Cannabis use as a risk factor for psychotic-like experiences: A systematic review of non-clinical populations evaluated with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences.

AIM: Epidemiological data have provided evidence that psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) can occur in the general population, not necessarily accompanied by the impairment and suffering observed in formal psychiatric diagnoses. According to the psychosis continuum hypothesis, PLEs would be subject to the same risk factors as frank psychosis. The aim of this review was to summarize observational studies that evaluated cannabis use as a risk factor for PLEs as determined by the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences in non-clinical samples. The instrument composed of 3 dimensions-positive, negative and depressive-is a scale specifically designed to assess the occurrence, frequency and impact of PLEs in non-clinical population. METHODS: We searched PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and PsycInfo electronic databases for indexed peer-reviewed studies published until September 2017. RESULTS: We initially identified 100 articles. The PRISMA model for systematic reviews was used and 19 full-text articles were analysed. In general, the findings suggested that the higher the cannabis use and the younger the participants, the higher the reports of PLEs, although associations were more consistent for the positive dimension. CONCLUSIONS: More attention should be paid to the understanding of the risk factors of PLEs in the general population, since these experiences are themselves a risk for psychotic disorders.

High frequency of silent brain infarcts associated with cognitive deficits in an economically disadvantaged population

OBJECTIVE: Using magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to assess the presence of silent brain vascular lesions in a sample of apparently healthy elderly individuals who were recruited from an economically disadvantaged urban region (São Paulo, Brazil). We also wished to investigate whether the findings were associated with worse cognitive performance. METHODS: A sample of 250 elderly subjects (66-75 years) without dementia or neuropsychiatric disorders were recruited from predefined census sectors of an economically disadvantaged area of Sao Paulo and received structural magnetic resonance imaging scans and cognitive testing. A high proportion of individuals had very low levels of education (4 years or less, n=185; 21 with no formal education). RESULTS: The prevalence of at least one silent vascular-related cortical or subcortical lesion was 22.8% (95% confidence interval, 17.7-28.5), and the basal ganglia was the most frequently affected site (63.14% of cases). The subgroup with brain infarcts presented significantly lower levels of education than the subgroup with no brain lesions as well as significantly worse current performance in cognitive test domains, including memory and attention (p<0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Silent brain infarcts were present at a substantially high frequency in our elderly sample from an economically disadvantaged urban region and were significantly more prevalent in subjects with lower levels of education. Covert cerebrovascular disease significantly contributes to cognitive deficits, and in the absence of magnetic resonance imaging data, this cognitive impairment may be considered simply related to ageing. Emphatic attention should be paid to potentially deleterious effects of vascular brain lesions in poorly educated elderly individuals from economically disadvantaged environments.

Acinetobacter spp. are associated with a higher mortality in intensive care patients with bacteremia: a survival analysis.

BACKGROUND: It has been challenging to determine the true clinical impact of Acinetobacter spp., due to the predilection of this pathogen to colonize and infect critically ill patients, who often have a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to assess whether Acinetobacter spp. bacteremia is associated with lower survival compared with bacteremia caused by other pathogens in critically ill patients. METHODS: This study was performed at Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Brazil. There are 12 intensive care units (ICUs) in the hospital: five Internal Medicine ICUs (emergency, nephrology, infectious diseases and respiratory critical care), three surgical ICU (for general surgery and liver transplantion), an Emergency Department ICU for trauma patients, an ICU for burned patients, a neurosurgical ICU and a post-operative ICU. A retrospective review of medical records was conducted for all patients admitted to any of the ICUs, who developed bacteremia from January 2010 through December 2011. Patients with Acinetobacter spp. were compared with those with other pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa). We did a 30-day survival analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to determine the overall survival. Potential prognostic factors were identified by bivariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: One hundred forty-one patients were evaluated. No differences between patients with Acinetobacter spp. and other pathogens were observed with regard to age, sex, APACHE II score, Charlson Comorbidity Score and type of infection. Initial inappropriate antimicrobial treatment was more frequent in Acinetobacter bacteremia (88 % vs 51 %). Bivariate analysis showed that age > 60 years, diabetes mellitus, and Acinetobacter spp. infection were significantly associated with a poor prognosis. Multivariate model showed that Acinetobacter spp. infection (HR = 1.93, 95 % CI: 1.25-2.97) and age > 60 years were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Acinetobacter is associated with lower survival compared with other pathogens in critically ill patients with bacteremia, and is not merely a marker of disease severity.

Prevalence and risk factors for cannabis use in low-income pregnant women in São Paulo, Brazil.

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug during the perinatal period and has potential risks to the fetus. The purpose of this study is to estimate the 1-year prevalence of cannabis use and identify associated factors for a population of low-income pregnant women in Brazil. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 831 women surveyed using a structured questionnaire to collect sociodemographic, clinical, and substance use history. The 1-year prevalence of antenatal cannabis use was 4.2 %; reported lifetime use was 9.6 %. The presence of a common mental disorder and active tobacco smoking were independently associated with cannabis use, OR = 3.3 (95 % CI 1.65-6.59) and OR = 6.89 (95 % CI 3.45-13.8), respectively.

Serum phosphate and hip bone mineral density as additional factors for high vascular calcification scores in a community-dwelling: the São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH).

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between abdominal aortic calcification scores (AACS) and bone metabolism parameters in a well-characterized general population of older adults. BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest a link between bone mineral metabolism disorders and vascular calcification; although only few of them analyze bone mineral density(BMD), laboratory bone markers and cardiovascular parameters at the same time and none were done in a miscegenated population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 815 subjects ≥ 65 years old. The risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease as well as a wide array of demographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected using a standardized questionnaire. BMD was measured by DXA. Kauppila's method was used to quantify the AAC score (AACS) by spine X-rays. Laboratory analyses were also performed. RESULTS: AAC was observed in 63.2% of subjects with a median AACS of 2 (IQR: 0-7). AACS were categorized in quartiles and the highest quartile of AACS (>7) were compared with the three lower quartiles of AACS (≤ 7). Logistic regression analysis was performed using parameters with statistical significance in the univariate analysis. The best logistic regression model revealed that AACS>7 was negatively associated with femoral neck BMD and positively associated with phosphorus, adjusted by age, current smoking, LDL, and arterial hypertension in the elderly community-dwelling population. CONCLUSIONS: We identified that higher serum phosphate levels and lower hip BMD are independent bone variables that are associated with elevated vascular calcification scores, supporting the search for effective prevention and treatment strategies that may simultaneously reduce these modifiable risk factors in older subjects.

BDNF gene polymorphism, cognition and symptom severity in a Brazilian population-based sample of first-episode psychosis subjects / Polimorfismo do gene do BDNF, cognição e gravidade dos sintomas em uma amostra de base populacional brasileira de indivíduos apresentando o primeiro episódio psicótico

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene variations on cognitive performance and clinical symptomatology in first-episode psychosis (FEP). METHODS: We performed BDNF val66met variant genotyping, cognitive testing (verbal fluency and digit spans) and assessments of symptom severity (as assessed with the PANSS) in a population-based sample of FEP patients (77 with schizophreniform psychosis and 53 with affective psychoses) and 191 neighboring healthy controls. RESULTS: There was no difference in the proportion of Met allele carriers between FEP patients and controls, and no significant influence of BDNF genotype on cognitive test scores in either of the psychosis groups. A decreased severity of negative symptoms was found in FEP subjects that carried a Met allele, and this finding reached significance for the subgroup with affective psychoses (p < 0.01, ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in FEP, the BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism does not exert a pervasive influence on cognitive functioning but may modulate the severity of negative symptoms.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência da variação do gene do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) no desempenho cognitivo e na sintomatologia clínica durante o primeiro episódio psicótico (PEP). MÉTODOS: Foram realizados a genotipificação das variantes Val66met do BDNF, o teste cognitivo (fluência verbal e repetição de dígitos) e as avaliações da gravidade dos sintomas (conforme avaliado pela Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]) em uma amostra de pacientes com PEP de base populacional (77 com psicose esquizofreniforme e 53 com psicose afetiva) e 191 vizinhos controle saudáveis. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença na proporção de portadores do alelo Met entre pacientes com PEP e o grupo controle. Não houve influência significativa do genótipo do BDNF sobre a pontuação de cada um dos grupos psicóticos. Foi encontrada uma diminuição da gravidade dos sintomas negativos em sujeitos com PEP portadores do alelo Met, e essa descoberta mostrou-se significativa para o subgrupo com psicose afetiva (p < 0,01, ANOVA). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que, no PEP, o polimorfismo Val66Met do gene do BDNF não exerce uma influência importante sobre o funcionamento cognitivo, mas pode modular a gravidade dos sintomas negativos.

Suicidal ideation during pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors among low-income women in São Paulo, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among low-income pregnant women living in Brazil. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 831 women surveyed during 20 to 30 weeks of pregnancy using the Self-Report Questionnaire-20. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 6.3%. The factors associated with suicidal ideation were common mental disorders, single partner status, past psychiatric history, and smoking tobacco. All cases of suicidal ideation were associated with common mental disorders.

Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with first-episode psychosis in São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the cardiovascular profile of first-episode psychosis patients in São Paulo, Brazil, an issue that has not been sufficiently explored in low-/middle-income countries. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed 1 to 3 years after an initial, larger survey that assessed first-episode psychosis in São Paulo. We evaluated cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle habits using standard clinical examination and laboratory evaluation. RESULTS: Of 151 contacted patients, 82 agreed to participate (mean age=35 years; 54% female). The following diagnoses were found: 20.7% were obese, 29.3% had hypertension, 39.0% had dyslipidemia, 19.5% had metabolic syndrome, and 1.2% had a >20% 10-year risk of coronary heart disease based on Framingham score. Also, 72% were sedentary, 25.6% were current smokers, and 7.3% reported a heavy alcohol intake. CONCLUSION: Compared to other samples, ours presented a distinct profile of higher rates of hypertension and diabetes (possibly due to dietary habits) and lower rates of smoking and alcohol intake (possibly due to higher dependence on social support). Indirect comparison vs. healthy, age-matched Brazilians revealed that our sample had higher frequencies of hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, we confirmed a high cardiovascular risk in first-episode psychosis in Brazil. Transcultural studies are needed to investigate to which extent lifestyle contributes to such increased risk.

Osteoporotic fractures in the Brazilian community-dwelling elderly: prevalence and risk factors.

The risk of osteoporotic fractures is known to vary among populations. There are no studies analyzing concomitantly clinical, densitometric, and lab risk factors in miscigenated community-dwelling population of Brazil. A total of 1007 elderly subjects (600 women and 407 men) from São Paulo, were evaluated using a questionnaire that included risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the hip and lumbar spine. Laboratory blood tests were also obtained. The prevalence of osteoporotic fractures was 13.2% (133 subjects), and the main fracture sites were distal forearm (6.0%), humerus (2.3%), femur (1.3%), and ribs (1.1%). Women had a higher prevalence (17.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.6-20.6) than men (6.9%; 95% CI: 4.4-9.3) (p<0.001). After adjusting for significant variables, logistic regression revealed that female gender (odds ratio [OR]=2.7; 95% CI; 1.6-4.5; p<0.001), current smoking (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.2-3.3; p=0.013), and the femoral neck T-score (OR=0.7; 95% CI: 0.5-0.9; p=0.001) remain significant risk factors for osteoporotic fractures in the community-dwelling elderly. Our findings identified that female gender, current smoking, and low hip BMD are independent risk factors for osteoporotic fractures.

Investigating the role played by social support in the association between religiosity and mental health in low income older adults: results from the São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH) / Investigando o papel do suporte social na associação entre religiosidade e saúde mental em idosos de baixa renda: resultados do São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH)

OBJECTIVE: Religiosity has been associated with mental health, especially in the elderly. There is a shortage of studies on the factors that mediate this association, including social support. The aim of this study was to assess the association between the various dimensions of religiosity and the prevalence of common mental disorders among the elderly, and to verify whether social support can work as a mechanism that explains such mediation. METHOD: The sample consisted of an elderly population living in a low income region of the city of São Paulo (N = 1,980). Data on the socio-demographic profile of this population and on the prevalence of common mental disorders were collected, and indicators of religiosity and social support were identified. RESULTS: 90.7 percent of the sample considered themselves to be religious. In terms of denomination, 66.6 percent were Catholic. Forty-one per cent attended some kind of religious activity at least once or more times a week. The presence of common mental disorders was not associated with religious affiliation or subjective religiosity. The prevalence of common mental disorders in followers attending religious services was approximately half (OR between 0.43 and 0.55, p < 0.001) compared to those who never attend a religious service. Attending religious services was associated with higher levels of social support. The association between a higher attendance frequency and fewer common mental disorders did not change after the inclusion of relevant of social support variables. CONCLUSION: The study showed that subjects presented high levels of religiosity and that there is a strong association between religious attendance and the prevalence of common mental disorders, which could not be explained by social support.

OBJETIVO: A religiosidade tem sido associada à saúde física e mental com especial importância na população idosa. Existe uma carência de estudos abordando os mediadores desta associação, dentre eles o suporte social. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a associação entre dimensões de religiosidade e prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns entre idosos e testar o suporte social como mecanismo de mediação desta suposta associação. MÉTODO: A amostra foi constituída pela população idosa de uma região de baixa renda de São Paulo (N = 1.980). Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, suporte social, indicadores de religiosidade e prevalência de transtorno mental comum. RESULTADOS: 90,7 por cento da amostra considerou-se religiosa (66,6 por cento Católica); 41,2 por cento frequentam uma ou mais vezes alguma atividade religiosa semanalmente. A presença de transtorno mental comum não foi associada com filiação religiosa ou considerar-se religioso. A prevalência de transtorno mental comum para os que frequentam serviço religioso foi aproximadamente a metade (OR entre 0,43 e 0,55, p < 0,001) daqueles que nunca frequentam. Maior frequência a serviços religiosos também se associou a maiores níveis de suporte social. A associação entre maior frequência e menos transtorno mental comum não sofreu alterações relevantes após inclusão das variáveis de suporte social. CONCLUSÃO: A amostra apresentou altos níveis de religiosidade, forte associação entre freqüência religiosa e menor prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns, que não foi explicada pelo suporte social.

Cardiovascular risk factors associated with migraine among the elderly with a low income: the Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH).

BACKGROUND: To investigate the association between cardiovascular risk-factor profile and migraine in the elderly, we evaluated a population sample of ageing men and women (65 years or more) living in a low-income area in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated migraine status and cardiovascular profile from a baseline of 1450 participants (65-102 years of age) of the São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH), a longitudinal population-based study with low-income elderly in Brazil. The following age and sex-adjusted cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed: blood pressure, pulse pressure, serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, smoking, history of hypertension, diabetes and the 10-year risk of myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease death based on the Framingham Risk Score. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of migraine was 11.4%, and it was 3 times more frequent among women than men (15.3% vs 5.4%; P < 0.0001). Migraineurs were younger than non-migraineurs (mean age 70.6 years vs 72.1 years; P = 0.001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the cardiovascular risk-factor profile after adjustment for age and sex among migraineurs and non-migraineurs. Only a decrease in the risk of hypertension among women (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.38-0.90; P = 0.01) was also observed even after adjustment for age. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we did not find a worse cardiovascular risk profile among elderly migraineurs. An inverse association between hypertension and migraine in women warrants further investigation.

Prevalência de Achados eletrocardiográficos no paciente idoso: estudo envelhecimento e saúde de São Paulo / Prevalence of electrocardiographic findings in elderly individuals: the Sao Paulo aging & health study / Prevalencia de hallazgos electrocardiográficos en el paciente añoso: estudio envejecimiento y salud de São Paulo

Fundamento: A determinação da prevalência de alterações eletrocardiográficas nas faixas etárias mais velhas da população brasileira representa importante informação com finalidade clínica e epidemiológica. Objetivo: Verificar as taxas de prevalência de fibrilação atrial, ondas alargadas Q/QS (código de Minnesota 1.1-1.2) e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. Métodos: Em estudo de base populacional, 1.524 participantes (921 mulheres e 603 homens) com idade acima de 65 anos moradores de São Paulo, Brasil foram submetidos a exame eletrocardiográfico em repouso, a medidas antropométricas e de pressão arterial, além de coleta de sangue em jejum para dosagem de glicose, colesterol total e frações. Resultados: Prevalência ajustada por idade para ondas alargadas Q/QS foi 12,1 por cento (homens, 17,2 por cento; mulheres, 9,6 por cento), para fibrilação atrial foi de 2,4 por cento (homens 3,9 por cento; mulheres, 2,0 por cento), e, para bloqueio de ramo esquerdo foi de 3,1 por cento (homens, 3,1 por cento; mulheres, 3,8 por cento). Para fibrilação atrial (ambos os sexos), ondas alargadas Q/QS (homens) e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (mulheres) houve aumento de frequência de acordo com a faixa etária. Após ajustes para idade, sexo, diabetes e dislipidemia, a razão de chances entre as frequências de ondas alargadas Q/QS e hipertensão arterial foi 2,4 (intervalo de confiança 95 por cento [IC 95 por centoCI] 1,4 -3,9) sendo de 5,1 (IC 95 por cento 1,8 -14,4) para mulheres e 1,7 (95 por centoCI, 0,95-3,1] para homens. Conclusão: A comparação desses dados com outros estudos revelou prevalência elevada de alargamento de ondas Q/QS nessa população com associação direta com a prevalência de hipertensão arterial.

Background: The determination of the prevalence of electrocardiographic alterations in the older age strata of the Brazilian population represents important information with clinical and epidemiological purpose. Objective: To verify the prevalence rates of atrial fibrillation, enlarged Q/QS waves (Minnesota code 1.1-1.2) and left bundle branch block. Methods: In a population-based study, 1,524 participants (921 women and 603 men) aged > 65 years and living in Sao Paulo, Brazil, were submitted to electrocardiographic assessment at rest as well as anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, in addition to fasting blood collection for the measurement of glycemia, total cholesterol and fractions. Results: The age-adjusted prevalence for enlarged Q/QS waves was12.1 percent (men, 17.2 percent; women, 9.6 percent), 2.4 percent for atrial fibrillation (men 3.9 percent; women, 2.0 percent); and 3.1 percent for left bundle branch block (men, 3.1 percent; women, 3.8 percent). For atrial fibrillation (both sexes), enlarged Q/QS waves (men) and left bundle branch block (women) there was an increase in frequency according to the age stratum. After adjusted for age, sex, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, the odds ratio among the frequencies of enlarged Q/QS waves; arterial hypertension was 2.4 (95 percent CI: 1.4 -3.9) being 5.1 (95 percentCI: 1.8 -14.4) for women and 1.7 (95 percentCI: 0.95-3.1] for men. Conclusion: The comparison of these data with those from other studies showed a high prevalence of enlarged Q/QS waves in this population, with a direct association with the prevalence of arterial hypertension.

Fundamento: la determinación de la prevalencia de alteraciones electrocardiográficas en las franjas etarias más viejas en la población brasileña representa importante información con finalidad clínica y epidemiológica. Objetivo: Verificar las tasas de prevalencia de fibrilación auricular, ondas alargadas Q/QS (código de Minnesota 1.1-1.2) y bloqueo de rama izquierda. Métodos: en estudio de base poblacional, 1.524 participantes (921 mujeres y 603 hombres) con edad superior a 65 años habitantes de São Paulo, Brasil fueron sometidos a examen electrocardiográfico en reposo, a medidas antropométricas y de presión arterial, además de la extracción de sangre en ayunas para dosaje de glucemia, colesterol total y fracciones. Resultados: la prevalencia ajustada por edad para ondas alargadas Q/QS fue el 12,1 por ciento (hombres, el 17,2 por ciento; mujeres, el 9,6 por ciento), para fibrilación auricular fue del 2,4 por ciento (hombres el 3,9 por ciento; mujeres, el 2,0 por ciento), y, para bloqueo de rama izquierda fue del 3,1 por ciento (hombres, el 3,1 por ciento; mujeres, el 3,8 por ciento). Para fibrilación auricular (ambos sexos), ondas alargadas Q/QS (hombres) y bloqueo de rama izquierda (mujeres) se observó un aumento de frecuencia de acuerdo a la franja etaria. Tras los ajustes para edad, sexo, diabetes y dislipidemia, la razón de chances entre las frecuencias de ondas alargadas Q/QS e hipertensión arterial fue 2,4 (intervalo de confianza 95 por ciento [IC 95 por cientoCI] 1,4 -3,9) siendo de 5,1 (IC 95 por ciento 1,8 -14,4) para mujeres y de 1,7 (95 por cientoCI, 0,95-3,1] para hombres. Conclusión: la comparación de esos datos con otros estudios reveló prevalencia elevada de prolongación de ondas Q/QS en esa población con asociación directa con la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial.

Métodos para estimar razão de prevalência em estudos de corte transversal / Métodos para estimar razón de prevalencia en estudios de cohorte transversal / Methods for estimating prevalence ratios in cross-sectional studies

OBJETIVO: Comparar empiricamente as regressões de Cox, log-binomial, Poisson e logística para estimar razões de prevalência em estudos de corte transversal. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados de um estudo epidemiológico transversal (n=2.072), de base populacional, realizado com idosos na cidade de São Paulo (SP), entre maio de 2003 e abril de 2005. Diagnósticos de demência, possíveis casos de transtorno mental comum e autopercepção de saúde ruim foram escolhidos como desfechos com prevalência baixa, intermediária e alta, respectivamente. Foram utilizadas variáveis de confusão com duas ou mais categorias ou valores contínuos. Valores de referência para estimativas por ponto e por intervalo para as razões de prevalência (RP) foram obtidos pelo método de estratificação de Mantel-Haenszel. Estimativas ajustadas foram calculadas utilizando regressões de Cox e Poisson com variância robusta, e regressão log-binomial. Odds ratios (OR) brutos e ajustados foram obtidos pela regressão logística. RESULTADOS: As estimativas por ponto e por intervalo obtidas pelas regressões de Cox e Poisson foram semelhantes à obtida pela estratificação de Mantel-Haenszel, independentemente da prevalência do desfecho e das covariáveis do modelo. O modelo log-binomial apresentou dificuldade de convergência quando o desfecho tinha prevalência alta e havia covariável contínua no modelo. A regressão logística produziu estimativas por ponto e por intervalo maiores do que as obtidas pelos outros métodos, principalmente para os desfechos com maiores prevalências iniciais. Se interpretados como estimativas de RP, os OR superestimariam as associações para os desfechos com prevalência inicial baixa, intermediária e alta em 13 por cento, quase 100 por cento e quatro vezes mais, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Em análise de dados de estudos de corte transversal, os modelos de Cox e Poisson com variância robusta são melhores alternativas que a regressão logística. O modelo de regressão log-binomial produz e...

Risk factors across the life course and dementia in a Brazilian population: results from the Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH).

BACKGROUND: Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the association between adversities across life and dementia. This study aimed to investigate the association between indicators of socioeconomic disadvantages throughout the life-course and dementia among older adults in Sao Paulo, Brazil and to explore possible causal pathways. METHODS: We used baseline data from the SPAH study which involved participants aged 65 years and older (n = 2005). The outcome of interest was prevalent dementia. Exposures included in the analyses were socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators in childhood (place of birth and literacy) and adulthood (occupation and income), anthropometric measurements as markers of intrauterine and childhood environment (head circumference and leg length), smoking, diabetes and hypertension. Logistic regression models were used to test the hypothesized pathways and to assess whether there was an association between cumulative adversities across the life course and prevalent dementia. RESULTS: Indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage in early life were associated with increased prevalence of dementia. This association was partially mediated through adulthood SEP. Head circumference and leg length were also clearly associated with dementia but there was no evidence that this association was mediated by early life socioeconomic disadvantage. There was an association between cumulative unfavourable conditions across the life course and dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Early life disadvantages seem to operate through biological mechanisms associated with passive brain reserve and opportunities in life representing active cognitive reserve. Prevention of dementia should start early in life and continue through life span as seen with many other chronic diseases.

Prevalence of tobacco use in individuals with severe mental illnesses, São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of cigarette smoking in individuals with severe mental illnesses in a large urban centre of a middle income country. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in São Paulo. The sample (N=192) comprised individuals diagnosed with severe mental illnesses who had contact with public psychiatric care services from September to November 1997 and were aged between 18 and 65 years. Prevalence of daily tobacco smoking in the 12 months previous to the interview and characteristics associated were studied. RESULTS: Out of 192 subjects with severe mental illnesses interviewed, 115 (59.9 percent; 95 percent CI: 52.6 percent; 66.9 percent) reported smoking cigarettes on a daily basis. Male gender, marital status separated or widowed, irregular use of neuroleptic drugs and history of ten or more psychiatric admissions were independently associated with cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cigarette smoking in the present sample was higher than that found in the general Brazilian population. Mental care services should implement non-smoking policies and mental health providers need to help patients with severe mental illness who want to quit smoking.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de tabagismo em amostra de indivíduos com transtornos mentais graves em um grande centro urbano de um país emergente. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado no município de São Paulo. A amostra (N=192) foi composta por indivíduos com diagnóstico de transtorno mental grave que tiveram contato com serviços psiquiátricos do setor público de setembro a novembro de 1997 e tinham idade entre 18 e 65 anos. O uso diário de cigarro nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista e as características associadas a esse consumo foram investigados. RESULTADOS: Dos 192 indivíduos com transtornos mentais graves entrevistados, 115 (59,9 por cento; IC 95 por cento: 52,6 por cento;66,9 por cento) referiram ter feito uso diário de cigarros. Ser do sexo masculino, ser separado ou viúvo, fazer uso irregular de neurolépticos e ter história de dez ou mais internações anteriores mostraram-se independentemente associados ao tabagismo. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de tabagismo na amostra de indivíduos com transtornos mentais graves foi maior que a encontrada na população geral brasileira. Serviços de saúde mental devem promover políticas anti-fumo e profissionais de saúde mental devem ajudar os portadores de transtornos mentais graves que desejarem parar de fumar.

Prevalence of tobacco use in individuals with severe mental illnesses, São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of cigarette smoking in individuals with severe mental illnesses in a large urban centre of a middle income country. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in São Paulo. The sample (N=192) comprised individuals diagnosed with severe mental illnesses who had contact with public psychiatric care services from September to November 1997 and were aged between 18 and 65 years. Prevalence of daily tobacco smoking in the 12 months previous to the interview and characteristics associated were studied. RESULTS: Out of 192 subjects with severe mental illnesses interviewed, 115 (59.9%; 95% CI: 52.6%; 66.9%) reported smoking cigarettes on a daily basis. Male gender, marital status separated or widowed, irregular use of neuroleptic drugs and history of ten or more psychiatric admissions were independently associated with cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cigarette smoking in the present sample was higher than that found in the general Brazilian population. Mental care services should implement non-smoking policies and mental health providers need to help patients with severe mental illness who want to quit smoking.

Identification of dementia cases in the community: a Brazilian experience.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the application in Brazil of a simple, low-cost procedure, developed in India by the 10/66 Dementia Research Group, for the identification of dementia cases in the community. DESIGN: Community-based dementia case-finding method. SETTING: Piraju, São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five community health workers were trained to identify dementia cases in 2,222 people aged 65 and older in Piraju, a Brazilian town with 27,871 inhabitants. MEASUREMENTS: After the training, the health workers prepared a list of possible cases that afterward an experienced psychiatrist clinically evaluated, according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), criteria and the Clinical Dementia Rating. RESULTS: Of the 72 cases that were clinically assessed, 45 met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for dementia. Therefore, the positive predictive value of this case finding method was 62.5%; the estimated frequency of dementia was 2%. Most of the confirmed cases met clinical criteria for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. CONCLUSION: This simple method was appropriate to identify cases of dementia in the general population and can possibly be extended to other developing countries with limited resources to be applied in health programs.

Frontal and anterior cingulate activation during overt verbal fluency in patients with first episode psychosis

OBJETIVO: Estudos de neuroimagem funcional empregando tarefa de fluência verbal fonológica têm permitido a avaliacão dos circuitos neurais relevantes à neuropsicologia das psicoses. Pacientes com esquizofrenia crônica apresentam diferenca nos padrões de ativacão em córtex pré-frontal e giro do cíngulo anterior em relacão a controles normais. Essas regiões cerebrais foram avaliadas por ressonância magnética funcional, durante tarefa de fluência verbal fonológica, em pacientes com psicose funcional de início recente. MÉTODOS: Sete pacientes com psicose funcional (3 esquizofreniformes, 4 afetivos) e nove controles saudáveis foram estudados. Foram comparadas as imagens de ressonância magnética funcional adquiridas durante a articulacão de palavras que comecassem com letras classificadas como "fáceis" para a producão de palavras em Português. Comparacões estatísticas foram obtidas com métodos não-paramétricos. RESULTADOS: Os grupos não diferiram em relacão ao desempenho da tarefa. Os controles apresentaram maior ativacão em cíngulo anterior rostral esquerdo e em córtex pré-frontal inferior direito, enquanto os pacientes mostraram maior ativacão em uma região mais dorsal do cíngulo anterior bilateralmente e em uma porcão mais superior do córtex pré-frontal direito. CONCLUSAO: Nossos resultados preliminares são consistentes com estudos prévios e demonstram menor ativacão em córtex pré-frontal e cíngulo anterior em pacientes com psicose de início recente durante tarefa de fluência verbal fonológica. A maior ativacão em outras partes do cíngulo anterior e do córtex pré-frontal em pacientes pode estar relacionada a uma resposta compensatória necessária para a manutencão do desempenho normal da tarefa e sugere que uma alteracão do padrão de atividade das diversas unidades funcionais do cíngulo anterior está associada aos transtornos psicóticos.

Impacto em cuidadores de idosos com demência atendidos em um serviço psicogeriátrico / Impact on caregivers of elderly patients with dementia treated at a psychogeriatric service

OBJETIVO: O número de idosos com demência no Brasil está crescendo rapidamente, e há carência de dados empíricos sobre o impacto em cuidadores informais. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o impacto sobre cuidadores informais de pacientes com síndrome demencial. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal foi conduzido em um serviço psicogeriátrico da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas foram aplicadas em 49 idosos com demência e em seus cuidadores informais. O impacto em cuidadores foi avaliado com a Zarit Burden Interview. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes eram em sua maioria do sexo feminino, apresentavam escore médio no mini exame do estado mental de 12,2 e alta freqüência de transtornos de comportamento. Os cuidadores eram predominantemente mulheres, filhas ou esposas, e co-residiam com seus pacientes. A média de impacto foi de 32,4 (dp: 16,7). As variáveis estatisticamente associadas a níveis de impacto foram o grau de parentesco do cuidador com o paciente (p=0,011), sintomas psiquiátricos do cuidador (p<0,001) e tempo em que o cuidador exercia o papel de cuidar (p=0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se alta média de impacto em cuidadores de idosos, com demência, que necessitam de atendimento psicogeriátrico. É necessário que os profissionais de saúde estejam aptos a prover suporte adequado a esses cuidadores, com o objetivo de minimizar problemas tanto para pacientes, quanto para cuidadores.

O Brasil está envelhecendo: boas e más notícias por uma perspectiva epidemiológica / Brazil is aging: good and bad news from an epidemiological perspective

O envelhecimento mundial é um fenômeno que tem sido muito discutido na última década. O rápido processo de envelhecimento observado nos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, ainda näo tem sido suficientemente estudado para fornecer os elementos necessários ao desenvolvimento de políticas adequadas para essa parcela da populaçäo. O objetivo deste artigo é atualizar os leitores sobre o atual perfil do idoso no Brasil, dando destaque aos problemas de esfera da saúde mental. Além disto, pretende, pelos dados apresentados, discutir como os profissionais envolvidos no atendimento do paciente idoso podem ampliar e melhorar sua atuaçäo