Modelos de assistência obstétrica na Região Sul do Brasil e fatores associados / Obstetric care models in the Southern Region of Brazil and associated factors / Modelos de asistencia obstétrica en la región sur de Brasil y factores asociados

Os objetivos do estudo foram identificar modelos de assistência obstétrica em gestantes de risco habitual na Região Sul do Brasil, estimar os fatores associados a esses modelos e os desfechos maternos e neonatais. Realizou-se estudo seccional a partir da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil, de base hospitalar, que envolveu puérperas e recém-nascidos. Foram identificadas 2.668 gestantes de risco habitual. Procedeu-se a uma análise exploratória, com a utilização da proporção de práticas por hospital, entre elas o desencadeamento do trabalho de parto, a presença de acompanhante, a cesárea e o contato pele a pele, para a obtenção de modelos de assistência obstétrica denominados Boas Práticas, Intervencionista I e Intervencionista II. Em seguida, realizou-se uma análise inferencial das características associadas. Os resultados mostraram que o acesso ao financiamento público ou privado, os fatores culturais e a atuação dos profissionais de saúde apresentaram associações com os modelos de assistência. A assistência pública apresentou diferentes contextos: um primeiro, alicerçado em políticas públicas e na prática baseada em evidência; um segundo, baseado na intencionalidade pelo parto vaginal, sem considerar os princípios de humanização. Já a assistência privada é padronizada e centrada no profissional médico, com maiores níveis de intervenção. Conclui-se que há predomínio dos modelos de assistência obstétrica intervencionistas na Região Sul do Brasil, uma assistência na contramão das melhores evidências, e que as mulheres assistidas em hospitais públicos possuem mais chance de serem beneficiadas com as boas práticas.

The study sought to identify obstetric care models for low-risk pregnancies in the Southern Region of Brazil and to estimate factors associated with these models and maternal and neonatal outcomes. This is a cross-sectional, hospital-based study using data from the Birth in Brazil survey regarding puerperae and newborns. We identified 2,668 low-risk pregnant women. We carried out an exploratory analysis using the proportion of practices per hospital, among them inducing labor, presence of a companion, cesarean section and skin-to-skin contact, in order to obtain the care models we called Best Practice, Interventionist I and Interventionist II. We then carried out an inferential analysis of the associated characteristics. Results show that access to public or private funding, cultural factors and actions taken by health professional are associated with the care models. Public care had different contexts, one based on public policies and evidence-based practices; and another, that suggests the intentionality of vaginal delivery without considering humanization principles. Private care, on the other hand, is standardized and centered on the medical professional, with higher intervention levels. We conclude there is a predominance of interventionist obstetric care models in the Southern Region of Brazil, a type of care that goes against the best evidence, and that women who receive care in public hospitals have greater chances of benefiting from good practices.

Los objetivos del estudio fueron identificar modelos de asistencia obstétrica en gestantes de riesgo habitual en la región sur de Brasil, estimar los factores asociados a estos modelos y los desenlaces maternos y neonatales. Es un estudio transversal, a partir de la pesquisa Nascer no Brasil, de base hospitalaria, compuesta por puérperas y recién nacidos. Se identificaron a 2.668 gestantes de riesgo habitual. Se procedió a un análisis exploratorio utilizando la proporción de prácticas por hospital, entre ellas el desencadenamiento de la labor de parto, presencia de acompañante, cesárea y contacto piel a piel, para la obtención de modelos de asistencia obstétrica, denominados Buenas Prácticas, Intervencionista I, e Intervencionista II; seguido de un análisis inferencial de las características asociadas. Los resultados mostraron que el acceso a la financiación pública o privada, factores culturales y la actuación de los profesionales de salud presentaron asociaciones con los modelos de asistencia. La asistencia pública presentó diferentes contextos, el primero basado en políticas públicas y en la práctica fundamentada en la evidencia; y un segundo, que sugiere la intencionalidad del parto vaginal sin considerar los principios de humanización; mientras que la asistencia privada está estandarizada y centrada en el profesional médico, con mayores niveles de intervención. Se concluye que existe un predominio de los modelos de asistencia obstétrica intervencionistas en la región sur de Brasil, una asistencia a contracorriente de las mejores evidencias, así como que las mujeres asistidas en hospitales públicos tienen una mayor oportunidad de beneficiarse de las buenas prácticas.

Adopting a healthy lifestyle when pregnant and obese - an interview study three years after childbirth.

BACKGROUND: Obesity during pregnancy is increasing and is related to life-threatening and ill-health conditions in both mother and child. Initiating and maintaining a healthy lifestyle when pregnant with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m(2) can improve health and decrease risks during pregnancy and of long-term illness for the mother and the child. To minimise gestational weight gain women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) in early pregnancy were invited to a lifestyle intervention including advice and support on diet and physical activity in Gothenburg, Sweden. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) regarding minimising their gestational weight gain, and to assess how health professionals' care approaches are reflected in the women's narratives. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 women who had participated in a lifestyle intervention for women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) during pregnancy 3 years earlier. The interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed in full. Thematic analysis was used. RESULTS: The meaning of changing lifestyle for minimising weight gain and of the professional's care approaches is described in four themes: the child as the main motivation for making healthy changes; a need to be seen and supported on own terms to establish healthy routines; being able to manage healthy activities and own weight; and need for additional support to maintain a healthy lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: To support women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) to make healthy lifestyle changes and limit weight gain during pregnancy antenatal health care providers should 1) address women's weight in a non-judgmental way using BMI, and provide accurate and appropriate information about the benefits of limited gestational weight gain; 2) support the woman on her own terms in a collaborative relationship with the midwife; 3) work in partnership to give the woman the tools to self-manage healthy activities and 4) give continued personal support and monitoring to maintain healthy eating and regular physical activity habits after childbirth involving also the partner and family.

Technologies of birth and models of midwifery care / Tecnologias no parto e modelos de cuidado obstétrico / Tecnologías en el parto y modelos de cuidado obstétrico

This article is based on a study of a reform in the organisation of maternity services in the United Kingdom, which aimed towards developing a more woman-centred model of care. After decades of fragmentation and depersonalisation of care, associated with the shift of birth to a hospital setting, pressure by midwives and mothers prompted government review and a relatively radical turnaround in policy. However, the emergent model of care has been profoundly influenced by concepts and technologies of monitoring. The use of such technologies as ultrasound scans, electronic foetal monitoring and oxytocic augmentation of labour, generally supported by epidural anaesthesia for pain relief, have accompanied the development of a particular ecological model of birth – often called active management –, which is oriented towards the idea of an obstetric norm. Drawing on analysis of women’s narrative accounts of labour and birth, this article discusses the impact on women’s embodiment in birth, and the sources of information they use about the status of their own bodies, their labour and that of the child. It also illustrates how the impact on women’s experiences of birth may be mediated by a relational model of support, through the provision of caseload midwifery care.

Este artigo baseia-se em um estudo sobre a reforma na organização dos serviços de maternidade no Reino Unido, que teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo mais centrado na mulher. Após décadas de fragmentação e despersonalização da assistência, associadas à ascensão do hospital como lugar de parir, a pressão de parteiras e mães obrigou o governo a uma revisão e mudança relativamente radical desta política. No entanto, o modelo emergente de cuidados tem sido profundamente influenciado pelos conceitos e tecnologias de monitoramento. O uso de tecnologias como ultra-sonografia, monitoramento eletrônico fetal e aceleração do parto com ocitocina, geralmente acompanhada de anestesia peridural para alívio da dor, tem promovido o desenvolvimento de um modelo ecológico específico de nascimento – muitas vezes chamado de manejo ativo –, orientado pela idéia de uma norma obstétrica. Com base na análise da narrativa das mulheres, este artigo discute o impacto do modelo assistencial no posicionamento das mulheres frente ao parto e as fontes de informação sobre seus corpos, seus partos e o nascimento da criança que elas utilizam. Ilustra, também, como o impacto nas experiências de parto das mulheres pode ser mediado por um modelo relacional de apoio, mediante a prestação de cuidados de obstetrícia no modelo caseload.
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Este artículo se basa en un estudio sobre la reforma de la organización de los servicios de maternidad en el Reino Unido, que tubo como objetivo desarrollar un modelo más centrado en la mujer. Después de décadas de fragmentación y despersonalización de la atención, asociada con la ascensión del hospital como el lugar de parir, la presión de parteras y madres obligó al gobierno a revisar y hacer un cambio relativamente radical de esta política. Sin embargo, el modelo emergente de atención es profundamente influenciado por los conceptos y las tecnologías de monitoreo. El uso de tecnologías como ecografía, monitorización electrónica fetal y aceleración del parto con oxitocina, por lo general acompañada de anestesia epidural para el alivio del dolor, ha promovido el desarrollo de un modelo ecológico específico de nacimiento – a menudo llamado la manejo de activo –, orientado la idea de una norma obstétrica. Con base en los relatos de las mujeres, este artículo analiza el impacto del modelo de atención en el posicionamiento de las mujeres frente al parto y las fuentes de información acerca de sus cuerpos, sus partos y el nacimiento del niño que ellas utilizan. También ilustra cómo el impacto de las experiencias de parto de las mujeres puede ser mediado por un modelo relacional de apoyo, a través de la prestación de cuidados de partería en el modelo caseload.
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Using traditional acupuncture for breast cancer-related hot flashes and night sweats.

OBJECTIVES: Women taking tamoxifen experience hot flashes and night sweats (HF&NS); acupuncture may offer a nonpharmaceutical method of management. This study explored whether traditional acupuncture (TA) could reduce HF&NS frequency, improve physical and emotional well-being, and improve perceptions of HF&NS. DESIGN/SETTINGS/LOCATION: This was a single-arm observational study using before and after measurements, located in a National Health Service cancer treatment center in southern England. SUBJECTS: Fifty (50) participants with early breast cancer completed eight TA treatments. Eligible women were ≥ 35 years old, ≥ 6 months post active cancer treatment, taking tamoxifen ≥ 6 months, and self-reporting ≥ 4 HF&NS incidents/24 hours for ≥ 3 months. INTERVENTIONS: Participants received weekly individualized TA treatment using a core standardized protocol for treating HF&NS in natural menopause. OUTCOME MEASURES: Hot Flash Diaries recorded HF&NS frequency over 14-day periods; the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ) assessed physical and emotional well-being; the Hot Flashes and Night Sweats Questionnaire (HFNSQ) assessed HF&NS as a problem. Measurements taken at five points over 30 weeks included baseline, midtreatment, end of treatment (EOT), and 4 and 18 weeks after EOT. Results for the primary outcome: Mean frequency reduced by 49.8% (95% confidence interval 40.5-56.5, p < 0.0001, n = 48) at EOT over baseline. Trends indicated longer-term effects at 4 and 18 weeks after EOT. At EOT, seven WHQ domains showed significant statistical and clinical improvements, including Anxiety/Fears, Memory/Concentration, Menstrual Problems, Sexual Behavior, Sleep Problems, Somatic Symptoms, and Vasomotor Symptoms. Perceptions of HF&NS as a problem reduced by 2.2 points (standard deviation = 2.15, n = 48, t = 7.16, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These results compare favorably with other studies using acupuncture to manage HF&NS, as well as research on nonhormonal pharmaceutical treatments. In addition to reduced HF&NS frequency, women enjoyed improved physical and emotional well-being, and few side-effects were reported. Further research is warranted into this approach, which offers breast cancer survivors choice in managing a chronic condition.