nephrotic syndrome. Light microscopic analysis of a percutaneous renal biopsy showed thickening of the glomerular capillary walls and spike formation. Immunofluorescence revealed granular deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin G1-lambda and C3 complement along the glomerular basement membrane. Urinary protein excretion decreased slightly after combined treatment with steroid and an immunosuppressive agent. Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease with membranous feature is rare. Additional reports of such cases are needed to elucidate the mechanisms and optimal therapy for this rare entity.

A case of (double) ANCA-negative granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's).

A 60-year-old man had experienced cough, bloody sputum, and a 38 °C fever for 1.5 months. He visited an outpatient clinic and received antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, because the symptoms continued, he visited our hospital. The past medical history included chronic sinusitis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. A chest x-ray film and computed tomography showed multiple pulmonary nodules with cavities. Macrohematuria had developed 3 days before admission, and renal function had deteriorated (creatinine, 2.45 mg/dL) in 2 weeks. He was admitted to our hospital because of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and multiple pulmonary nodules. On admission, the clinical diagnosis was suspected to be granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA), although tests for proteinase-3 anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (PR3-ANCA) were negative. Antibiotics were administered for 5 days. After renal biopsy, methylprednisolone pulse therapy and cyclophosphamide pulse therapy were performed. The pathological diagnosis on the basis of the renal biopsy was glomerular and interstitial hemorrhage, possibly associated with vasculitis. After the treatment, the pulmonary symptoms, multiple pulmonary nodules, and severe inflammatory reactions in the peripheral blood were resolved. However, renal dysfunction progressed to end-stage renal disease 1 month after renal biopsy. Hemodialysis was started, and the steroid therapy was continued. During hemodialysis, a second renal biopsy was performed and led to a diagnosis of pauci-immune focal segmental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Renal function gradually recovered, and hemodialysis was discontinued. This case was (double) ANCA-negative GPA which presented prominent glomerular and interstitial hemorrhage, may be associated with small vessel vasculitis, but without active necrotizing and crescentic glomerular lesions, in the rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.

Role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in recovery after tubular damage in acute kidney injury in mice.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc endopeptidases that degrade extracellular matrix and are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic damage in acute kidney injury (AKI). In the present study, we analyzed the role of MMP-2 in the repair process in ischemic AKI. METHODS: AKI was induced in MMP-2 wild-type (MMP-2(+/+)) and MMP-2-deficient (MMP-2(-/-)) mice by 90-min renal artery clamping followed by reperfusion. Renal histology and the activity and distribution of MMP-2 were examined from day 1 to day 14. During the recovery from AKI, MMP-2(+/+) mice were also treated with MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor. RESULTS: In both MMP-2(+/+) and MMP-2(-/-) mice, AKI developed on day 1 after ischemia/reperfusion with widespread acute tubular injury, but subsequent epithelial cell proliferation was evident on days 3-7. During the repair process, active MMP-2 and MMP-9 increased in regenerating tubular epithelial cells in MMP-2(+/+) mice on days 7-14, and the tubular repair process was almost complete by day 14. On the other hand, in MMP-2(-/-) mice, less prominent proliferation of tubular epithelial cells was evident on days 3 and 7, and damaged tubules that were covered with elongated and immature regenerated epithelial cells were identified on days 7 and 14. Incomplete recovery of injured microvasculature was also noted with persistent macrophage infiltration. Similarly, treatment with MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor resulted in impaired recovery in MMP-2(+/+) mice. CONCLUSION: MMP-2 is involved in tubular repair after AKI. The use of the MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitor was a disadvantage when it was administered during the repair stage of ischemic AKI. Treatment with MMP inhibitor for AKI needs to be modified to enhance recovery from AKI.

Renal thrombotic microangiopathy associated with chronic humoral graft versus host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a known complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The pathogenesis of TMA is controversial but considered to involve various factors such as total body irradiation, use of calcineurin inhibitors for prophylaxis against graft versus host disease (GVHD), viral infection, and GVHD. Herein we describe a case with renal TMA after HSCT, which was probably associated with antibody-mediated endothelial cell injury from chronic GVHD (termed here 'chronic humoral GVHD'). A 49-year-old man presented two years after HSCT with renal dysfunction and proteinuria but without the clinical features of TMA. Histopathological examination of renal biopsy showed chronic glomerular endothelial cell injury with double contour of the glomerular basement membrane, microthrombi and the deposition of complement split product C4d along the glomerular capillaries. Renal tubulitis and peritubular capillaritis were also noted with a multilayered basement membrane and patchy C4d deposition on peritubular capillaries. These findings resemble those of chronic antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation. Furthermore, C4d deposition suggests complement activation. Although circulating anti-blood type and anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies were not detected, the renal TMA in this case was probably associated with chronic humoral GVHD.

Statin attenuates experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis together with the augmentation of alternatively activated macrophages.

Macrophages are heterogeneous and include classically activated M1 and alternatively activated M2 macrophages, characterized by pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, respectively. Macrophages that express heme oxygenase-1 also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. We assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of statin in experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis and in vitro, focusing on the macrophage heterogeneity. Rats were induced anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis and treated with atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (control). Control rats showed infiltration of macrophages in the glomeruli at day 3 and developed crescentic glomerulonephritis by day 7, together with increased mRNA levels of the M1 macrophage-associated cytokines, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-12. In contrast, statin reduced the level of proteinuria, reduced infiltration of macrophages in glomeruli with suppression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression, and inhibited the formation of necrotizing and crescentic lesions. The number of glomerular ED3-positive macrophages decreased with down-regulation of M1 macrophage-associated cytokines. Furthermore, statin augmented ED2-positive M2 macrophages with up-regulation of the M2 macrophage-associated chemokines and cytokines, chemokine (C-C motif) Iigand-17 and interleukin-10. Statin also increased the glomerular interleukin-10-expressing heme oxygenase-1-positive macrophages. Statin inhibited macrophage development, and suppressed ED3-positive macrophages, but augmented ED2-positive macrophages in M2-associated cytokine environment in vitro. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory effects of statin in glomerulonephritis are mediated through inhibition of macrophage infiltration as well as augmentation of anti-inflammatory macrophages.

Inhibition of capillary repair in proliferative glomerulonephritis results in persistent glomerular inflammation with glomerular sclerosis.

The pathological process of glomerulonephritis (GN) includes glomerular capillary damage, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has an important role in glomerular capillary repair in GN. We examined the effect of inhibition of glomerular capillary repair after capillary injury in GN. Experimental Thy-1 GN was induced in rats that were divided into two groups: rats that received anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody (50 µg per 100 g body weight per day) and those treated with the vehicle from day 2 to day 9. We assessed the renal function and histopathology serially until week 6. Rats of the Thy-1 GN group showed diffuse glomerular mesangiolysis with ballooning destruction of the capillary network by day 3. VEGF(164) protein levels increased in the damaged glomeruli during days 5 to 10, and endothelial-cell proliferation increased with capillary repair in the vehicle-injected group. Proliferative GN resolved subsequently with decreased mesangial hypercellularity, and recovery of most of the glomeruli to the normal structure was evident by week 6. In contrast, administration of anti-VEGF antibody significantly decreased endothelial-cell proliferation and capillary repair in glomeruli by week 2. Thereafter, glomerular mesangial-cell proliferation and activation continued with persistent infiltration of macrophages. At week 6, segmental glomerular sclerosis developed with mesangial matrix accumulation and proteinuria. Deposition of type I collagen was also noted in sclerotic lesions. We conclude that impaired capillary repair was the underlying mechanism in the prolongation of glomerular inflammation in proliferative GN and in the development of glomerular sclerosis. Capillary repair has an important role in the recovery of glomerular damage and in the resolution of proliferative GN.

ANG II receptor blockade enhances anti-inflammatory macrophages in anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis.

Macrophages are heterogeneous immune cell populations that include classically activated and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. We examined the anti-inflammatory effect of ANG II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) blocker (ARB) on glomerular inflammation in a rat model of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis (GN). The study focused on infiltrating CD8(+) and CD4(+) cells and macrophages, as well as the heterogeneity of intraglomerular macrophages. Wistar-Kyoto rats were treated with high-dose olmesartan (3 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), low-dose olmesartan (0.3 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), or vehicle (control) 7 days before induction of anti-GBM GN. Control rats showed mainly CD8(+) cells and ED1(+) macrophages, with a few CD4(+) cells infiltrating the glomeruli. Necrotizing and crescentic glomerular lesions developed by day 7 with the increase of proteinuria. AT(1)R was expressed on CD8(+) and CD4(+) cells and on ED1(+) macrophages. Low-dose ARB had no anti-inflammatory effects in anti-GBM GN. However, high-dose ARB reduced glomerular infiltration of CD8(+) cells and ED1(+) macrophages and suppressed necrotizing and crescentic lesions by days 5 to 7 (P < 0.05). In addition, high-dose ARB reduced the numbers of ED3(+)-activated macrophages, suppressed glomerular TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production, and downregulated M1-related chemokine and cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein type 1, IL-6, and IL-12). High-dose ARB also enhanced ED2(+) M2 macrophages by day 7 with upregulation of glomerular IL-4 and IL-13 and augmented CCL17, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-10. We concluded that high-dose ARB inhibits glomerular inflammation by increasing the numbers of M2 macrophages and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and by suppressing M1 macrophage development with downregulation of M1-related proinflammatory cytokines.