Prevalence, Extent, and Severity of Oral Health Impacts Among Adults in Rural Karnataka, India.

INTRODUCTION: Oral health affects quality of life. Many studies have investigated the factors associated with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Little is known about OHRQoL of adults living in rural and remote areas of India, where many have lower levels of education and limited availability of oral health care services. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence, extent, and severity of OHRQoL impacts associated with psychosocial factors, functional dentition, and patterns of dental visits among rural Indian adults between the ages of 35 and 54 y. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a multistage stratified sampling strategy targeting 35- to 54-year-olds. Interviews and oral examinations were performed to collect data on sociodemographic variables, Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), patterns of dental visits, stress, tobacco and alcohol use, and dentition status. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were done to determine the factors associated with prevalence, extent, and severity of OHIP-14 using SAS version 9.3. RESULTS: There were 873 participants. Prevalence, extent, and severity of OHIP-14 were 13.4%, 0.5 (0.4-0.7), and 11.8 (11.2-12.5), respectively. The OHIP-14 impacts reported were not severe and mostly affected physical functioning. Levels of education, income, and number of functional teeth (FT) were inversely associated and last dental visit within the previous year was positively associated with prevalence, extent, and severity of OHIP-14. The prevalence of 1 or more oral health impacts was nearly 13% among rural middle-aged adults in India. CONCLUSIONS: Low socioeconomic conditions, dental visits, and FT ≤19 were positively associated with prevalence, extent, and severity of oral health impacts. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: This article provides data regarding OHRQoL of people in rural areas of a developing country. The study was intended to determine the factors associated with OHRQoL in rural people who are less educated and living in areas with minimal oral health care facilities. The findings of this study could potentially facilitate further research and health promotional activities for rural people of developing countries.

Pitiriasis rubra pilaris en niños:informe de 2 casos / Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris in children: 2 case reports

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La pitiriasis rubra pilaris es una enfermedad infrecuente pápulo-escamosa crónica en la que existe un trastorno de la queratinización de la epidermis, caracterizada por pápulas foliculares hiperqueratósicas con tendencia a formar placas de coloración asalmonada, descamativas, con islas de piel sana asociadas a queratodermia palmo plantar. Presenta una distribución bimodal en la primera y sexta década de la vida, afectando a ambos sexos por igual. Su etiopatogenia es desconocida, se ha postulado una respuesta inmune anormal ante diferentes estímulos antigénicos, así como alteración del metabolismo de la vitamina A. Se ha clasificado en 6 tipos en base a su presentación, edad de inicio, curso y pronóstico, tratándose en forma tópica o sistémica. Casos clínicos: Se presentan dos casos en pacientes de 10 y 2 años de edad, con manifestaciones clínicas correspondientes al tipo juvenil circunscrito, que es el más frecuente en edad pediátrica y juvenil clásico respectivamente, con histopatología compatible y excelente respuesta al tratamiento tópico. Conclusiones: Aunque la pitiriasis rubra pilaris es una patología rara, deberá ser sospechada si el cuadro clínico es sugestivo, y si es compatible su histopatología. Debe considerarse que el tratamientotópico puede ser suficiente para lograr la resolución del cuadro.

ABSTRACT Background: Pityriasis rubra pilaris is an infrequent chronic papulosquamous disease in which there is a disorder of keratinization of the epidermis, characterized by hyperkeratotic follicular papules with a tendency to form salmon-colored, scaly plaques, with islands of healthy skin associated with palmoplantar keratoderma. It presents a bimodal distribution in the first and sixth decades of life, affecting both sexes equally. Its etiopathogenesis is unknown, an abnormal immune response has been postulated to different antigenic stimuli, as well as alteration of the metabolism of vitamin A. It has been classified into 6 types based on its presentation, age of onset, course and prognosis, being treated appropriately topical or systemic. Clinical cases: Two cases of 10 and 2 years of age are presented, with clinical manifestations corresponding to the circumscribed juvenile type, which is the most frequent in pediatric and classic juvenile age respectively, with compatible histopathology and excellent response to topical treatment. Conclusions: Although pityriasis rubra pilaris is a rare pathology, it should be suspected if the clinical picture is suggestive and its histopathology is compatible. It should be considered that topical treatment may be sufficient to achieve resolution of the condition.

Factors associated with ever use of mammography in a limited resource setting. A mixed methods study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate facilitators and barriers influencing mammography screening participation among women. DESIGN: Mixed methods study. SETTING: Three hospital catchment areas in Hidalgo, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred and fifty-five women aged 40-69 years. INTERVENTION: Three hundred and eighty women completed a survey about knowledge, beliefs and perceptions about breast cancer screening, and 75 women participated in semi-structured, in-person interviews. Survey data were analyzed using logistic regression; semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analyzed using elements of the grounded theory method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Women were categorized as never having had mammography or having had at least one mammogram in the past. RESULTS: From survey data, having had a Pap in the past year was associated with ever having had breast screening (odds ratio = 2.15; 95% confidence interval 1.30-3.54). Compared with never-screened women, ever-screened women had better knowledge of Mexican recommendations for the frequency of mammography screening (49.5% vs 31.7% P < 0.001). A higher percentage of never-screened women perceived that a mammography was a painful procedure (44.5% vs 33.8%; P < 0.001) and feared receiving bad news (38.4% vs 22.2%; P < 0.001) compared with ever-screened women. Women who participated in semi-structured, in-person interviews expressed a lack of knowledge about Mexican standard mammographic screening recommendations for age for starting mammography and its recommended frequency. Women insured under the 'Opportunities' health insurance program said that they are referred to receive Pap tests and mammography. CONCLUSIONS: Local strategies to reduce mammogram-related pain and fear of bad news should work in tandem with national programs to increase access to screening.

VALORACIÓN DE ENERGÍA DIGESTIBLE DE LA GLICERINA CRUDA PROVENIENTE DE ACEITE DE PALMA -Elaeis guineensis- PARA CERDOS EN CRECIMIENTO EN FUNCIÓN DEL NIVEL DE ALMIDÓN DE MAÍZ EN LA DIETA / VALUATION OF DIGESTIBLE ENERGY OF CRUDE GLYCERIN FROM PALM OIL -Elaeis guineensis- FOR GROWING PIGS BASED ON DIETARY CORN STARCH LEVEL

Para determinar la energía digestible aparente (EDA) de la glicerina cruda (GC) proveniente del aceite de palma (Elaeis guineensis) en cerdos se realizaron dos experimentos (E). En E1 se determinó la EDA para GC con la técnica de la bolsa móvil de nailon (TBMN) utilizando ocho cerdos castrados con cánula duodenal. En E2 se determinaron la EDA y la energía metabolizable aparente (EMA) para GC, por el método convencional con indicador (MCI), con 10 cerdos castrados ubicados en jaulas metabólicas. En E1 y E2 se evaluaron, en un arreglo factorial 2 x 5, dos niveles de almidón de maíz (NA) en la dieta, 10% (NA10) y 12% (NA12), y cinco niveles de sustitución con GC (0%, 2,5%, 5,0%, 7,5% y 10%) en E1 en un diseño completo al azar y en E2 en un diseño de cuadrado latino. Para TBMN y MCI los datos se analizaron mediante regresión lineal múltiple y el metabolismo del nitrógeno en MCI como un diseño de cuadrado latino utilizando los módulos REG y GLM del paquete SAS. Por TBMN no hubo efectos (P > 0,05) del NA sobre la EDA de GC. La EDA de GC se calculó en 3.251 kcal/kg MS. La EDA de GC en MCI dependió de NA (P < 0,001) estimándose en 4.427,3 y 3.769,3 Kcal/kg MS para NA10 y NA12, respectivamente. Hubo interacción (P < 0,001) entre NA y GC para la cantidad de nitrógeno digestible, se redujo cuando GC aumentó en NA12 y aumentó en NA10. Otros parámetros del metabolismo nitrogenado no se vieron afectados (P > 0,05). Los resultados de EDA corregidos por NA con MCI mostraron correlación alta (R2 = 0,82) con TBMN. Con MCI se pudo establecer que el aumento en NA en la dieta reduce la EDA de GC.

To determine the apparent digestible energy (EDA) of crude glycerin (GC) from palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) in pigs two experiments (E) were performed. In E1, EDA was determined to GC, with the technique of mobile nylon bag (TBMN) using eight barrows with duodenal cannula. In E2, EDA, EMA to GC was determined by the conventional method with indicator (MCI) with 10 barrows placed in metabolic cages. In E1 and E2 were evaluated in 2 x 5 factorial arrangement, two levels of corn starch (NA) in the diet, 10 (NA10) and 12% (NA12), and five levels of replacement by GC (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%), in E1 as a completely randomized design and in E2 as a Latin square design. For MCI and TBMN, data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and nitrogen metabolism in MCI as a Latin square design using the GLM and REG modules of SAS. By TBMN there was no effect (P > 0.05) in the NA on the EDA of GC. EDA of GC was calculated at 3251 kcal/kg DM. EDA of GC in the MCI depended NA (P < 0.001), estimated at 4427.3 and 3769.3 Kcal/kg MS for NA10 and NA12, respectively. Interaction (P < 0.001) between NA and GC for the amount of digestible nitrogen was observed, was reduced when GC increased by NA12 and increased by NA10. Other nitrogen metabolism parameters were not affected (P > 0.05). The results of EDA corrected by NA with MCI showed high correlation (R² = 0.82) with TBMN. By MCI was established that increased in NA reduced the EDA of GC.

Circulating leptin and adiponectin, and breast density in premenopausal Mexican women: the Mexican Teachers' Cohort.

PURPOSE: Leptin and adiponectin are produced by the adipose tissue. Mammographic density (MD) is one of the strongest predictors of breast cancer (BC) and is highly influenced by adiposity. How the interplay between MD, obesity, and obesity-related biomarkers influences BC risk, however, is still unknown, especially in premenopausal women, where adiposity seems to be protective for BC. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between circulating leptin, adiponectin, and their ratio, with MD in Mexican premenopausal women who are part of the large Mexican Teachers' Cohort (MTC). METHODS: A subsample of 2,084 women from the MTC participated in a clinical evaluation. Of them, 574 premenopausal women were randomly selected, from four MD strata. Serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured by immunoassays. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to compare means of MD by quartiles of adipokines and their ratio. RESULTS: High leptin and leptin/adiponectin ratio levels were significantly associated with lower percentage MD and higher absolute and non-absolute dense tissue areas. High adiponectin levels were significantly associated with lower absolute dense and non-dense tissue areas, but not with percentage MD. After adjustment for BMI, only the associations between percentage MD and absolute non-dense tissue area with leptin remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin, adiponectin, and their ratio were associated with MD; however, only the positive association with leptin seemed to be independent from overall obesity.

Factores relacionados con hábitos y conductas de adultos con sobrepeso. Caldas, Colombia / Factors Related to Habits and Behaviors of Overweight Adults in Caldas, Colombia

Resumen Antecedentes: la obesidad es una condición de salud que ha aumentado su prevalencia en Colombia y en Caldas. Objetivo: identificar factores relacionados con hábitos y conductas de adultos con sobrepeso, residentes en tres zonas urbanas de Manizales, La Dorada y Chinchiná durante 2015. Materiales y métodos: estudio cualitativo en 23 adultos seleccionados por conveniencia. El procedimiento para la recolección de datos se centró en entrevistas a profundidad. Se desarrolló una guía de entrevista y se realizó una prueba piloto para optimizar la secuencia temática en la interacción con los participantes. El análisis de datos se realizó con el software Dedosse. En la codificación de fragmentos y categorización se utilizó codificación abierta nombrando códigos de frases en vivo y se debatieron procedimientos entre los investigadores para lograr consenso. Resultados: se identificaron cuatro categorías de factores relacionados con hábitos y conductas: 1) hábitos y conductas no saludables en ambiente obesogénico; 2) información nutricional; 3) conductas racionales y no racionales/actitudes e imaginarios; y 4) la atención de salud. Conclusiones: un estilo de vida sedentario, ambiente obesogénico, ausencia de políticas públicas para el control del sobrepeso y poca oferta y disponibilidad de programas, de servicios y de nutricionistas se identifican como factores relacionados con hábitos y conductas de adultos con sobrepeso en Caldas.

Abstract Background: Obesity is a health condition that has increased in prevalence in Colombia and the city of Caldas. Objective: To identify factors related to habits and behaviors of overweight adults living in three urban areas of Manizales, La Dorada and Chinchiná during 2015. Materials and Methods: This was a qualitative study with a convenience sample of 23 adults. The procedure for data collection focused on in-depth interviews. An interview guide was developed and a pilot test was conducted to optimize the thematic sequence in the interaction with the participants. Data analysis was done using the software Dedosse. In the coding of fragments and categorization, open coding was used, naming live codes of sentences and procedures were discussed among researchers to achieve consensus. Results: Four categories of factors related to habits and behaviors were identified: unhealthy habits and behaviors in an obesogenic environment, nutritional information, rational and irrational behavior / attitudes, and imaginary and health care services. Conclusions: Sedentary lifestyle, obesogenic environment, absence of public policies for the control of overweight, and low supply and availability of programs, services, and nutritionists are identified as factors related to habits and behaviors of overweight adults in Caldas.

Biliary Complications After Liver Transplantation: Incidence, Risk Factors and Impact on Patient and Graft Survival.

INTRODUCTION: Biliary complications (BC) are one of the most frequent surgical complications after liver transplantation. They include biliary stenosis, leaks, choledocolitiasis and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. These complications can cause graft dysfunction, retrasplantation, or even death. The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to BC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of all adult patients who underwent their first liver transplantation in our institution from 2005 to 2013 were reviewed, and any BC that required management was recorded. Cumulative incidence of BC was estimated using Kaplan-Meier. Patient and graft survival was compared using the log-rank test. The Cox regression model was used to establish associated factors. RESULTS: Of the 236 patients who underwent liver transplantation, 41 patients (17.8%) developed BC. Cumulative incidence was 12.9%, 17.2%, and 20%, after 1, 3 and 5 years of the transplantation, respectively. Twenty-six cases of biliary stenosis, 11 of leaks, and 4 of choledocolitiasis were identified. Most patients were managed endoscopically (82.9%). There were no differences in patient or graft survival. DISCUSSION: Biliary stenosis is the most frequent BC. Patients with higher risk of BC were of blood type AB (P < .001), had viral hepatitis (P = .049), or had alcoholic cirrhosis (P = .036). The success with the endoscopic treatment reduced the need for surgical interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of BC in our institution is comparable with the incidence reported in other institutions. Further prospective studies with larger series of patients are warranted to identify other factors associated with development of BC.

Knowledge and recommendations regarding breast cancer early screening in an upper middle income country: Primary and secondary health care professionals.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the current breast cancer prevention and control Mexican standard with recommendations that health care professionals provide to women for breast self-exams, clinical breast exams and mammography, as well as health care professional knowledge of the risk factors for and main clinical signs of the disease. METHODS: In 2012, using a cross-sectional design, trained interviewers surveyed health care providers in a sample of 798 medical units, of which 756 corresponded to the first and second levels of medical care. One health care professional from each unit was interviewed for the study. The sampling method was systematic and representative of the national and regional levels. Relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained using the weighting factor assigned to each medical unit. RESULTS: Regarding the indicator about recommendations provided to the population regarding early screening for and risk factors and clinical signs of breast cancer, the average number of health care professional responses in accordance with the Mexican standard was 10.7 (95% CI 10.0-11.4) out of a maximum of 28 points, which corresponds to an average rate of 38.2% of responses (95% CI 35.6-40.8). The percentage of correct answers increased in all areas of breast exam knowledge as training hours in the previous year increased. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals are unaware of the current standards on breast cancer; therefore, these recommendations are not routinely translated into health care practice, which is a barrier to increasing the coverage of screening programs in health care services.

The relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental-reported experience of dental caries in Indigenous Australian children.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to test the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental-reported experience of dental caries in Indigenous Australian children. METHODS: Data were from the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC); a population-based cohort study in Australia. Participants were 1,687 Indigenous Australian children aged 5 or less. Biological, social and behavioural variables were tested using log-linear modelling with binomial regression to determine the association with parental-reported experience of dental caries. Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods were used for multiple imputation of missing data. RESULTS: Overall 25.8% of Indigenous Australian children had dental caries as reported by a carer. In the multivariable model, increased prevalence of parental-reported caries was significantly associated with low maternal education levels (RR=1.60, 95%CI 1.17,2.20) and high sugar consumption (RR= 1.60, 95%CI 1.26,2.02). In the group of children whose mothers smoked tobacco during pregnancy, the association with parent-reported dental caries approached the threshold of significance, but was not significantly associated with caries status in children (RR=1.19, 95%CI 0.99,1.43). After multiple imputation, the most significant association was evident in children of the least educated mothers (RR=1.57, 95%CI 1.25,1.95), breastfeeding more than 12 months (RR=1.26, 95%CI 1.01,1.56), sweet intake more than 30% (RR=1.42, 95%CI 1.15,1.74) and 20-30% (RR=1.29 95%CI 1.04,1.59) and residing in outer regional (RR=1.56, 95%CI 1.19,2.05) or inner regional locations (RR=1.50, 95%CI 1.19,1.88). Mothers' tobacco smoking status showed a weak association with parent-reported dental decay (RR=1.42, 95%CI 1.20,1.68). CONCLUSION: This study suggests there is a weak association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and prevalence of parentally-reported dental caries in Indigenous Australian children.

Impacto del manejo de agroquímicos, parte alta de la microcuenca Chorro Hondo, Marinilla, 2011 / Impact by the handling of agrochemicals, top of the Chorro watershed Hondo, Marinilla, 2011

OBJETIVO: Determinar el impacto generado por el manejo de agroquímicos en la parte alta de la microcuenca Chorro Hondo en el municipio Marinilla, para el establecimiento de acciones que contribuyan al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida y del ambiente. METODOLOGIA: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con análisis univariado y bivariado de encuestas a treinta y cinco campesinos en su respectivo predio y seis proveedores, observaciones directas en predios ubicados en los primeros dos mil metros de la microcuenca y muestras de agua, suelo y aire, donde se analizó la presencia de Clorotalonil y Mancozeb, ingredientes activos más comunes entre los agroquímicos utilizados. RESULTADOS : En los treinta y cinco predios, 86% de los campesinos realizaba alguna actividad agropecuaria y 74% aplicaba agroquímicos, asimismo el 58% conocía los riesgos asociados de los productos utilizados, destacándose la intoxicación (47%), el 42% no usaba traje especial y 31% consideraba que el agua estaba contaminada con agroquímicos. La concentración de los ingredientes activos en agua, aire y suelo fue menor del límite de detección de los métodos. DISCUSION:Marinilla presenta una problemática compleja en el manejo de agroquímicos; el Clorotalonil es cancerígeno y el Mancozeb tiene cancelada la licencia de venta; no se cumplen las condiciones básicas de almacenamiento de agroquímicos, transporte y disposición final de sus residuos; y no se utilizan adecuadamente los elementos de protección personal.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the impact generated by the use of agrochemicals in the upper area of the Chorro Hondo micro watershed in the municipality of Marinilla (Colombia)in order to develop measures contributing to environmental and quality of life improvement. METHODOLOGY: a cross sectional,descriptive study with a univariate and bivariate analysis of the survey sanswered by 6 suppliers and 35 farmers who were located in their respective agricultural lands. Additionally, the study included direct observations of the properties located within the first 2000 meters of the micro watershed. Likewise, water, soil and air samples were analyzed in search of Chlorothalonil and Mancozeb, the most common active ingredients of the agrochemicals used in this area. RESULTS :in all of the 35 properties, 86% of the farmers performed some kind of agricultural activity and 74% used agrochemicals.Similarly, 58% of the farmers knew the risks associated with the use of these products, intoxication being the most common(occurring in 47% of the individuals). Moreover, 42% did not use a special suit and 31% felt that the water was contaminated with agrochemicals. The concentration of the active ingredients in the water, air and soil was below the detection limit of the methods. DISCUSSION:Marinilla has a complex set of problems regarding agrochemical handling; Chlorothalonil is carcinogenic, and the sale license for Mancozeb has been canceled; the farmers do not meet the basic requirements for: agrochemical storage, transportation and waste disposal; finally,the farmer do not usethe appropriate personal protectiongear.

Self-rated oral health and oral health-related factors: the role of social inequality.

BACKGROUND: The reasons why social inequality is associated with oral health outcomes is poorly understood. This study investigated whether stratification by different measures of socio-economic status (SES) helped elucidate these associations. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey data were used from Australia's 2004-06 National Survey of Adult Oral Health. The outcome variable was poor self-rated oral health. Explanatory variables comprised five domains: demographic, economic, general health behaviour, oral health-related quality of life and perceived need for dental care. These explanatory variables were each stratified by three measures of SES: education, income and occupation. RESULTS: The overall proportion of adults reporting fair or poor oral health was 17.0% (95% CI 16.1, 18.0). Of these, a higher proportion were older, Indigenous, non-Australian born, poorly educated, annual income <$20 000, unemployed, eligible for public dental care, smoked tobacco, avoided food in the last 12 months, experienced discomfort with their dental appearance, experienced toothache or reported a need for dental care. In stratified analyses, a greater number of differences persisted in the oral health impairment and perceived need for dental care domains. CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the SES measure used, more associations between self-rated oral health and dental-specific factors were observed than associations between self-rated oral health and general factors.

Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, genetic polymorphisms and mammographic density in premenopausal Mexican women: results from the ESMaestras cohort.

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays an essential role in the development of the mammary gland. High circulating levels of IGF-I and of its major binding protein IGFBP3 have been related with increased mammographic density in Caucasian premenopausal women. Some common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the IGF pathway have also been suggested to play a role in mammographic density. We conducted a cross-sectional study nested within the large Mexican ESMaestras cohort to investigate the relation between circulating levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio, five common SNPs in the IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and IGF-1R genes and mammographic density in 593 premenopausal Mexican women. Mean age at mammogram was 43.1 (standard deviation, SD = 3.7) years, and average body mass index (BMI) at recruitment was 28.5 kg/m(2). Mean percent mammographic density was 36.5% (SD: 17.1), with mean dense tissue area of 48.3 (SD: 33.3) cm(2) . Mean IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations were 15.33 (SD: 5.52) nmol/l and 114.96 (SD: 21.34) nmol/l, respectively. No significant associations were seen between percent density and biomarker concentrations, but women with higher IGF-I and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 concentrations had lower absolute dense (p(trend) = 0.03 and 0.09, respectively) and nondense tissue areas (p(trend) < 0.001 for both parameters). However, these associations were null after adjustment by BMI. SNPs in specific genes were associated with circulating levels of growth factors, but not with mammographic density features. These results do not support the hypothesis of a strong association between circulating levels of growth hormones and mammographic density in Mexican premenopausal women.

Estenosis bronquial congénita, papel de las imágenes en el diagnóstico: reporte de un caso / Congenital bronchial stenosis, the role of imaging in the diagnosis: a case report

En este artículo se reporta el caso de un lactante menor de 2 meses de edad que a los 15 días de nacido presentó estridor y dificultad respiratoria, por lo que consultó a una clínica de primer nivel en donde se le realizó radiografía de tórax, en la cual se documentó la presencia de una hiperinfiación del campo pulmonar derecho. Se realizó una fibrobroncoscopía óptica (FBO) que fue reportada como normal y una gammagrafía de ventilación/perfusión que reportó una hipoplasia pulmonar derecha. Fue manejado con oxígeno suplementario y terapias respiratorias sin mejoría clínica, motivo por el cual fue trasladado a nuestra institución para manejo especializado. Con el fin de obtener un mapa vascular pre quirúrgico, se realizó una angiografía pulmonar por tomografía (Figura 2) reconstrucciones con mínima intensidad de proyección (Figura 3) y broncoscopía virtual (BV) multicorte (Figuras 4 y 5) documentándose una estenosis del bronquio fuente derecho, producida por un repliegue de la pared bronquial y con efecto de válvula que producía una hiperinsufiación secundaria del pulmón derecho. Estos hallazgos fueron confirmados en la cirugía correctiva.

This article describes the case of an infant under 2 months old, who at 15 days of age presented stridor and respiratory distress, a chest X-ray was performed which reported the presence of a hyperinflation of the right lung field. A fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FBO) was performed which resulted normal and a ventilation/perfusion gammagraph showed a right lung hypoplasia. The infant was treated with additional oxygen and respiratory therapy without clinical. In order to obtain a pre-surgical vascular map, a multislice CT angiography and virtual bronchoscopy were performed, documenting a right bronchial stenosis produced by a fold of the bronchial wall and with valve effect which produced a secondary hyperinsufflation of the right lung. These findings were confirmed in corrective surgery.

Oral conditions and their social impact among HIV dental patients, 18 years on.

BACKGROUND: A study undertaken in 1992-1993 identified that HIV-infected dental patients were substantially disadvantaged with regard to the social impact of their oral disease. The oral pain experienced by HIV-positive patients prior to the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) was attributable to specific features of HIV-related periodontal disease and other oral manifestations of HIV such as candida infections and xerostomia. A repeat of this study in 2009-2010 provided additional information in the post-cART era. METHODS: Data were collected from three sources: the 2009-2010 HIV-positive sample, the National Survey of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH) and the original 1992-1993 study. Collation of data was by clinical and radiographic oral examination. Information about the social impact of oral conditions was obtained from the Oral Health Impact Profile. RESULTS: The caries experience of the 2009-2010 HIV-positive sample was improved with statistical significance for both mean DMFT and mean DT, while the presence of HIV-related periodontal disease still occurs. Statistically significant improvements were achieved for prevalence and severity of oral health related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The need for timely access to oral health care with a focus on prevention is essential for HIV-positive individuals whose health is impacted by chronic disease, smoking and salivary hypofunction.

Lactic acid production via cassava-flour- hydrolysate fermentation / Producción de ácido láctico vía fermentativa a partir de hidrolizado de harina de yuca

background: Lactic acid (LA) is a carboxylic acid widely used as preservative, acidulant, and/or flavouring in food industry; it is also used as a raw material for the production of lactate ester, propylene glycol, 2,3-pentanedione, propanoic acid, acrylic acid and acetaldehyde. In recent years, the demand for LA production has dramatically increased due to its application as a monomer for poly-lactic acid synthesis, a biodegradable polymer used as a plastic in many industrial applications. LA can be produced either by fermentation or chemical synthesis; the former route has received considerable interest, due to environmental concerns and the limited nature of petrochemical feedstocks; thus, 90% of LA produced worldwide is obtained by fermentation, this process comprises the bioconversion of a sugar solution (carbohydrates) into LA in the presence of a microorganism. Objectives: This work is aimed at studying the effect of pH control and culture media composition on the LA production using renewable sources from the agroindustry sector. Methods: A Lactobacillus brevis strain is used to perform lab scale experiments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, using three different culture media compositions: a high nutritional content medium (MRS), as a reference, a low nutritional content medium with glucose as the only carbon source (GM), and a potential low nutritional content medium with cassava flour as carbon source (HY1). results: The higher LA production is accomplished under anaerobic conditions, 17.6 ± 0.1, 12.6 ± 0.2 y 13.6 ± 0.2 g LA/L, for MRS, GM and HY1 medium, respectively. The effect of pH on LA biosynthesis in a 5L bioreactor is also studied using the HY1 medium. For a fermentation time of 120 h, the highest LA concentration obtained was 24.3 ± 0.7g LA/L, productivity 0.20 g/L/h, YP/S 0.32g LA/g syrup, at pH 6.5...

Evaluación de métodos de extracción de ADN para detección de Listeria monocytogenes en productos cárnicos / Evaluation of DNA extraction methods for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in meat products

Objetivo. Evaluar dos procedimientos para la extracción de ADN de Listeria monocytogenes a partir de muestras de alimentos contaminados artificialmente. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron diferentes métodos de extracción en cultivos puros de L. monocytogenes. Los métodos con mejores resultados fueron evaluados en muestras de alimentos cárnicos (jamón, salchicha y chorizo) contaminados artificialmente. Para evaluar la calidad del ADN extraído se determinó la concentración de ADN, la relación A260/A280 y se amplificó el gen hlyA de L. monocytogenes por PCR. Resultados. Los métodos con solventes orgánicos y con PBS + Tween 20 permitieron obtener mayor cantidad de ADN (40 y 50 µg, respectivamente). En muestras de alimentos, se obtuvo ADN de mayor pureza con el método con solventes orgánicos (p <0.005), pero con el método con PBS + Tween 20 se obtuvo una mayor concentración. Con ambos métodos de extracción de ADN se logró la amplificación del gen hlyA en muestras contaminadas desde 1 hasta 10(5) UFC/ml. La composición del alimento no afectó la reacción de PCR en las muestras de ADN obtenidas con los dos métodos de extracción. Conclusiones. Independientemente del método de extracción utilizado, se logró la detección del gen hlyA de L. monocytogenes en muestras de alimentos contaminados desde 1 hasta 10(5) UFC /ml. Sin embargo, para su uso como método rutinario de diagnóstico, el método con PBS + Tween 20 es la mejor opción para la extracción de ADN, por ser un método de fácil aplicación, bajo costo y buen desempeño.

Objective.To evaluate two methods for extracting DNA from Listeria monocytogenes from artificially contaminated food samples. Materials and methods. The effects of different extraction methods on pure cultures of L. monocytogenes. The best performing methods were evaluated in artificially contaminated samples of meat products (ham, sausage and chorizo). To assess the quality of the extracted DNA, DNA concentration and A260/A280 ratio were determined, and the hlyA gene of L. monocytogenes was amplified by PCR. Results. The methods with organic solvents and with PBS+Tween 20 allowed to obtain more DNA (40 and 50 mg, respectively). In food samples, DNA was obtained with higher purity through the organic solvent method (p<0.005), but the method with PBS+Tween 20 resulted in higher concentration. hlyA gene amplification in samples contaminated with 1 to 10(5) CFU /ml was obtained through both methods of DNA extraction. The composition of the food did not affect the PCR reaction in DNA samples obtained by the two extraction methods. Conclusions. Regardless of the extraction method used, the detection of hlyA gene of L. monocytogenes in food contaminated samples with 1 to 10(5) CFU / ml was achieved. However, for use as a routine diagnostic method, the method with PBS + Tween 20 is a better option for DNA extraction, as a method of easy application, low cost and good performance.

Effect of nicotine on ATPase, catalase and calcium levels in the presence of oligoelements in brain regions of young rats.

UNLABELLED: The effect of nicotine on membrane alterations and fluidity changes in very young models remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nicotine on total ATPase, H(2)O(2) and calcium in brain of young rats in the presence of oligoelements. Male Wistar rats (weight 80 g) received intraperitoneally either a single dose or repeated doses for 4 days as follows: Group 1 (control) NaCl 0.9%; group 2 nicotine (1mg/kg); group 3 oligoelements (50 µl); and group 4 nicotine (1mg/kg) + oligoelements (50 µl). The brain regions (cortex, hemispheres and cerebellum + medulla oblongata) of each rat were then obtained to measure the concentrations of total ATPase, H(2)O(2) and calcium using spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS: Total ATPase increased significantly (p < 0.05) in groups treated with oligoelements in repeated doses in hemisphere region, and in groups that received oligoelements + nicotine in single or repeated doses in medulla oblongata. Catalase showed significant decreased in cerebellum/medulla oblongata. Results suggest that nicotine induces changes in membrane fluidity in brain of young rats, and that ATPase could be a biomarker of nicotine consumption in young subjects.

Retinopatía del prematuro en el Hospital Nacional Doctor Mario Catarino Rivas de Honduras / Retinopathy of prematurity in the National Hospital Doctor Mario Catarino Rivas de Honduras

Antecedentes: la retinopatía del prematuro es el desarrollo anormal de los vasos de la retina y principal causa de ceguera infantil. El diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento oportuno mejoran el pronóstico visual. En Latinoamérica viven unos 25,000 ciegos por esta causa. Los principales factores de riesgo son: prematurez, bajo peso al nacer y oxígenoterapia; cuando esta última es necesaria, se debe mantener la saturación de oxígeno por debajo del 93% hasta llegar a la semana 34, para disminuir el riesgo de retinopatía. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de retinopatía del prematuro para despertar el interés de las autoridades de salud pública en la prevención de ceguera por esta causa. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en el Hospital Nacional Doctor Mario Catarino Rivas en la ciudad deSan Pedro Sula, al norte de Honduras, en donde la natalidad anual supera los 7,000 nacidos vivos, y de estos, 21% nacen con algún grado de prematurez. Resultados: se valoraron 561 lactantes con factores de riesgo para desarrollar retinopatía del prematuro: peso al nacer≤ 1,800 g, edad gestacional ≤ 35 semanas, oxígenoterapia mayor a 8 horas, peso menor a 2,000 g y uno de los siguientes criterios: apoyo ventilatorio, exsanguíneo transfusión, fototerapia, transfusión de hemoderivados, maniobras de reanimación, apgar inferior al normal, embarazos múltiples menores de 2,000 g. Encontrándose 242 (43%) afectados y 24 prematuros con ceguera. Conclusión: La mayor sobrevida de niñosprematuros ha aumentado la morbilidad, entre ellas está la retinopatía del prematuro, que obliga a establecer protocolos para la prevención, diagnóstico y manejo precoz, y así, evitar la ceguera por esta causa...

Comparative evaluation of phenoloxidase activity in different larval stages of four lepidopteran pests after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis.

Microbial entomopathogen-based bioinsecticides are recognized as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Insects defend themselves against microbial pathogens by innate mechanisms, including increased phenoloxidase (PO) activity, but its relationship with microbial bioinsecticides efficacy is little known. This study evaluated the differences in PO activity at different developmental stages of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Pyralidae), beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Noctuidae), and cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae). Additionally, 2(nd)- and 4(th)-instars were exposed to the LC(50) value of the commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spray, Biobit(®). The percentage of insecticidal activity (IA%) on 2(nd)-instar Biobit-exposed larvae was approximately the predicted 50 % mortality for all species except S. exigua. With all 4(th) instar Biobit-exposed larvae, mortality was not significantly different from that of unexposed larvae. Unexposed insects had a significantly higher PO activity in pre-pupae and pupae than early-instar larvae and adults, whereas PO activity was higher in adult females than in males. Correlation analysis between IA% and PO activity revealed significant r-values (p < 0.01) in 2(nd) instar H. virescens (r = 0.979) and P. interpunctella (r = 0.930). Second instar Biobit-exposed P. interpunctella had 10 times more PO activity than unexposed larvae. Similarly, the amount of total protein was lower in 4(th) instar Biobit-exposed H. virescens and higher in S. exigua. Therefore, the results indicated a relationship between Biobit susceptibility and PO activity in some cases. This information may be useful if the Biobit application period is timed for a developmental stage with low PO activity. However, more studies are needed to determine the correlation of each insect with a particular bioinsecticide.