Complex biogeographic scenarios revealed in the diversification of the largest woodpecker radiation in the New World.

Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of evolution within Melanerpes, one of the most diverse groups of New World woodpeckers (22-23 lineages), have been complicated due to complex plumages and morphological adaptations. In an attempt to resolve these issues, we obtained sequence data from four nuclear introns and two mitochondrial protein-coding genes for 22 of the 24 currently recognized species in the genus. We performed phylogenetic analyses involving Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, species-tree divergence dating, and biogeographic reconstructions. Tree topologies from the concatenated and species-tree analyses of the mtDNA and nDNA showed broadly similar patterns, with three relatively well-supported groups apparent: (a) the Sphyrapicus clade (four species); (b) the typical Melanerpes clade, which includes temperate and subtropical dry forest black-backed species; and (c) the mostly barred-backed species, here referred to as the "Centurus" clade. The phylogenetic position of Melanerpes superciliaris regarding the rest of Melanerpes is ambiguous as it is recovered as sister to the rest of Melanerpes or as sister to a group including Sphyrapicus+Melanerpes. Our species tree estimations recovered the same well-delimited highly-supported clades. Geographic range evolution (estimated in BioGeoBEARS) was best explained by a DIVALIKE+j model, which includes vicariance, founder effect speciation, and anagenetic dispersal (range expansion) as important processes involved in the diversification of the largest radiation of woodpeckers in the New World.

Gravedad de la gastroenteritis causada por Vibrio parahaemolyticus del grupo pandémico en el Perú / Severity of the gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus of the pandemic group in Peru

Objetivos. Determinar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de la gastroenteritis causada por Vibrio parahaemolyticus del grupo pandémico en el Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se examinó las historias clínicas y registros de laboratorio de cien casos de gastroenteritis en los cuales se aisló V. parahaemolyticus del grupo pandémico y no pandémico. Se recolectó información epidemiológica y clínica y se realizó el análisis estadístico de los datos para evaluar si la gravedad de la enfermedad se asoció con la presencia de las cepas del grupo pandémico. Resultados. Se logró colectar información epidemiológica en 85 por ciento de los casos e información clínica sólo en 37 por ciento de los casos, principalmente de los hospitalizados. Los casos del grupo pandémico tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de tener deposiciones líquidas (96,3 por ciento frente a 62,5 por ciento, p<0,05), presentar deshidratación moderada o grave (100 por ciento frente a 60 por ciento, p<0,05) y requerir atención hospitalaria (98 por ciento frente a 42,9 por ciento, p<0,0001). Fue más probable aislar una cepa pandémica en personas de 30 o más años de edad (63 por ciento frente a 39,5 por ciento, p<0,05). Conclusiones. El Vibrio parahaemolyticus del grupo pandémico causa enfermedad gastrointestinal de mayor gravedad que las cepas no pandémicas, con mayor probabilidad de requerir atención hospitalaria. Basados en este reporte, se recomienda incluir la identificación de V. parahaemolyticus en el diagnóstico etiológico de agentes causantes de gastroenteritis grave en el sistema de salud del Perú.

Objective. To determine the epidemiological and clinic characteristics of gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains of the pandemic group in Peru. Material and methods. Clinical and laboratory records were searched in 100cases of gastroenteritis caused by V parahaemolyticus, either of the pandemic or non pandemic group. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected and statistical analysis was done to evaluate if the severity of illness was associated with the pandemic group. Results. Epidemiological data were collected in 85 per cent of cases, and clinical data were only available in 37 per cent of cases, mainly on those hospitalized. Cases associated with the pandemic strains had a higher probability of liquid stools (96.3 per cent vs. 62.5 per cent, p<0.05), moderate or severe dehydration (100 per cent vs. 60 per cent, p<0.05), and hospital care (98 per cent vs. 42.9 per cent, p<0.0001). Cases aged thirty or older were associated with the pandemic strains (63 per cent vs. 39.5 per cent, p<0.05). Conclusions. Vibrio parahaemolyticus of the pandemic group causes more severe gastrointestinal disease than none pandemic strains, with higher probability of requiring hospital care. Based on this report, it is advisable to include the identification of V. parahaemolyticus in the etiological diagnosis of agents causing severe gastroenteritis in the Peruvian health system.