Assessment of the axial plane deformity in subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and its relationship to the frontal and sagittal planes.

PURPOSE: Investigate the axial plane deformity in the scoliotic segment and its relationship to the deformity in the frontal and sagittal planes. METHODS: Two hundred subjects with AIS (Cobb ≥ 20°) underwent low dose biplanar X-rays with 3D reconstruction of the spine and pelvis. All structural curves were considered and were distributed as follows: 142 thoracic (T), 70 thoracolumbar (TL), and 47 lumbar curves (L). Common 3D spino-pelvic and scoliosis parameters were collected such as: frontal Cobb; torsion index (TI); hypokyphosis/lordosis index (HI). Parameters were compared between each type of curvature and correlations were investigated between the 3 planes. RESULTS: Frontal Cobb was higher in all T (45 ± 19°) and TL (41 ± 15°) curves compared to L curves (35 ± 14°, p = 0.004). TI was higher in T curves when compared to TL and L curves (TI: 15 ± 8°, 9 ± 6°, 7 ± 5°, p < 0.001). HI was similar between curve types. T curves showed significant correlations between the 3 planes: Cobb vs. TI (r = 0.76), Cobb vs. HI (r = - 0.54) and HI vs. TI (r = - 0.42). The axial plane deformity was related to the frontal deformity and the type of curvature (adjusted-R2 = 0.6). CONCLUSION: Beside showing the most severe deformity frontally and axially compared to TL and L curves, the T curves showed strong correlations between the 3 planes of the deformity. Moreover, this study showed that the axial plane deformity cannot be fully determined by the frontal and sagittal deformities, which highlights the importance of 3D assessment in the setting of AIS.

Triple-negative breast cancer: current perspective on the evolving therapeutic landscape.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known to have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options, namely chemotherapy. Different molecular studies have recently classified TNBC into different subtypes opening the door to potential new-targeted treatment options. In this review, we discuss the current standard of care in the treatment of TNBC in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic settings. In addition, we summarize the ongoing phase III clinical trials evaluating different associations between the 3 pillars of anticancer treatment: chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.