Acid-base homeostasis orchestrated by NHE1 defines the pancreatic stellate cell phenotype in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progresses in an organ with a unique pH landscape, where the stroma acidifies after each meal. We hypothesized that disrupting this pH landscape during PDAC progression triggers pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to induce PDAC fibrosis. We revealed that alkaline environmental pH was sufficient to induce PSC differentiation to a myofibroblastic phenotype. We then mechanistically dissected this finding, focusing on the involvement of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1. Perturbing cellular pH homeostasis by inhibiting NHE1 with cariporide partially altered the myofibroblastic PSC phenotype. To show the relevance of this finding in vivo, we targeted NHE1 in murine PDAC (KPfC). Indeed, tumor fibrosis decreased when mice received the NHE1-inhibitor cariporide in addition to gemcitabine treatment. Moreover, the tumor immune infiltrate shifted from granulocyte rich to more lymphocytic. Taken together, our study provides mechanistic evidence on how the pancreatic pH landscape shapes pancreatic cancer through tuning PSC differentiation.

Concurrent axon and myelin destruction differentiates X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy from multiple sclerosis.

Cerebral disease manifestation occurs in about two thirds of males with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (CALD) and is fatally progressive if left untreated. Early histopathologic studies categorized CALD as an inflammatory demyelinating disease, which led to repeated comparisons to multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to revisit the relationship between axonal damage and myelin loss in CALD. We applied novel immunohistochemical tools to investigate axonal damage, myelin loss and myelin repair in autopsy brain tissue of eight CALD and 25 MS patients. We found extensive and severe acute axonal damage in CALD already in prelesional areas defined by microglia loss and relative myelin preservation. In contrast to MS, we did not observe selective phagocytosis of myelin, but a concomitant decay of the entire axon-myelin unit in all CALD lesion stages. Using a novel marker protein for actively remyelinating oligodendrocytes, breast carcinoma-amplified sequence (BCAS) 1, we show that repair pathways are activated in oligodendrocytes in CALD. Regenerating cells, however, were affected by the ongoing disease process. We provide evidence that-in contrast to MS-selective myelin phagocytosis is not characteristic of CALD. On the contrary, our data indicate that acute axonal injury and permanent axonal loss are thus far underestimated features of the disease that must come into focus in our search for biomarkers and novel therapeutic approaches.

Oxidative Stress-Induced STIM2 Cysteine Modifications Suppress Store-Operated Calcium Entry.

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through STIM-gated ORAI channels governs vital cellular functions. In this context, SOCE controls cellular redox signaling and is itself regulated by redox modifications. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this calcium-redox interplay and the functional outcomes are not fully understood. Here, we examine the role of STIM2 in SOCE redox regulation. Redox proteomics identify cysteine 313 as the main redox sensor of STIM2 in vitro and in vivo. Oxidative stress suppresses SOCE and calcium currents in cells overexpressing STIM2 and ORAI1, an effect that is abolished by mutation of cysteine 313. FLIM and FRET microscopy, together with MD simulations, indicate that oxidative modifications of cysteine 313 alter STIM2 activation dynamics and thereby hinder STIM2-mediated gating of ORAI1. In summary, this study establishes STIM2-controlled redox regulation of SOCE as a mechanism that affects several calcium-regulated physiological processes, as well as stress-induced pathologies.

Redox signals at the ER-mitochondria interface control melanoma progression.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as important regulators of cancer growth and metastatic spread. However, how cells integrate redox signals to affect cancer progression is not fully understood. Mitochondria are cellular redox hubs, which are highly regulated by interactions with neighboring organelles. Here, we investigated how ROS at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria interface are generated and translated to affect melanoma outcome. We show that TMX1 and TMX3 oxidoreductases, which promote ER-mitochondria communication, are upregulated in melanoma cells and patient samples. TMX knockdown altered mitochondrial organization, enhanced bioenergetics, and elevated mitochondrial- and NOX4-derived ROS. The TMX-knockdown-induced oxidative stress suppressed melanoma proliferation, migration, and xenograft tumor growth by inhibiting NFAT1. Furthermore, we identified NFAT1-positive and NFAT1-negative melanoma subgroups, wherein NFAT1 expression correlates with melanoma stage and metastatic potential. Integrative bioinformatics revealed that genes coding for mitochondrial- and redox-related proteins are under NFAT1 control and indicated that TMX1, TMX3, and NFAT1 are associated with poor disease outcome. Our study unravels a novel redox-controlled ER-mitochondria-NFAT1 signaling loop that regulates melanoma pathobiology and provides biomarkers indicative of aggressive disease.

Single- and two-photon imaging of human micrometastases and disseminated tumour cells with conjugates of nanobodies and quantum dots.

Early detection of malignant tumours and, especially, micrometastases and disseminated tumour cells is still a challenge. In order to implement highly sensitive diagnostic tools we demonstrate the use of nanoprobes engineered from nanobodies (single-domain antibodies, sdAbs) and fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) for single- and two-photon detection and imaging of human micrometastases and disseminated tumour cells in ex vivo biological samples of breast and pancreatic metastatic tumour mouse models expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). By staining thin (5-10 µm) paraffin and thick (50 µm) agarose tissue sections, we detected HER2- and CEA-positive human tumour cells infiltrating the surrounding tissues or metastasizing to different organs, including the brain, testis, lung, liver, and lymph nodes. Compared to conventional fluorescently labelled antibodies the sdAb-HER2-QD and sdAb-CEA-QD nanoprobes are superior in detecting micrometastases in tissue sections by lower photobleaching and higher brightness of fluorescence signals ensuring much better discrimination of positive signals versus background. Very high two-photon absorption cross-sections of QDs and small size of the nanoprobes ensure efficient imaging of thick tissue sections unattainable with conventional fluorescent probes. The nanobody-QD probes will help to improve early cancer diagnosis and prognosis of progression by assessing metastasis.

Are cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide involved in the dyskinesia of Parkinson's disease induced by L-DOPA?

Inflammatory mechanisms are proposed to play a role in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) contributes to inflammation pathways in the periphery and is constitutively expressed in the central nervous system. Considering that inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) formation attenuates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, this study aimed at investigating if a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor would change COX2 brain expression in animals with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. To this aim, male Wistar rats received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine microinjection into the medial forebrain bundle were treated daily with L-DOPA (21 days) combined with 7-nitroindazole or vehicle. All hemi-Parkinsonian rats receiving l-DOPA showed dyskinesia. They also presented increased neuronal COX2 immunoreactivity in the dopamine-depleted dorsal striatum that was directly correlated with dyskinesia severity. Striatal COX2 co-localized with choline-acetyltransferase, calbindin and DARPP-32 (dopamine-cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32), neuronal markers of GABAergic neurons. NOS inhibition prevented L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and COX2 increased expression in the dorsal striatum. These results suggest that increased COX2 expression after L-DOPA long-term treatment in Parkinsonian-like rats could contribute to the development of dyskinesia.

Non-invasive optical imaging of eosinophilia during the course of an experimental allergic airways disease model and in response to therapy.

BACKGROUND: Molecular imaging of lung diseases, including asthma, is limited and either invasive or non-specific. Central to the inflammatory process in asthma is the recruitment of eosinophils to the airways, which release proteases and proinflammatory factors and contribute to airway remodeling. The aim of this study was to establish a new approach to non-invasively assess lung eosinophilia during the course of experimental asthma by combining non-invasive near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging with the specific detection of Siglec-F, a lectin found predominantly on eosinophils. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: An ovalbumin (OVA)-based model was used to induce asthma-like experimental allergic airway disease (EAAD) in BALB/c mice. By means of a NIRF imager, we demonstrate that 48 h-72 h after intravenous (i.v.) application of a NIRF-labeled anti-Siglec-F antibody, mice with EAAD exhibited up to 2 times higher fluorescence intensities compared to lungs of control mice. Furthermore, average lung intensities of dexamethasone-treated as well as beta-escin-treated mice were 1.8 and 2 times lower than those of untreated, EAAD mice, respectively and correlated with the reduction of cell infiltration in the lung. Average fluorescence intensities measured in explanted lungs confirmed the in vivo findings of significantly higher values in inflamed lungs as compared to controls. Fluorescence microscopy of lung cryosections localized the i.v. applied NIRF-labeled anti-Siglec-F antibody predominantly to eosinophils in the peribronchial areas of EAAD lungs as opposed to control lungs. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We show that monitoring the occurrence of eosinophils, a prominent feature of allergic asthma, by means of a NIRF-labeled antibody directed against Siglec-F is a novel and powerful non-invasive optical imaging approach to assess EAAD and therapeutic response in mice over time.

KV10.1 K(+)-channel plasma membrane discrete domain partitioning and its functional correlation in neurons.

KV10.1 potassium channels are implicated in a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation and tumour progression. Their expression in over 70% of human tumours makes them an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target. Although their physiological role in the central nervous system is not yet fully understood, advances in their precise cell localization will contribute to the understanding of their interactions and function. We have determined the plasma membrane (PM) distribution of the KV10.1 protein in an enriched mouse brain PM fraction and its association with cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich domains. We show that the KV10.1 channel has two different populations in a 3:2 ratio, one associated to and another excluded from Detergent Resistant Membranes (DRMs). This distribution of KV10.1 in isolated PM is cholesterol- and cytoskeleton-dependent since alteration of those factors changes the relationship to 1:4. In transfected HEK-293 cells with a mutant unable to bind Ca(2+)/CaM to KV10.1 protein, Kv10.1 distribution in DRM/non-DRM is 1:4. Mean current density was doubled in the cholesterol-depleted cells, without any noticeable effects on other parameters. These results demonstrate that recruitment of the KV10.1 channel to the DRM fractions involves its functional regulation.

Synthesis, biological evaluation, and live cell imaging of novel fluorescent duocarmycin analogs.

For a better understanding of the mode of action of duocarmycin and its analogs, the novel fluorescent duocarmycin derivatives 13-15 and 17b-19b were synthesized, and their bioactivity as well as their cellular uptake investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in live-cell imaging experiments.

Physical and functional interaction of KV10.1 with Rabaptin-5 impacts ion channel trafficking.

K(V)10.1 is a potassium channel expressed in brain and implicated in tumor progression. We have searched for proteins interacting with K(V)10.1 and identified Rabaptin-5, an effector of the Rab5 GTPase. Both proteins co-localize on large early endosomes induced by Rab5 hyperactivity. Silencing of Rabaptin-5 induces down-regulation of recycling of K(V)10.1 channel in transfected cells and reduction of K(V)10.1 current density in cells natively expressing K(V)10.1, indicating a role of Rabaptin-5 in channel trafficking. K(V)10.1 co-localizes, but does not physically interact, with Rab7 and Rab11. Our data highlights the complex control of the amount of K(V)10.1 channels on the cell surface.

LPS-induced knee-joint reactive arthritis and spinal cord glial activation were reduced after intrathecal thalidomide injection in rats.

AIMS: Thalidomide is thought to prevent TNF-α production, and such mechanism could be useful in a spinally delivered drug approach for the control of peripheral inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intrathecal thalidomide, in comparison with that of intraperitoneal treatment, on articular incapacitation, edema, synovial leukocyte content, and spinal cord glial activation in a model of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive arthritis in rats. MAIN METHODS: LPS (30ng) was injected into a knee-joint previously primed with carrageenan (300µg). Systemic (30 and 100mg/kg; intraperitoneal, i.p.) and intrathecal (10 and 100µg; i.t.) thalidomide were given 1h or 20min before LPS injection, respectively. Articular incapacitation and edema were evaluated hourly. After 6h, synovial fluid and lumbar spinal cords were collected for subsequent evaluations of cell migration and expression of CD11b/c and GFAP markers, respectively. KEY FINDINGS: Systemic (30 and 100mg/kg) or intrathecal (10 and 100µg) thalidomide reduced articular incapacitation, edema, and polymorphonuclear migration. In addition, i.p. and i.t. thalidomide reduced the expression of CD11b/c and GFAP markers in the lumbar spinal cord. These results suggest that thalidomide can also produce peripheral anti-inflammatory effects through action in the spinal cord that may involve glia inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides new evidence that the direct spinal delivery of immunomodulators may be an alternative for the treatment of arthritic diseases, which require long systemic treatment with drugs associated with undesirable side effects.

Modulation of dopamine uptake by nitric oxide in cultured mesencephalic neurons.

Strong evidence obtained from in vivo and ex-vivo studies suggests the existence of interaction between dopaminergic and nitrergic systems. Some of the observations suggest a possible implication of nitric oxide (NO) in dopamine (DA) uptake mechanism. The present work investigated the interaction between both systems by examining the effect of an NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), associated with the indirect DA agonist, amphetamine (AMPH) on tritiated DA uptake in cultures of embryonic mesencephalic neurons. Consistent with the literature, both AMPH (1, 3 and 10 microM) and SNP (300 microM and 1 mM) inhibited DA uptake in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the inhibition of DA uptake by AMPH (1 and 3 microM) was significantly increased by the previous addition of SNP (300 microM). The implication of NO in this interaction was supported by the fact that the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-Cysteine (500 microM) significantly increased DA uptake and completely abolished the effect of SNP, leaving unaffected that from AMPH on DA uptake. Further, double-labeling immunohistochemistry showed the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH, marker for dopaminergic neurons) and neuronal NO synthase- (nNOS, marker for NO containing neurons) expressing neurons in mesencephalic cultures. Some dopaminergic neurons also express nNOS giving further support for a pre-synaptic interaction between both systems. This is the first work demonstrating in mesencephalic cultured neurons a combined effect of an NO donor and an indirect DA agonist on specific DA uptake.