Physical and mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at first year in a Spanish adult cohort.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the political and health measures have profoundly affected the health of our populations. However, very few studies have been published assessing its impact using a prospective cohort. The aim of this study is to describe the impact on physical and mental health due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population in Spain, and according to COVID-19 clinical status, during the first year of the pandemic. A longitudinal cohort study with two online surveys were performed on a representative sample of the adult Spanish population before (N = 2005, October/November 2019) and during the pandemic (N = 1357, November/December 2020). We assessed disability using the World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS), major depressive episode (MDE) and suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STB), using an adapted version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0); generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) using the GAD-7 scale; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms using the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). For physical health, there was a statistically significant loss of weight (mean/SD) (T0, 73.22/15.56 vs. T1, 71.21/11.94), less use of tobacco (T0, 11.4% vs. T1, 9.0%) and decreased disability (mean/SD) (T0, 21.52/9.22 vs. T1, 19.03/7.32). For mental health, there was a significant increase in MDE (T0, 6.5% vs. T1, 8.8%) and in the prevalence of GAD (T0, 13.7% vs. T1, 17.7%). The prevalence of STB (T0, 15.1% vs. T1, 7.1%) significantly decreased. Individuals who declared they had been diagnosed with COVID-19 (3.6%) showed a worsening in physical health and an increase in mental health problems and PTSD symptoms. Although suicide risk during the first year of the pandemic was significantly less, many suicide risk factors increased: such as the incidence and persistence of MDE and GAD, the presence of PTSD symptoms in those diagnosed with COVID-19, and a worsening in self-assessed health status. We expect an increase in STB in the population in the long-term. Future research should gather information about the long-term impact of the pandemic.

Polimorfismo C677T del gen Metilentetrahidrofolato Reductasa como posible factor de riesgo materno para la presentación de síndrome de Down en la población guayaquileña / C677T Polymorphism of the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase gene as a possible maternal risk factor for the presentation of Down syndrome in the population of Guayaquil

Objetivo: evaluar la presencia del polimorfismo C677T del gen de la enzima MTHFR como posible factor de riesgo materno para la presentación de síndrome de Down, en la población guayaquileña. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de casos y control que incluyó 51 madres de niños o niñas con síndrome de Down y 52 mujeres que tuvieron en su último embarazo un producto de cualquier sexo sano. Se recolectaron muestras de sangre venosa periférica entre los meses de diciembre 2010 y mayo 2011 posteriora lo que se realizó extracción de ADN y genotipificación del polimorfismo C677T del gen de la enzima MTHFR. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó Chi cuadrado de Pearson (X2), odds ratio (OR) con intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento (95 por cientoIC). Valores de p<0.05 fueron considerados estadísticamente significativos. Resultados: se incluyeron 51 mujeres madres de hijos/as con síndrome deDown y 52 madres control. La frecuencia del alelo T fue mayor en el grupo casos (X2=0.944, p=0.331). En el análisis simultáneo de las variantes genotípicas heterocigota y homocigota del gen MTHFR 677 (CT y TT) en los grupos casos y control, no se observó aumento de riesgo para el síndrome (OR=0.87 [IC 95 por ciento 0.34 – 2.20]; p=0.772). Conclusión: no se encontró relación entre la presenciadel polimorfismo C677T MTHFR y aumento en el riesgo materno para síndrome de Down. Es necesario realizar mayores investigaciones en la población ecuatoriana en general que determinen la asociación de diversos polimorfismos en diferentes genes.

Aim: to assess the presence of the C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene as a possible maternal risk factor for Down syndrome in the population of Guayaquil. Methodology: a case study and control research involving 51 mothers of boys and girls with Down syndrome and 52 women who delivered a healthy offspring of either sex in their last pregnancy. Venous blood samples were collected in the months of December 2010 and May 2011 after that, a DNA extraction and genotyping of the C667T polymorphismof the MTHFR gene were performed. Pearson’s Chi-squared test (X2), and odds Ratio (OR) with confidence interval of 95 percent (95 percent CI) were used for the statistical analysis. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: 51 women mothers of sons / daughters with Down syndrome and 52 control mothers were included. The T-allele frequency was higher in the cases (X²=0.944, p:0.331). In the simultaneous analysis of heterozygous and homozygous genotype variant of MTHFR 667 (CTand TT) in the case and control groups, no risk increase for the syndrome (OR=0.87 [IC 95 percent 0.34 – 2.20]; p=0.772) was observed. Conclusion: no relationship was found between the presence of MTHFR C677T polymorphism and increased maternal risk for Down syndrome. It is necessary to perform further research on the general Ecuadorian population to determine the association of various polymorphisms in different genes.