Description of vaccination coverage and hesitancy obtained by epidemiological survey of children born in 2017-2018, in Belo Horizonte and Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Descripción de la cobertura de vacuna y de las vacunaciones obtenidas por la encuesta epidemiológica de niños nacidos en 2017-2018, en Belo Horizonte y Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais / Descrição da cobertura e da hesitação vacinal obtida por inquérito epidemiológico de crianças nascidas em 2017-2018, em Belo Horizonte e Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais

ABSTRACT Objective To describe vaccination coverage and hesitation for the basic children's schedule in Belo Horizonte and Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Methods Population-based epidemiological surveys performed from 2020 to 2022, which estimated vaccine coverage by type of immunobiological product and full schedule (valid and ministered doses), according to socioeconomic strata; and reasons for vaccination hesitancy. Results Overall coverage with valid doses and vaccination hesitancy for at least one vaccine were, respectively, 50.2% (95%CI 44.1;56.2) and 1.6% (95%CI 0.9;2.7), in Belo Horizonte (n = 1,866), and 64.9% (95%CI 56.9;72.1) and 1.0% (95%CI 0.3;2.8), in Sete Lagoas (n = 451), with differences between socioeconomic strata. Fear of severe reactions was the main reason for vaccination hesitancy. Conclusion Coverage was identified as being below recommended levels for most vaccines. Disinformation should be combated in order to avoid vaccination hesitancy. There is a pressing need to recover coverages, considering public health service access and socioeconomic disparities.

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RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as coberturas e hesitação das vacinas do calendário básico infantil em Belo Horizonte e Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. Métodos Inquéritos epidemiológicos de base populacional realizados de 2020 a 2022, para estimar coberturas vacinais por tipo de imunobiológico e esquema completo (doses válidas e aplicadas) segundo estratos socioeconômicos, e os motivos de hesitação vacinal. Resultados A cobertura global com doses válidas e a hesitação vacinal de pelo menos uma vacina foram, respectivamente, de 50,2% (IC95% 44,1;56,2) e 1,6% (IC95% 0,9;2,7), em Belo Horizonte (n = 1.866), e de 64,9% (IC95% 56,9;72,1) e 1,0% (IC95% 0,3;2,8), em Sete Lagoas (n = 451), com diferenças entre os estratos. O receio de reações graves foi o principal motivo de hesitação vacinal. Conclusão Identificou-se coberturas abaixo do preconizado para a maioria das vacinas. A desinformação deve ser combatida, evitando-se a hesitação vacinal. Há necessidade premente de recuperar as coberturas, considerando acesso ao SUS e disparidades socioeconômicas.

Racial inequalities in child vaccination and barriers to vaccination in Brazil among live births in 2017 and 2018: an analysis of a retrospective cohort of the first two years of life / Desigualdades raciales en la vacunación infantil y obstáculos para la vacunación en Brazil entre nacidos vivos en 2017 y 2018: análisis de uma cohorte retrospectiva de los dos primeros años de vida / Desigualdades raciais na vacinação infantil e nos obstáculos à vacinação no Brasil entre nascidos vivos em 2017 e 2018: análise de uma coorte retrospectiva dos dois primeiros anos de vida

ABSTRACT Objective To describe timely vaccination completion and obstacles in the first 24 months of life in Brazil, examining associations with maternal race/skin color. Methods Study participants were 37,801 children born in 2017 and 2018 included in the National Immunization Coverage Survey. We calculated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals for timely vaccine completeness and obstacles at 5, 12 and 24 months of life, according to maternal race/skin color. Associations were analyzed using logistic regression. Results 7.2% (95%CI 6.3;8.2) of mothers faced difficulties in taking their children to be vaccinated, and 23.4% (95%CI 21.7;25.1) were not vaccinated when taken. These proportions were 75% (95%CI 1.25;2.45) and 97% (95%CI 1.57;2.48) higher, respectively, among Black mothers. At least one vaccination was delayed among 49.9% (95%CI 47.8;51.9) and 61.1% (95%CI 59.2;63.0) of children by 5 and 12 months, respectively. These rates were higher among Black/mixed race mothers. Conclusion There are racial inequalities in both the obstacles faced and in vaccination rates in Brazil.

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RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a completude vacinal em tempo oportuno nos primeiros 24 meses de vida no Brasil e os obstáculos para vacinação, testando-se associações com raça/cor da pele materna. Métodos Fez-se coleta de informações sobre os nascidos em 2017 e 2018, constantes no Inquérito Nacional de Cobertura Vacinal. Foram calculados prevalência e intervalos de confiança de 95% de obstáculos à vacinação e completude vacinal em tempo oportuno aos 5 meses, primeiro e segundo ano, segundo raça/cor da pele materna. Empregou-se regressão logística para análise de associações. Resultados Analisaram-se dados de 37.801 crianças. Do total, 7,2% (IC95% 6,3;8,2) dos responsáveis enfrentaram dificuldades para levar seus filhos para vacinação e 23,4% (IC95% 21,7;25,1) das crianças não foram vacinadas, mesmo sendo levadas. Essas proporções foram 75% (IC95% 1,25;2,45) e 97% (IC95% 1,57;2,48) mais elevadas, respectivamente, entre pretas; e 49,9% (IC95% 47,8;51,9) e 61,1% (IC95% 59,2;63,0) das crianças tiveram atraso em alguma vacina até os 5 meses e o primeiro ano, respectivamente. Tais valores foram maiores entre pardas/pretas. Conclusão Há desigualdades raciais nos obstáculos enfrentados e na vacinação no Brasil.

Iron salt supplementation during gestation and gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJETIVE: To evaluate the association between the use of iron salts during the first two trimesters of gestation in non-anemic women and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The study used maternal data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. All non-anemic women at the 24th week of gestation (n = 2,463) were eligible for this study. Gestational diabetes mellitus was self-reported by women. Crude and adjusted logistic regression were performed considering level of significance = 0.05. RESULTS: Among the women studied, 69.7% were exposed to prophylactic iron supplementation in the first two trimesters of gestation. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among those exposed was 8.7% (95%CI: 7.4­10.1) and 9.3% (95%CI: 7.4­11.6) among those who were not exposed. Iron supplementation was not associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in crude (OR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0,7­1,3) and adjusted analysis (OR = 1.1; 95%CI :0,8­1,6). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that routine iron use in non-anemic pregnant women does not increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes. This evidence supports the existing national and international guidelines, in which prophylactic iron supplementation is recommended for all pregnant women as soon as they initiate antenatal care in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia.

Uso de vitaminas e/ou minerais entre adultos e idosos em áreas urbanas no Brasil: prevalência e fatores associados / Use of vitamins and/or minerals among adults and the elderly in urban areas of Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência do uso de vitaminas e/ou minerais na população brasileira urbana com idade maior ou igual a 20 anos e identificar os fatores associados ao uso. Foram analisados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM), estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra probabilística, realizada nas áreas urbanas das cinco regiões geográficas do país entre setembro de 2013 e fevereiro de 2014. A prevalência do uso estimada foi de 4,8% (IC95% 4,3-5,3), maior no sexo feminino, 6,4% (IC95% 5,7-7,1), e na população idosa, 11,6% (IC95% 10,5-12,8). O uso de vitaminas e/ou minerais mostrou-se associado aos fatores: sexo feminino, 60 anos ou mais, classe econômica A/B, apresentar doença(s) crônica(s) e autopercepção de saúde regular e muito ruim/ruim. Os multivitamínicos e multiminerais obtiveram maior frequência de uso, 24,5% (IC95% 20,1-29,4), seguido de cálcio e vitamina D, 23,4% (IC95% 19,7-27,5). Os dados sugerem que mulheres idosas devam ser o público referencial para ações de promoção do uso racional. Recomenda-se que os inquéritos epidemiológicos de abrangência nacional possam ampliar a observação desses produtos para possibilitar a análise de tendências.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin and/or mineral use among urban Brazilian populations aged 20 years and over and to identify associated factors. Data from the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of the Rational Use of Medicines in Brazil (PNAUM) were analyzed and a population-based cross-sectional study with probability sampling was performed in urban areas of Brazil's five geographic regions from September 2013 to February 2014. The estimated prevalence of vitamin and/or mineral use was 4.8% (95%CI: 4.3-5.3), higher in women 6.4% (95%CI: 5.7-7.1) and in the elderly population 11.6% (95%CI: 10.5-12.8). Vitamin and/or mineral use was associated with the following factors: women, 60 years of age or older, economic class A/B, chronic disease(s) and self-perceived health held as average and very poor/poor. Multivitamins and multiminerals were the most used ones with 24.5% (95%CI 20.1-29.4), followed by calcium and vitamin D with 23.4% (95%CI 19.7-27.5). Data suggest that elderly women should be the reference public for actions aimed at promoting rational use. Nationwide epidemiological surveys should increase monitoring of these products to support the analysis of trends.

Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms / Suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação e sintomas depressivos pós-parto

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To verify whether folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is associated with the occurrence of maternal depressive symptoms at three months postpartum, in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS This study included 4,046 women, who were classified into three groups: did not use folic acid supplementation during pregnancy; used during only one trimester of pregnancy; and used for two or three trimesters. Depressive symptoms were assessed at three months postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), at cutoff points ≥ 10 (mild symptoms) and ≥ 13 (moderate to severe intensity). RESULTS The overall prevalence of mild symptoms was of 20.2% (95%CI 19.0-21.5), and moderate and severe was 11% (95%CI 10.0-12.0). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 10 was of 26.8% (95%CI 24.0-29.5) among women who did not use folic acid and 18.1% for both those who used it during one trimester of pregnancy (95%CI 16.1-20.1) and those who used it for two or three trimesters (95%CI 16.0-20.2). The prevalence of EPDS ≥ 13 was of 15.7% (95%CI 13.5-17.9) in those who did not use folic acid, 9.1% (95%CI 7.5-10.6) in those who used it for one trimester, and 9.4% (95%CI 7.8-11.0) in those who used it for two or three trimesters. In the adjusted analyses, there was no statistically significant association between the use of folic acid during pregnancy and the occurrence of depressive symptoms at three months postpartum. CONCLUSION There was no association between folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum depression at three months.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Verificar se a suplementação de ácido fólico durante a gestação está associada com a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos maternos aos três meses pós-parto, na Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2015. MÉTODOS Este estudo incluiu 4.046 mulheres, que foram classificadas em três grupos: sem suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação; uso durante apenas um trimestre da gestação;e uso durante dois ou três trimestres. Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados aos três meses pós-parto, através da Escala de Depressão Pós-Natal de Edimburgo (EPDS), nos pontos de corte ≥ 10 (sintomas leves) e ≥ 13 (intensidade moderada a grave). RESULTADOS A prevalência geral de sintomas leves foi de 20,2% (IC95% 19,0-21,5),e moderados e graves de 11% (IC95% 10,0-12,0). Entre as mulheres que não fizeram uso de ácido fólico, a prevalência de EPDS ≥ 10 foi de 26,8% (IC95% 24,0-29,5) e 18,1% tanto entre as que utilizaram durante um trimestre da gestação (IC95% 16,1-20,1), quanto entre as que utilizaram por dois ou três trimestres (IC95% 16,0-20,2). Já a prevalência de EPDS ≥ 13 foi 15,7% (IC95% 13,5-17,9) entre as que não utilizaram ácido fólico, 9,1% (IC95% 7,5-10,6) entre as que utilizaram durante um trimestre e 9,4% (IC95% 7,8-11,0) entre as que utilizaram por dois ou três trimestres. Nas análises ajustadas, não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre o uso de ácido fólico na gestação e a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos aos três meses pós-parto. CONCLUSÃO Não se observou associação entre a suplementação de ácido fólico na gestação e depressão pós-parto aos três meses.

Self-medication in children aged 0-12 years in Brazil: a population-based study / Automedicação em crianças de 0-12 anos no Brasil: um estudo de base populacional

ABSTRACT Objetive: Studies have shown that the practice of self-medicating children occurs worldwide and is independent of the country's economic level, medication policies, or access to health services. This study aimed to estimate and characterize the prevalence of self-medication in the Brazilian population of children aged up to 12 years. Methods: We analyzed the data of 7528 children aged up to 12 years whose primary caregivers responded to the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines in Brazil (PNAUM), a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in 245 Brazilian municipalities. The prevalence of self-medication was defined as the use of at least one medication without a doctor's or dentist's indication 15 days before the interview. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 22.2% and was more frequent in older children belonging to poorer families and without health insurance. The acute conditions for which there was a higher frequency of self-medication were pain, fever, and cold/allergic rhinitis. Analgesics/antipyretics stood out among the most used medications for self-medication. Conclusions: The prevalence of self-medication to treat acute conditions was high in Brazilian children sampled in PNAUM, emphasizing the management of common symptoms such as pain, fever, and cold/allergic rhinitis in this age group. These findings reinforce the need for educational actions aimed at parents and caregivers.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estudos têm mostrado que a prática de automedicar crianças ocorre mundialmente e independe do nível econômico do país, das políticas de medicamentos ou do acesso aos serviços de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar e caracterizar a prevalência de uso de medicamentos por automedicação na população brasileira de crianças de zero a 12 anos de idade. Métodos: Foram analisadas informações de 7.528 crianças de zero a 12 anos cujo cuidador principal respondeu à Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM), estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em 245 municípios brasileiros. A prevalência de automedicação foi definida como o uso de pelo menos um medicamento sem indicação de médico ou dentista nos 15 dias anteriores à entrevista. Resultados: A prevalência de automedicação foi de 22,2% e foi mais frequente nas crianças mais velhas e pertencentes a famílias mais pobres e sem plano de saúde. As condições agudas para as quais houve maior frequência de automedicação foram dor, febre, resfriado e rinite alérgica. Analgésicos/antipiréticos destacaram-se entre os medicamentos mais utilizados por automedicação. Conclusões: A prevalência de automedicação no manejo de condições agudas foi elevada nas crianças brasileiras amostradas na PNAUM, com destaque para o manejo de sintomas comuns nessa faixa etária, como dor, febre, resfriado e rinite alérgica. Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de ações educativas voltadas aos pais e cuidadores.

Iron salt supplementation during gestation and gestational diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE To evaluate the association between the use of iron salts during the first two trimesters of gestation in non-anemic women and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study used maternal data from the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. All non-anemic women at the 24th week of gestation (n = 2,463) were eligible for this study. Gestational diabetes mellitus was self-reported by women. Crude and adjusted logistic regression were performed considering level of significance = 0.05. RESULTS Among the women studied, 69.7% were exposed to prophylactic iron supplementation in the first two trimesters of gestation. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among those exposed was 8.7% (95%CI: 7.4-10.1) and 9.3% (95%CI: 7.4-11.6) among those who were not exposed. Iron supplementation was not associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in crude (OR = 0.9; 95%CI: 0,7-1,3) and adjusted analysis (OR = 1.1; 95%CI :0,8-1,6). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that routine iron use in non-anemic pregnant women does not increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes. This evidence supports the existing national and international guidelines, in which prophylactic iron supplementation is recommended for all pregnant women as soon as they initiate antenatal care in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia.

Benzodiazepines utilization in Brazilian older adults: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utilization of benzodiazepines (BZD) in Brazilian older adults, based on the Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM - National Survey of Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines). METHODS: The PNAUM is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2013 and 2014, representing the Brazilian urban population. In the present study, we included 60 years or older (n = 9,019) individuals. We calculated the prevalence of BZD utilization in the 15 days prior to survey data collection according to independent variables, using a hierarchical Poisson regression model. A semistructured interview performed empirical data collection (household interview). RESULTS: The prevalence of BZD utilization in the older adults was 9.3% (95%CI: 8.3-10.4). After adjustments, BZD utilization was associated with female sex (PR = 1.88; 95%CI: 1.52-2.32), depression (PR = 5.31; 95%CI: 4.41-6, 38), multimorbidity (PR = 1.44; 95%CI: 1.20-1.73), emergency room visit or hospitalization in the last 12 months (PR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.18-1.70 ), polypharmacy (PR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.01-1.57) and poor or very poor self-rated health (PR = 4.16; 95%CI: 2.10-8.22). Utilization was lower in the North region (PR = 0.18; 95%CI: 0.13-0.27) and in individuals who reported abusive alcohol consumption in the last month (PR = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.19-0.94). CONCLUSION: Despite contraindications, results showed a high prevalence of BZD utilization in older adults, particularly in those with depression, and wide regional and sex differences.

Prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases and medication use among children and adolescents in Brazil - a population based cross-sectional study / Prevalência de doenças respiratórias crônicas e uso de medicamentos entre crianças e adolescentes no Brasil - um estudo transversal de base populacional

Abstract Objectives: to describe the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases and their pharmacological management in children and adolescents in Brazil. Methods: data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Uso e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM)(National Access Survey, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines in Brazil),a population-based cross-sectional study, were analyzed. Household surveys were conducted between September 2013 and February 2014. We included the population under 20 years of age with chronic respiratory diseases. Prevalence of disease, indication of pharmacological treatment, and their use were assessed. Results: the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases in children aged less than 6 years old was 6.1% (CI95%= 5.0-7.4), 4.7% (CI95%= 3.4-6.4) in those 6-12 years, and 3.9% (CI95%= 2.8-5.4) in children 13 years and older. Children under 6 showed a higher prevalence of pharmacological treatment indication (74.6%; CI95%= 66.0-81.7), as well as medication use (72.6%; CI95%= 62.8-80.7). Of those using inhalers, 56.6% reported using it with a spacer. The most frequent pharmacologic classes reported were short-acting β2 agonists (19.0%), followed by antihistamines (17.2%). Conclusion: children and adolescents who report chronic respiratory diseases living in urban areas in Brazil seem to be undertreated for their chronic conditions. Pharmacological treatment, even if indicated, was not used, an important finding for decision-making in this population.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever a prevalência de doenças respiratórias crônicas e seu manejo farmacológico em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Métodos: foram analisados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Uso e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM), um estudo transversal de base populacional. As pesquisas domiciliares foram realizadas entre setembro de 2013 e fevereiro de 2014. Incluímos a população com menos de 20 anos de idade com doenças respiratórias crônicas. Foi avaliada a prevalência de doença, indicação de tratamento farmacológico e seu uso. Resultados: a prevalência de doenças respiratórias crônicas em menores de 6 anos foi de 6,1% (IC95%= 5,0-7,4), 4,7% (IC95%= 3,4-6,4) naqueles 6-12 anos e 3,9% (IC95%= 2,8-5,4) em crianças com 13 anos ou mais. Crianças menores de 6 anos apresentaram uma maior prevalência de indicação de tratamento farmacológico (74,6%; IC95%= 66,0-81,7), assim como uso de medicamentos (72,6%; IC95%= 62,8-80,7). Dos usuários de inaladores, 56,6% relataram o uso com espaçador. As classes farmacológicas mais frequentemente relatadas foram β2 agonistas de curta ação (19,0%), seguidos por anti-histamínicos (17,2%). Conclusão: crianças e adolescentes que relatam doenças respiratórias crônicas residentes em áreas urbanas no Brasil parecem ser subtratados para suas condições crônicas. O tratamento farmacológico, mesmo quando indicado, não foi utilizado em sua totalidade, um achado importante para a tomada de decisão nessa população.

Diferenças Raciais no Controle da Pressão Arterial em Usuários de Anti-Hipertensivos em Monoterapia: Resultados do Estudo ELSA-Brasil / Racial Differences in Blood Pressure Control from Users of Antihypertensive Monotherapy: Results from the ELSA-Brasil Study

Resumo Fundamento Aparentemente, a pior resposta a algumas classes de anti-hipertensivos, especialmente inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina, pela população negra, explicaria, pelo menos parcialmente, o pior controle da hipertensão entre esses indivíduos. Entretanto, a maioria das evidências vêm de estudos norte-americanos. Objetivos Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar a associação entre raça/cor da pele autorrelatadas e controle de PA em participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) utilizando várias classes de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia. Métodos O estudo envolveu uma análise transversal, realizada com participantes da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil. O controle de pressão arterial foi a variável de resposta, participantes com valores de PA ≥140/90 mmHg foram considerados descontrolados em relação aos níveis de pressão arterial. A raça/cor da pele foi autorrelatada (branco, pardo, negro). Todos os participantes tiveram que responder perguntas sobre uso contínuo de medicamentos. A associação entre o controle de PA e raça/cor da pele foi estimada por regressão logística. O nível de significância adotado nesse estudo foi de 5%. Resultados Do total de 1.795 usuários de anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia na linha de base, 55,5% se declararam brancos, 27,9%, pardos e 16,7%, negros. Mesmo depois de padronizar em relação a variáveis de confusão, negros em uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina (BRA), diuréticos tiazídicos (DIU tiazídicos) e betabloqueadores (BB) in monoterapia tinham controle de pressão arterial pior em comparação a brancos. Conclusões Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que, nesta amostra de brasileiros adultos utilizando anti-hipertensivos em monoterapia, as diferenças de controle de pressão arterial entre os vários grupos raciais não são explicadas pela possível eficácia mais baixa dos IECA e BRA em indivíduos negros.

Abstract Background It seems that the worst response to some classes of antihypertensive drugs, especially angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, on the part of the Black population, would at least partially explain the worse control of hypertension among these individuals. However, most of the evidence comes from American studies. Objectives This study aims to investigate the association between self-reported race/skin color and BP control in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), using different classes of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy. Methods The study involved a cross-sectional analysis, carried out with participants from the baseline of ELSA-Brasil. Blood pressure control was the response variable, participants with BP values ≥140/90 mmHg were considered out of control in relation to blood pressure levels. Race/skin color was self-reported (White, Brown, Black). All participants were asked about the continuous use of medication. Association between BP control and race/skin color was estimated through logistic regression. The level of significance adopted in this study was of 5%. Results Of the total of 1,795 users of antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy at baseline, 55.5% declared themselves White, 27.9% Brown, and 16.7% Black. Even after adjusting for confounding variables, Blacks using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), thiazide diuretics (thiazide DIU), and beta-blockers (BB) in monotherapy had worse blood pressure control compared to Whites. Conclusions Our results suggest that in this sample of Brazilian adults using antihypertensive drugs in monotherapy, the differences in blood pressure control between different racial groups are not explained by the possible lower effectiveness of ACEIs and ARBs in Black individuals.

Sources of medicines for hypertension and diabetes in Brazil: results from the National Health Survey / Fontes de medicamentos para hipertensão e diabetes no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Fuentes de medicamentos para la hipertensión y diabetes en Brasil: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud

This study aims to analyze the sources people over 18 years of age use to obtain medication for the treatment of hypertension and diabetes, according to sociodemographic characteristics from 2013 to 2019. Data from the Brazilian National Health Survey were analyzed. Most individuals with diagnosis and prescription to pharmacological treatment reported obtaining medicines exclusively from one type of source. The percentage of people who acquired hypertension medicine exclusively from public pharmacies decreased, from 24.5% in 2013 to 16.2% in 2019; while there was an increase in those obtaining from the Popular Pharmacy program, from 23.5% to 31.4%; as well as for out-of-pocket payment, which rose from 30.9% to 35.5% The percentage of people who acquired diabetes medication exclusively from public pharmacies increased from 7.4% to 18.6% and with out-of-pocket payment increased from 21.6% to 26.8%, while the percentage of those who acquired from the Popular Pharmacy program decreased from 47.2% to 36.4%. The percentage of those who acquired medication from various sources decreased for both hypertension and diabetes. For men, white, and those with higher education, the source of medication acquisition, for both conditions, was mostly by out-of-pocket payment. The high number of medicine acquisition from public sources represents an advance in Brazil's response to the treatment of these conditions, but reducing regional differences still represents a challenge to be overcome by the healthcare system.

Este estudo buscou analisar as fontes utilizadas por pessoas com mais de 18 anos para obter medicamentos para o tratamento de hipertensão arterial e diabetes de acordo com características sociodemográficas de 2013 a 2019. Foram analisados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. A maioria dos indivíduos com diagnóstico e prescrição para tratamento farmacológico relatou a obtenção de medicamentos exclusivamente de um tipo de fonte. O percentual de pessoas que adquiriram medicamentos para hipertensão exclusivamente de farmácias públicas diminuiu de 24,5% em 2013 para 16,2% em 2019. Por outro lado, o percentual daqueles que adquiriram pelo Programa Farmácia Popular aumentou de 23,5% para 31,4% e gastos próprios foram de 30,9% para 35,5%. O percentual de pessoas que adquiriram medicamentos para diabetes exclusivamente de farmácias públicas aumentou de 7,4% para 18,6% e gastos próprios aumentaram de 21,6% para 26,8% enquanto o percentual dos que adquiriram da Farmácia Popular diminuiu de 47,2% para 36,4%. O percentual daqueles que adquiriram medicamentos de diversas fontes diminuiu tanto para hipertensão quanto para diabetes. Homens, pessoas brancas e pessoas com Ensino Superior adquiriram medicamentos para ambas as condições principalmente por gastos próprios. O alto número de aquisições de medicamentos de fontes públicas representa um avanço na resposta do Brasil ao tratamento dessas condições, mas reduzir as diferenças regionais ainda é um desafio a ser superado pelo sistema de saúde.

Este estudio buscó analizar las fuentes utilizadas por personas mayores de 18 años para obtener medicamentos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes según las características sociodemográficas de 2013 a 2019. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud. La mayoría de los individuos con diagnóstico y prescripción de tratamiento farmacológico reportaron obtener los medicamentos exclusivamente de un tipo de fuente. El porcentaje de personas que compraban medicamentos para la hipertensión exclusivamente en farmacias públicas disminuyó del 24,5% en 2013 al 16,2% en 2019. Por otro lado, el porcentaje de quienes lo compraban a través del programa Farmacia Popular aumentó del 23,5% al 31,4% , y el gasto pasó del 30,9% al 35,5%. El porcentaje de personas que compraban medicamentos para la diabetes exclusivamente en farmacias públicas aumentó del 7,4% al 18,6% y el gasto propio aumentó del 21,6% al 26,8%, mientras que el porcentaje de los que compraban en Farmacia Popular descendió del 47,2% al 36,4%. El porcentaje de quienes compraban medicamentos de diferentes fuentes disminuyó tanto para la hipertensión como para la diabetes. Los hombres, los individuos de raza blanca y las personas con educación superior adquirieron medicamentos para ambas afecciones a sus expensas.. El alto número de compras de medicamentos de fuentes públicas es un avance en la respuesta de Brasil al tratamiento de estas condiciones, pero la reducción de las diferencias regionales sigue siendo un desafío para ser superado por el sistema de salud.

Benzodiazepines utilization in Brazilian older adults: a population-based study / Utilização de benzodiazepínicos em idosos brasileiros: um estudo de base populacional

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utilization of benzodiazepines (BZD) in Brazilian older adults, based on the Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM - National Survey of Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines). METHODS The PNAUM is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2013 and 2014, representing the Brazilian urban population. In the present study, we included 60 years or older (n = 9,019) individuals. We calculated the prevalence of BZD utilization in the 15 days prior to survey data collection according to independent variables, using a hierarchical Poisson regression model. A semistructured interview performed empirical data collection (household interview). RESULTS The prevalence of BZD utilization in the older adults was 9.3% (95%CI: 8.3-10.4). After adjustments, BZD utilization was associated with female sex (PR = 1.88; 95%CI: 1.52-2.32), depression (PR = 5.31; 95%CI: 4.41-6, 38), multimorbidity (PR = 1.44; 95%CI: 1.20-1.73), emergency room visit or hospitalization in the last 12 months (PR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.18-1.70 ), polypharmacy (PR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.01-1.57) and poor or very poor self-rated health (PR = 4.16; 95%CI: 2.10-8.22). Utilization was lower in the North region (PR = 0.18; 95%CI: 0.13-0.27) and in individuals who reported abusive alcohol consumption in the last month (PR = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.19-0.94). CONCLUSION Despite contraindications, results showed a high prevalence of BZD utilization in older adults, particularly in those with depression, and wide regional and sex differences.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a utilização de benzodiazepínicos (BZD) em idosos brasileiros,a partir de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM). MÉTODOS A PNAUM é um estudo transversal, conduzido entre 2013 e 2014, com representatividade da população urbana brasileira. No presente estudo, foram incluídos indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais (n = 9.019). Foi calculada a prevalência de utilização de BZD nos 15 dias anteriores à coleta dos dados da pesquisa, geral e segundo as variáveis independentes, por meio de análise bruta e ajustada, utilizando modelo hierárquico de regressão de Poisson. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista domiciliar. RESULTADOS A prevalência de utilização de BZD em idosos foi de 9,3% (IC95%: 8,3-10,4). Após análise ajustada, foram associados à maior utilização de BZD: sexo feminino (RP = 1,88; IC95%: 1,52-2,32), depressão (RP = 5,31; IC95%: 4,41-6,38), multimorbidade (RP = 1,44; IC95%: 1,20-1,73), visita à emergência ou internação hospitalar nos últimos 12 meses (RP = 1,42; IC95%: 1,18-1,70), polifarmácia (RP = 1,26; IC95%: 1,01-1,57) e autopercepção de saúde ruim ou muito ruim (RP = 4,16; IC95%: 2,10-8,22). A utilização foi menor na região Norte (RP = 0,18; IC95%: 0,13-0,27) e em indivíduos que relataram consumo abusivo de álcool no último mês (RP = 0,42; IC95%: 0,19-0,94). CONCLUSÃO Apesar das recomendações contrárias ao uso, os resultados demonstraram elevada prevalência de utilização de BZD em idosos, particularmente naqueles que apresentam depressão, além de amplas diferenças em relação às regiões do país e ao sexo do indivíduo.

Use of drugs for gastrointestinal disorders: evidence from National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of use of drugs to treat gastrointestinal disorders, according to demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics of the Brazilian population. Methods This is a population-based survey that interviewed individuals residing in cities of the five regions in Brazil. The study sample was composed of 32,348 individuals aged 20 or more years. The profile of use of drugs for gastrointestinal disorders was evaluated considering the variables sex, age, healthcare plan, region, and number of chronic diseases. We also analyzed the frequency of individuals who declared using other drugs, besides those already employed for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Additionally, the estimated frequencies of the drug classes used were determined. Results The prevalence of use of drugs for gastrointestinal disorders in Brazil was 6.9% (95% confidence interval - 6.4-7.6), higher in females, among persons aged over 60 years, in those who had a private healthcare insurance, and presented with two or more chronic diseases. It was noted that 42.9% of the aged who used drugs for gastrointestinal disorders were also on polypharmacy. As to the classes of drugs, 82% corresponded to drugs for the food tract and metabolism, particularly proton pumps inhibitors. Conclusion The use of drugs for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders was significant among women and elderly. In this age group, consumption may be linked to gastric protection due to polypharmacy. This study is an unprecedented opportunity to observe the self-reported consumption profile of these drugs in Brazil and, therefore, could subsidize strategies to promote their rational use.

Polypharmacy, socioeconomic indicators and number of diseases: results from ELSA-Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy, describe the pharmacotherapeutic classes used, and investigate whether polypharmacy is associated with demographic and socioeconomic indicators, regardless of the number of diseases, among participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline (2008-2010). METHOD: In this analysis, 14,523 adults and elderly (35-74 years) participated. Polypharmacy was characterized as regular use of five or more medicines. The demographic and socioeconomic indicators analyzed were: gender, age, education level, per capita family income, and access to private health insurance. The independent association between demographic and economic indicators and polypharmacy was estimated by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of polypharmacy was 11.7%. The most used drugs were those with action on the cardiovascular system. After adjustments, including by number of diseases, the chances of being on polypharmacy treatment were significantly higher among women, older participants and those with greatest number of diseases. Individuals without health insurance had lower chance to be under polypharmacy, as well as those with lower income. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of polypharmacy among ELSA-Brasil baseline participants was mainly due to drugs for the treatment of chronic diseases. The relation between polypharmacy and the female gender, as well as its association with old age, are in consonance with the results obtained in other studies. Despite the absence of an association between polypharmacy and education level, the income and health insurance results reinforce the existence of social inequalities regarding drug use.

Factors associated with glycemic control in a sample of individuals with Diabetes Mellitus taken from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, Brazil, 2008-2010. / Fatores associados ao controle glicêmico em amostra de indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, Brasil, 2008 a 2010.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate factors associated with glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study, with participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health with self-reported DM; binomial logistic regression was used. RESULTS: 1,242 individuals were included; 54.2% had glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5%, showing inadequate glycemic control; factors associated with inadequate glycemic control were male sex (OR=1.39 - 95%CI 1.05;1.85), black skin color (OR=1.74 - 95%CI 1.22;2.48) or brown skin color (OR=1,57 - 95%CI 1.14;2.16), average occupation level (OR=1.63 - 95%CI 1.02;2.58), not having health insurance (OR=1.47 - 95%CI 1.09;1.96), use of insulin (OR=7.34 - 95%CI 3.56;15.15), increased waist-to-hip ratio (OR=1.87 - 95%CI 1.19;2.93), smoking (OR=1.73 - 95%CI 1.09;2.74), and poor or very poor self-rated health (OR=2.37 - 95%CI 1.17;4.83). CONCLUSION: the results reinforce the multicausal context in glycemic control, which was associated with sociodemographic factors, lifestyles and health conditions.

Nationwide use of psychotropic drugs for treatment of self-reported depression in the Brazilian urban adult population.

OBJECTIVE: Antidepressant use is increasing worldwide, but national data on psychotropic drug use by depressed patients in Brazil is lacking. METHODOLOGY: Between 2013 and 2014, a representative sample of urban adult individuals were asked if they had a diagnosis of chronic disease, had a medical indication for drug treatment, and were taking chronic medications at the time for each reported diagnosis. We analyzed the frequencies of reported depression and the medications related to this disease. RESULTS: Overall, 6.1% of respondents reported depression. The prevalence increased with age - 9.5% among the elders - was higher among women (8.9%) and in the south of the country (8.9%). As a single disease, the prevalence of depression was higher among young people (17.6%). Among those with multimorbidity, the prevalence of depression rose to 25.7%. Of those who reported depression, 81.3% had medical indication for treatment and 90.3% were under treatment - this proportion was lower among young people (84.5%) and those living in the poorest region (78.6%). Antidepressants accounted for 47.2% of psychotropic drugs taken by respondents with depression, with regional differences - only 30% used antidepressants in the North. Polypharmacy was reported by 22% of those with depression and other chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: Depression in Brazil, is common among young adults as a single chronic disease and highly prevalent among people with chronic multimorbidity, especially the young. The treatment gap was larger among young people and in the less developed regions of the country.

Acesso e regulação ao cuidado especializado no Rio Grande do Sul: a estratégia RegulaSUS do TelessaúdeRS-UFRGS / Access and regulation of specialized care in Rio Grande do Sul: the RegulaSUS strategy of TelessaúdeRS-UFRGS

Resumo Na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) acesso e integralidade são fortemente influenciados pela coordenação do cuidado, que por sua vez recebe impacto positivo da articulação de ações de telessaúde para a telerregulação da assistência. Criamos uma metodologia de telerregulação (Projeto RegulaSUS) baseada em protocolos específicos firmemente alicerçados em evidências. A partir de dados do sistema de regulação e do TelessaúdeRS exploramos os efeitos do RegulaSUS na APS e no acesso ao cuidado especializado. A metodologia foi capaz de criar protocolos abrangentes, com expressiva redução média da fila de consultas especializadas de 30% em 360 dias. Reduziu o tempo de espera na marcação de consultas em especialidades clínicas (mediana de 66 dias), mas não em cirúrgicas. Tempos de espera nos casos mantidos em fila variaram de forma inversa, aumentado em especialidades clínicas e diminuindo em cirúrgicas. O uso de teleconsultorias espontâneas aumentou com a exposição dos profissionais ao RegulaSUS. A intervenção tem potencial na integração de sistemas de saúde, principalmente em países de baixa e média renda, e faz com que a telessaúde atue como metasserviço, construindo redes eficientes, qualificadas e equânimes.

Abstract In Primary Health Care (PHC), access, and integrality are strongly influenced by the coordination of care, which in turn receives a positive impact from the articulation of telehealth actions for teleregulation of care. We created a teleregulation method (RegulaSUS Project) based on specific protocols firmly grounded in scientific evidence. From data of the regulatory system and TelessaúdeRS, we explored the effects of RegulaSUS on PHC and access to specialized care. This method set comprehensive protocols, with a significant mean reduction of 30% in the specialized visits queue over 360 days. It reduced waiting time for medical clinical visits (median of 66 days) but not for surgical appointments. Waiting times for queued cases varied inversely, increasing for clinical and declining for surgical specialties. The use of teleconsultations unrelated to regulation increased with the exposure of professionals to RegulaSUS. The intervention evidence potentiality in the integration of health systems, mainly among low- and middle-income countries, and makes telehealth act as a meta-service, building efficient, qualified, and equitable networks.

Polypharmacy, socioeconomic indicators and number of diseases: results from ELSA-Brasil / Polifarmácia, indicadores socioeconômicos e número de doenças: resultados do ELSA-Brasil

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy, describe the pharmacotherapeutic classes used, and investigate whether polypharmacy is associated with demographic and socioeconomic indicators, regardless of the number of diseases, among participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline (2008-2010). Method: In this analysis, 14,523 adults and elderly (35-74 years) participated. Polypharmacy was characterized as regular use of five or more medicines. The demographic and socioeconomic indicators analyzed were: gender, age, education level, per capita family income, and access to private health insurance. The independent association between demographic and economic indicators and polypharmacy was estimated by binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of polypharmacy was 11.7%. The most used drugs were those with action on the cardiovascular system. After adjustments, including by number of diseases, the chances of being on polypharmacy treatment were significantly higher among women, older participants and those with greatest number of diseases. Individuals without health insurance had lower chance to be under polypharmacy, as well as those with lower income. Conclusion: The occurrence of polypharmacy among ELSA-Brasil baseline participants was mainly due to drugs for the treatment of chronic diseases. The relation between polypharmacy and the female gender, as well as its association with old age, are in consonance with the results obtained in other studies. Despite the absence of an association between polypharmacy and education level, the income and health insurance results reinforce the existence of social inequalities regarding drug use.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de polifarmácia, descrever as classes farmacoterapêuticas utilizadas e investigar se a polifarmácia está associada a indicadores demográficos e socioeconômicos, independentemente do número de morbidades, entre os participantes na linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) (2008-2010). Métodos: Participaram desta análise 14.523 adultos e idosos (35-74 anos). A polifarmácia foi caracterizada como uso regular de cinco ou mais medicamentos. Os indicadores demográficos e socioeconômicos analisados foram: sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda familiar per capita e acesso a plano de saúde particular. A associação independente entre os indicadores demográficos e econômicos e polifarmácia foi estimada por meio de regressão logística binária. Resultados: A prevalência de polifarmácia foi de 11,7%. Os medicamentos mais utilizados foram aqueles com ação no sistema cardiovascular. Após ajustes, incluindo número de doenças, a chance de estar sob tratamento com polifarmácia foi significativamente maior entre mulheres, participantes mais velhos e aqueles com maior número de doenças. Participantes de baixa renda e aqueles sem plano privado de saúde, no entanto, tiveram menor chance de estar sob polifarmácia. Conclusão: A ocorrência de polifarmácia entre os participantes da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil deveu-se principalmente a medicamentos para o tratamento de doenças crônicas. A relação entre polifarmácia e sexo feminino, bem como sua associação com maior idade, estão em consonância com os resultados obtidos em outros estudos. Apesar da ausência de associação entre a polifarmácia e a escolaridade, os resultados de renda e plano privado de saúde reforçam a existência de desigualdades sociais em relação ao uso de medicamentos.

Fatores associados ao controle glicêmico em amostra de indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, Brasil, 2008 a 2010 / Factores asociados con el control glucémico en una muestra de individuos con diabetes Mellitus del Estudio Longitudinal de la Salud de Adultos, Brasil, 2008-2010 / Factors associated with glycemic control in a sample of individuals with Diabetes Mellitus taken from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, Brazil, 2008-2010

Objetivo: Investigar os fatores associados ao controle glicêmico em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus (DM). Métodos: estudo seccional, com participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto com DM autorreferido; utilizou-se regressão logística binomial. Resultados: foram incluídos 1.242 indivíduos; 54,2% apresentaram hemoglobina glicada ≥6,5%, evidenciando controle glicêmico inadequado; mostraram-se fatores associados ao controle glicêmico inadequado o sexo masculino (OR=1,39 ­ IC95%1,05;1,85), raça/cor da pele preta (OR=1,74 ­ IC95%1,22;2,48) ou parda (OR=1,57 ­ IC95%1,14;2,16), nível médio de ocupação (OR=1,63 ­ IC95%1,02;2,58), não ter plano de saúde (OR=1,47 ­ IC95%1,09;1,96), uso de insulina (OR=7,34 ­ IC95%3,56;15,15), relação cintura-quadril alterada (OR=1,87 ­ IC95%1,19;2,93), tabagismo (OR=1,73 IC95%1,09;2,74) e autoavaliação da saúde ruim ou muito ruim (OR=2,37 ­ IC95%1,17;4,83). Conclusão: os resultados reforçam o contexto multicausal no controle glicêmico, que foi associado a fatores sociodemográficos, estilos de vida e condições de saúde.

Objetivo: investigar los factores asociados con el control glucémico en personas con diabetes mellitus (DM). Métodos: estudio seccional, con participantes en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto con DM autoinformada; se utilizó regresión logística binomial. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.242 individuos; el 54,2% tenía hemoglobina glicada ≥6,5%, mostrando un control glucémico inadecuado; los factores asociados con un control glucémico inadecuado fueron género masculino (OR=1,39 ­ IC95% 1,05;1,85), raza/color de piel negra (OR=1,74 ­ IC95%1,22;2,48) o parda (OR=1,57 ­ IC95%1,14;2,16), nivel medio de ocupación (OR=1,63 ­ IC95%1,02;2,58), sin seguro de salud (OR=1,47 ­ IC95%1,09;1,96), uso de insulina (OR=7,34 ­ IC95%3,56;15,15), aumento de la relación cintura-cadera (OR=1,87 ­ IC95%1,19;2,93), tabaquismo (OR=1,73 ­ IC95%1,09;2,74) y autoevaluación de mala salud o muy mala (OR=2,37 ­ IC95%1,17;4,83). Conclusión: los resultados refuerzan el contexto multicausal en el control glucémico, que se asoció con factores sociodemográficos, estilos de vida y condiciones de salud.

Objective: to investigate factors associated with glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: this was a cross-sectional study, with participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health with self-reported DM; binomial logistic regression was used. Results: 1,242 individuals were included; 54.2% had glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5%, showing inadequate glycemic control; factors associated with inadequate glycemic control were male sex (OR=1.39 ­ 95%CI 1.05;1.85), black skin color (OR=1.74 ­ 95%CI 1.22;2.48) or brown skin color (OR=1,57 ­ 95%CI 1.14;2.16), average occupation level (OR=1.63 ­ 95%CI 1.02;2.58), not having health insurance (OR=1.47 ­ 95%CI 1.09;1.96), use of insulin (OR=7.34 ­ 95%CI 3.56;15.15), increased waist-to-hip ratio (OR=1.87 ­ 95%CI 1.19;2.93), smoking (OR=1.73 ­ 95%CI 1.09;2.74), and poor or very poor self-rated health (OR=2.37 ­ 95%CI 1.17;4.83). Conclusion: the results reinforce the multicausal context in glycemic control, which was associated with sociodemographic factors, lifestyles and health conditions.

Does socioeconomic inequality occur in the multimorbidity among Brazilian adults? / Existe desigualdade socioeconômica na multimorbidade entre adultos brasileiros?

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of multimorbidity among Brazilian adults and its association with socioeconomic indicators. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that used data from the Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil (PNAUM - Brazilian National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines), carried out between 2013 and 2014. The definition of multimorbidity was the coexistence, in a single individual, of two or more chronic diseases, measured through a list of 14 morbidities (self-reported medical diagnosis throughout life). Economic status and educational level were the socioeconomic indicators used, being the inequalities assessed through the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Concentration Index, stratified by gender. RESULTS: The study comprehended 23,329 adults (52.8% of which were women), with an average age of 37.9 years. Hypertension and high cholesterol levels were the most prevalent conditions. The prevalence of multimorbidity was of 10.9% (95%CI 10.1-11.7) representing nearly 11 million individuals in Brazil, of which 14.5% (95%CI 13.5-15.4) were women and 6.8% (95%CI 5.9-7.8) were men. The occurrence of multimorbidity was similar according to the socioeconomic indicators. In the inequality analysis, we observed absolute and relative differences in men with a higher purchasing power (SII = 3.7; 95%CI 0.3-7.0) and higher educational level (CIX = 7.1; 95%CI 0.9-14.7), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of comorbidities in Brazilian adults is high, especially in absolute terms. We only observed socioeconomic inequalities in multimorbidities among men.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de multimorbidade e a associação desta com indicadores socioeconômicos entre adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que utilizou dados oriundos da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil, realizada entre 2013 e 2014. Multimorbidade foi definida como a coexistência, no mesmo indivíduo, de duas ou mais doenças crônicas, e é mensurada a partir de uma lista de 14 morbidades (autorrelato de diagnóstico médico na vida). Classe econômica e escolaridade foram os indicadores socioeconômicos utilizados, sendo as desigualdades avaliadas pelo Slope Index of Inequality (SII) e pelo Concentration Index (CIX), estratificadas por sexo. RESULTADOS: O estudo considerou 23.329 mil adultos (52,8% de mulheres), com média de idade de 37,9 anos. Hipertensão e colesterol alto foram as condições mais prevalentes. A prevalência de multimorbidade foi de 10,9% (IC95% 10,1-11,7), representando, aproximadamente, 11 milhões de indivíduos no Brasil, sendo 14,5% (IC95% 13,5-15,4) entre mulheres e 6,8% (IC95% 5,9-7,8) entre homens. A ocorrência de multimorbidade foi similar segundo os indicadores socioeconômicos. Nas análises de desigualdade, observou-se diferença absoluta e relativa para homens com maior poder aquisitivo (SII = 3,7; IC95% 0,3-7,0) e maior escolaridade (CIX = 7,1; IC95% 0,9-14,7), respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de adultos brasileiros com multimorbidade é alta, principalmente em termos absolutos. Desigualdades socioeconômicas na multimorbidade foram observadas somente entre homens.