Impact of temperature and humidity conditions as abiotic stressors on the phytochemical fingerprint of oat (Avena sativa L.) sprouts.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature (20, 25, and 30 °C) and relative humidity (RH, 50, 55, and 60 %) as abiotic stressors during oat (Avena sativa L.) germination using a 2-level factorial design with central point. UPLC-QToF-MSE identified eighty polyphenols, nine avenanthramides, twelve lignans, and five phytosterols Notably, 100 % germination was achieved at 25 °C/60 % RH from day 3, yielding the longest radicle size. The highest content of most phenolic acids, avenanthramides, and lignans occurred at 30 °C/65 % RH, where 100 % germination was attained by day 5, but with a shorter radicle size. The best flavonoid and phytosterol profle was obtained at 20 °C/55 % RH, achieving only a 67 % germination rate. Therefore, while these conditions enhance the bioactive compound profile, the associate decrease in germination metrics suggests potential distress effects. Consideration of both photochemical outcomes and germination yield is crucial for comprehensive assessments in future applications.

Polyphenols and avenanthramides extracted from oat (Avena sativa L.) grains and sprouts modulate genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolisms in 3T3 L1 adipocytes.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of polyphenol (PE) and avenanthramide (AE) extracts from oat grains (OG) and sprouts (OS) on genes related to glucose and lipid metabolisms in 3T3 L1 adipocytes. The AE-OS exerted the greatest effect on genes involved in glucose metabolism, increasing Glut4, Irs1, and Pi3k expression by 3.0- to 3.9-fold. Conversely, the PE-OS exerted the greatest effect on genes involved in lipid metabolism, decreasing Fasn and Acaca expression by 0.2- to 0.3-fold, and increasing Cpt1a and Acadm expression by 2.7- to 3.0-fold. These effects were mainly related to their high content of avenanthramides A (2p), B (2f), and C (2c), quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol, sinapoylquinic acid, and apigenin and luteolin derivatives according to the chemometric analysis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that oat sprouts extract exerts a greater effect than oat grains on the regulation of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolisms in adipocytes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates that polyphenols and avenanthramides extracted from oat (Avena sativa L.) grains and sprouts modulate key genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolisms in adipocytes and that oat sprouts exert a greatest health beneficial effect than oat grains due to their higher content of bioactive compounds. In addition, the chemometric analysis identified the bioactive compounds that can be associated with the beneficial effects of oat grains and sprouts, which can be further used for the identification of oat varieties and oat-derived products with high content of these bioactive compounds and, thus, with high nutraceutical potential.

Effect of chemical stress on germination of cv Dalia bean (Phaseolus vularis L.) as an alternative to increase antioxidant and nutraceutical compounds in sprouts.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chitosan (CH), salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at different concentrations on the antinutritional and nutraceutical content, as well as the antioxidant capacity of bean sprouts (cv Dalia). All elicitors at medium and high concentrations reduced the antinutritional content of lectins (48%), trypsin inhibitor (57%), amylase inhibitor (49%) and phytic acid (56%). Sprouts treated with CH, SA and H2O2 (7µM; 1 and 2mM, and 30mM respectively) increased the content of phenolic compounds (1.8-fold), total flavonoids (3-fold), saponins (1.8-fold) and antioxidant capacity (37%). Furthermore, the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed an increase of several nutraceutical compounds in bean sprouts treated with SA such as coumaric (8.5-fold), salicylic (115-fold), gallic (25-fold) and caffeic (1.7-fold) acids, as well as epigallocatechin (63-fold), rutin (41-fold) and quercetin (16.6-fold) flavonoids. The application of elicitors in bean seed during sprouting enhances their nutraceutical properties.

Cooked common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) protect against ß-cell damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes is a disease characterized by a hyperglycemic stage that leads to a chronic inflammatory state. We evaluated the in vivo effect of a diet supplemented with 25 % cooked black bean cultivar Negro 8025 (N8025) flour in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The effect was assessed before (preventive-treatment) and after (treatment) the onset of diabetes. There is a significant decrease of total phenolic, tannins and anthocyanins content after cooking, and the concentration of most of the single phenols analyzed are only slightly decreased. The treatment group showed a significant reduction of glucose (22.8 %), triglycerides (21.9 %), total cholesterol (29.9 %) and LDL (56.1 %) that correlates with a protection of pancreatic ß-cells. The diet with N8025 flour before the induction of diabetes did not exert a protective effect (glucose levels are similar to the diabetic control) but they have low levels of total cholesterol (47.5 %) and LDL (56.1 %). The preventive-treatment group did not inhibit the increase of TNF-α and IL-1ß, whereas the treatment group did, compared to the diabetic control. Therefore, N8025 bean supplementation can be recommended to control diabetes.