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PURPOSE: Pazopanib is an oral angiogenesis inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and c-Kit. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study evaluated efficacy and safety of pazopanib monotherapy in treatment-naive and cytokine-pretreated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adult patients with measurable, locally advanced, and/or metastatic RCC were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive oral pazopanib or placebo. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival, tumor response rate (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors), and safety. Radiographic assessments of tumors were independently reviewed. RESULTS: Of 435 patients enrolled, 233 were treatment naive (54%) and 202 were cytokine pretreated (46%). PFS was significantly prolonged with pazopanib compared with placebo in the overall study population (median, PFS 9.2 v 4.2 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.62; P < .0001), the treatment-naive subpopulation (median PFS 11.1 v 2.8 months; HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.60; P < .0001), and the cytokine-pretreated subpopulation (median PFS, 7.4 v 4.2 months; HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.84; P < .001). The objective response rate was 30% with pazopanib compared with 3% with placebo (P < .001). The median duration of response was longer than 1 year. The most common adverse events were diarrhea, hypertension, hair color changes, nausea, anorexia, and vomiting. There was no evidence of clinically important differences in quality of life for pazopanib versus placebo. CONCLUSION: Pazopanib demonstrated significant improvement in PFS and tumor response compared with placebo in treatment-naive and cytokine-pretreated patients with advanced and/or metastatic RCC.
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RATIONALE: Spirometry in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) frequently fails to return to baseline after treatment for a pulmonary exacerbation. It is unclear whether the same is true for children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). OBJECTIVES: To determine in children with PCD treated with intravenous antibiotics for a pulmonary exacerbation: (1) the proportion who recover to baseline forced expiratory volume at 1 sec (FEV1 ) within 3 months after treatment and (2) to try to identify factors which are associated with failure to regain pre-exacerbation FEV1 . METHODS: Cohort study using the PCD database for children at the Royal Brompton Hospital, 2003-2013. We selected the first pulmonary exacerbation treated with intravenous antibiotics. The best FEV1 within 3 months after treatment was compared to the best FEV1 in the 12 months before treatment (baseline). Recovery to baseline was defined as any FEV1 after treatment that was greater than or equal to 90% of the baseline FEV1 . RESULTS: 32/150 children (21%) had at least one pulmonary exacerbation. 23/30 (77%) regained baseline spirometry within 3 months of treatment. There was no difference between responders and non-responders in any baseline characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Around 25% of children with PCD fail to recover to baseline lung function within 3 months following treatment for a pulmonary exacerbation, similar to CF. Better treatment strategies are needed, and the results also suggest that prevention of exacerbations would be a useful end-point in clinical trials. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1362-1366. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Kartagener/fisiopatologia , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Bases de Dados Factuais , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Síndrome de Kartagener/complicações , Síndrome de Kartagener/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Infecções Respiratórias/complicações , Infecções Respiratórias/fisiopatologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , EspirometriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In a phase 3, randomized, open-label trial (Pazopanib versus Sunitinib in the Treatment of Locally Advanced and/or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma, COMPARZ; NCT00720941), pazopanib was found to be noninferior to sunitinib in terms of progression-free survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with no prior therapy. Overall treatment differences were evaluated in a post hoc analysis with a quality-adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity (Q-TWiST) methodology. METHODS: Each patient's overall survival was partitioned into 3 mutually exclusive health states: time with grade 3 or 4 toxicity (TOX), time without symptoms of disease or grade 3/4 toxicity of treatment, and time after tumor progression or relapse (REL). The time spent in each state was weighted by a health-state utility associated with that state and summed to calculate the Q-TWiST. A threshold utility analysis was used, and utilities were applied across the range of 0 (similar to death) to 1 (perfect health). RESULTS: A total of 1110 patients were enrolled (557 on pazopanib and 553 on sunitinib). The mean TOX was 31 days (95% confidence interval, 13-48 days) longer for sunitinib versus pazopanib. In the threshold utility analysis, the difference in the Q-TWiST ranged from -11 days (utility for TOX, 1; utility for REL, 0) to 43 days (utility for TOX, 0; utility for REL, 1) in favor of pazopanib across most utility combinations. Differences were significant in less than half of the utility combinations examined, and this typically occurred when the utility for TOX was lower than the utility for REL. CONCLUSIONS: Patients randomized to pazopanib had a slightly longer Q-TWiST in comparison with sunitinib patients, and this was primarily due to the reduced length of TOX.
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Inibidores da Angiogênese/efeitos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Indóis/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Pirróis/efeitos adversos , Qualidade de Vida , Sulfonamidas/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/mortalidade , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Indazóis , Neoplasias Renais/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sunitinibe , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: Pazopanib, an oral antiangiogenic agent, is associated with improved outcomes in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. In this retrospective analysis, we explore hypertension, an on-target adverse event, as a predictive marker. METHODS: Data from the pazopanib arm of the phase III COMPARZ trial (NCT00720941) comprised the test set. Pooled data from phase II (NCT00244764) and III (NCT00334282) pazopanib trials comprised the validation set. Data from the sunitinib arm of COMPARZ were analysed separately. Measures of efficacy were response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was the primary metric, and systolic hypertension (S-HTN) and diastolic hypertension (D-HTN) were secondary metrics; 4- and 12-week landmark analyses were performed. RESULTS: Analyses revealed no significant associations at the landmarks between response and MAP. We observed a trend towards improved PFS with S-HTN at week 4 (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.79, P = 0.060) and week 12 (HR = 0.75, P = 0.073) among pazopanib-treated patients in COMPARZ. This trend was not confirmed at week 12 in the validation set or in sunitinib-treated patients. In the test set, there was a trend towards increased OS in patients with S-HTN by week 4 (HR = 0.76, P = 0.062) and with D-HTN by week 4 (HR = 0.71, P = 0.016) but not by week 12. No significant differences in OS were observed in sunitinib-treated patients for S-HTN or D-HTN. CONCLUSION: Neither hypertension nor any blood pressure elevation above baseline was associated with efficacy outcomes of pazopanib or sunitinib. Accordingly, management of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced hypertension is unlikely to compromise outcome.
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Inibidores da Angiogênese/efeitos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Indóis/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Pirróis/efeitos adversos , Sulfonamidas/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/fisiopatologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Indazóis , Neoplasias Renais/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sunitinibe , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a prognostic nomogram for predicting the probability of 12-month progression-free survival (PFS) for patients receiving first-line pazopanib for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS: Statistical modeling was performed with data from 557 pazopanib-treated patients in the phase 3 COMPARZ trial. A multivariable Cox model was fit using known prognostic indicators. Variables included neutrophil count, serum levels of albumin and alkaline phosphatase, time from diagnosis to treatment, and bone metastases. Data from the pazopanib arm of a placebo-controlled phase 3 trial were used for validation. RESULTS: The model included ten prognostic variables and was plotted as a nomogram for predicting the probability of 12-month PFS. Calibration plots suggested reasonable correspondence between predicted probabilities and actual proportions of PFS. The concordance index for 12-month PFS was 0.625. Significant associations (p < 0.05) were observed between PFS and bone metastases, time from diagnosis to treatment, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase. Albumin and alkaline phosphatase appeared to be influential predictors. CONCLUSION: The nomogram predicts, with reasonable accuracy, PFS in patients with advanced RCC receiving pazopanib, based on their baseline clinical characteristics.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/mortalidade , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Albuminas/metabolismo , Fosfatase Alcalina/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Indazóis , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Nomogramas , PrognósticoAssuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Pirróis/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/mortalidade , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Seguimentos , Humanos , Indazóis , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Renais/mortalidade , SunitinibeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pazopanib and sunitinib provided a progression-free survival benefit, as compared with placebo or interferon, in previous phase 3 studies involving patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. This phase 3, randomized trial compared the efficacy and safety of pazopanib and sunitinib as first-line therapy. METHODS: We randomly assigned 1110 patients with clear-cell, metastatic renal-cell carcinoma, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive a continuous dose of pazopanib (800 mg once daily; 557 patients) or sunitinib in 6-week cycles (50 mg once daily for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks without treatment; 553 patients). The primary end point was progression-free survival as assessed by independent review, and the study was powered to show the noninferiority of pazopanib versus sunitinib. Secondary end points included overall survival, safety, and quality of life. RESULTS: Pazopanib was noninferior to sunitinib with respect to progression-free survival (hazard ratio for progression of disease or death from any cause, 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90 to 1.22), meeting the predefined noninferiority margin (upper bound of the 95% confidence interval, <1.25). Overall survival was similar (hazard ratio for death with pazopanib, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.08). Patients treated with sunitinib, as compared with those treated with pazopanib, had a higher incidence of fatigue (63% vs. 55%), the hand-foot syndrome (50% vs. 29%), and thrombocytopenia (78% vs. 41%); patients treated with pazopanib had a higher incidence of increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (60%, vs. 43% with sunitinib). The mean change from baseline in 11 of 14 health-related quality-of-life domains, particularly those related to fatigue or soreness in the mouth, throat, hands, or feet, during the first 6 months of treatment favored pazopanib (P<0.05 for all 11 comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Pazopanib and sunitinib have similar efficacy, but the safety and quality-of-life profiles favor pazopanib. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; COMPARZ ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00720941.).
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Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Pirróis/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Inibidores da Angiogênese/efeitos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/secundário , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Indazóis , Indóis/efeitos adversos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Masculino , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Pirróis/efeitos adversos , Qualidade de Vida , Sulfonamidas/efeitos adversos , SunitinibeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In this randomised phase III study (VEG105192; NCT00334282), pazopanib previously demonstrated statistically and clinically meaningful improvement of progression-free survival versus placebo in patients with advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Final overall survival (OS) and updated safety results are now reported. METHODS: Treatment-naive or cytokine-pretreated mRCC patients (n=435) stratified and randomised (2:1) to pazopanib 800 mg daily or placebo, were treated until disease progression, death or unacceptable toxicity. Upon progression, placebo patients could receive pazopanib through an open-label study. Final OS in the intent-to-treat population was analysed using a stratified log-rank test. Rank-preserving structural failure time (RPSFT) and inverse probability of censoring weighted (IPCW) analyses were performed post-hoc to adjust for crossover. FINDINGS: The difference in final OS between pazopanib- and placebo-treated patients was not statistically significant (22.9 versus 20.5 months, respectively; hazard ratio [HR]=0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-1.16; one-sided P=.224). Early and frequent crossover from placebo to pazopanib and prolonged duration of crossover treatment confounded the OS analysis. In IPCW analyses, pazopanib decreased mortality (HR=0.504; 95% CI, 0.315-0.762; two-sided P=.002). Similar, albeit non-significant, results were obtained in RPSFT analyses (HR=0.43; 95% CI, 0.215-1.388; two-sided P=.172). Since the last cutoff, cumulative exposure to pazopanib increased by 30%. The pazopanib safety profile showed no new safety signals or changes in the type, frequency and severity of adverse events. INTERPRETATION: Although no significant difference in OS was observed in this study, extensive crossover from placebo to pazopanib confounded final OS analysis. Post-hoc analyses adjusting for crossover suggest OS benefit with pazopanib treatment for mRCC patients.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Inibidores da Angiogênese/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Estudos Cross-Over , Diarreia/induzido quimicamente , Método Duplo-Cego , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Indazóis , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Metástase Neoplásica , Prognóstico , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonamidas/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Pazopanib, an oral angiogenesis inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Response to pazopanib monotherapy varies between patients, and no validated biomarkers predictive of treatment outcome have been identified. We tested the hypothesis that this variability is partially dependent on germline genetic variants that may affect pazopanib exposure or angiogenesis pathways. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven functional polymorphisms within 13 genes were evaluated in 397 patients with RCC. Genetic association with progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (RR) was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model and proportional odds model, respectively. RESULTS: Three polymorphisms in IL8 and HIF1A and five polymorphisms in HIF1A, NR1I2, and VEGFA showed nominally significant association (P ≤ .05) with PFS and RR, respectively. Compared with the wild-type AA genotype (median PFS, 48 weeks), the IL8 2767TT variant genotype showed inferior PFS (27 weeks, P = .009). The HIF1A 1790AG genotype was associated with inferior PFS and reduced RR, compared with the wild-type GG genotype (median PFS, 20 v 44 weeks; P = .03; RR, 30% v 43%, P = .02). Reductions in RR were detected for the NR1I2 -25385TT genotype, compared with the wild-type CC genotype (37% v 50%, P = .03), and for the VEGFA -1498CC genotype compared with the TT genotypes (33% v 51%). CONCLUSION: Germline variants in angiogenesis- and exposure-related genes may predict treatment response to pazopanib monotherapy in patients with RCC. If validated, these markers may explain why certain patients fail antiangiogenesis therapy and they may support the use of alternative strategies to circumvent this issue.
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Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Neovascularização Fisiológica/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Ensaios Clínicos Fase II como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Cross-Over , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Marcadores Genéticos , Genótipo , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Humanos , Indazóis , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Sulfonamidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE Pazopanib is an oral angiogenesis inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and c-Kit. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study evaluated efficacy and safety of pazopanib monotherapy in treatment-naive and cytokine-pretreated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Adult patients with measurable, locally advanced, and/or metastatic RCC were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive oral pazopanib or placebo. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival, tumor response rate (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors), and safety. Radiographic assessments of tumors were independently reviewed. Results Of 435 patients enrolled, 233 were treatment naive (54%) and 202 were cytokine pretreated (46%). PFS was significantly prolonged with pazopanib compared with placebo in the overall study population (median, PFS 9.2 v 4.2 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.62; P < .0001), the treatment-naive subpopulation (median PFS 11.1 v 2.8 months; HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.60; P < .0001), and the cytokine-pretreated subpopulation (median PFS, 7.4 v 4.2 months; HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.84; P < .001). The objective response rate was 30% with pazopanib compared with 3% with placebo (P < .001). The median duration of response was longer than 1 year. The most common adverse events were diarrhea, hypertension, hair color changes, nausea, anorexia, and vomiting. There was no evidence of clinically important differences in quality of life for pazopanib versus placebo. CONCLUSION Pazopanib demonstrated significant improvement in PFS and tumor response compared with placebo in treatment-naive and cytokine-pretreated patients with advanced and/or metastatic RCC.
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Neoplasias Ósseas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Carcinoma de Células Renais/secundário , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Indazóis , Agências Internacionais , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Placebos , Prognóstico , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau gene in clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (RCC) leads to overexpression of hypoxia inducible factor, a transcription factor regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) gene expression. Pazopanib, an angiogenesis inhibitor targeting VEGF receptor, PDGF receptor, and c-KIT, was evaluated in patients with RCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This phase II study was designed as a randomized discontinuation study but was revised to an open-label study on the recommendation of the data monitoring committee (based on week 12 response rate [RR] of 38% in the first 60 patients). The primary end point was changed from progressive disease rate at 16 weeks postrandomization to RR. Pazopanib 800 mg was administered orally once daily. Pazopanib 800 mg was administered orally once daily. RESULTS: The study enrolled 225 patients with metastatic RCC; 155 patients (69%) were treatment naïve, and 70 patients (31%) had received one prior cytokine- or bevacizumab-containing regimen. Overall RR was 35%; median duration of response was 68 weeks. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 52 weeks. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 and time from diagnosis to treatment of more than 1 year were correlated with prolonged PFS. Pazopanib was generally well tolerated. The most common adverse events were diarrhea, fatigue, and hair depigmentation. The most common laboratory abnormalities were elevated AST and ALT. CONCLUSION: Pazopanib demonstrated durable activity in patients with advanced RCC and was generally well tolerated in this population. These findings support the further development of pazopanib in advanced RCC.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/secundário , Feminino , Humanos , Indazóis , Neoplasias Renais/secundário , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We have developed a methodology to selectively isolate and identify proteins associated with the luminal surface of blood vessels using in vivo biotinylation, streptavidin-affinity chromatography, and SDS-PAGE/LC-MS/MS. This had sufficient sensitivity to identify 32 proteins with changed expression in rat livers at 2 weeks or 5 weeks after partial hepatectomy, well after the 7 day tissue remodeling period. This method could be adapted to study other angiogenic tissues including tumors.
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Biotinilação , Vasos Sanguíneos/metabolismo , Hepatectomia , Fígado/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/análise , Animais , Cromatografia de Afinidade/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional/métodos , Fígado/irrigação sanguínea , Proteoma/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodosRESUMO
With the aim of improving the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, we investigated the potential of thalidomide to enhance the effectiveness of cisplatin chemotherapy in a rat glioma model. Female F344 rats were implanted with 9L gliosarcoma tumors either intracranially or subcutaneously and treated with 1 mg/kg cisplatin injected i.p. or with 1% thalidomide in the food or with these treatments combined. Cisplatin in combination with thalidomide significantly reduced both the subcutaneous tumor volume at 30 days to 22 +/- 5% (mean +/- SEM, P < 0.001) and the intracranial tumor volume at 18 days to 44 +/- 15% (P < 0.05) of that with cisplatin alone. Thalidomide selectively increased the cisplatin concentration 10-fold in intracranial tumors (P < 0.05) and 2-fold in the subcutaneous tumors (P < 0.05) without increasing its concentration in major organs including brain and kidney. Cisplatin combined with thalidomide caused a significant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels by 73% in intracranial tumors (P < 0.05) and by 50% in subcutaneous tumors (P < 0.05) and caused the level of active hepatic growth factor (a-HGF) to double in both the subcutaneous and intracranial tumors (P < 0.05), suggesting this treatment altered the vasculature in these tumors. We conclude the increased efficacy of cisplatin in the presence of thalidomide was due to the selective increase in cisplatin concentration within the tumors and speculate that this is the result of thalidomide or the cisplatin/thalidomide combination, selectively altering the tumor vasculature. Based on the selective effects of thalidomide on tumor cisplatin concentrations and the resulting increase in efficacy, thalidomide may also increase the efficacy of other drugs that are presently considered ineffective against glioma.