Socioeconomic Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Parathyroidectomy and a Comparison of Institutional Charges.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroidectomy is frequently performed as ambulatory surgery. This study seeks to characterize the socioeconomic factors that may impact the patient selection for outpatient parathyroidectomy. METHODS: The 2016 Florida State Inpatient Database (SID) and the 2016 Florida State Ambulatory Surgery Database (SASD) were queried for all patients undergoing parathyroidectomy using the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10) procedure codes. Univariable comparison and multivariate logistic regression were performed for outpatient versus inpatient parathyroidectomy using all relevant patient and hospital characteristics from the database. RESULTS: Seven hundred and sixteen patients underwent parathyroidectomy in Florida in 2016; 322 parathyroidectomies were performed in the ambulatory setting (45.0%). After multivariate logistic regression, patients over age 65 and parathyroidectomies performed at high-volume centers were more likely to be performed at an outpatient center. Those patients who were black, Hispanic, had a Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥3, Medicare, Medicaid, and Self-pay were associated with a decreased likelihood of having an outpatient procedure. DISCUSSION: Access to ambulatory parathyroidectomy is more common in patients with private insurance, white ethnicity, and fewer comorbidities.

Female Leadership in Academic Plastic Surgery: A Comprehensive Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gender equity remains to be realized in academic plastic and reconstructive surgery. The purpose of this study was to measure the proportion of women in leadership roles in academic plastic and reconstructive surgery to verify where gender gaps may persist. METHODS: Six markers of leadership were analyzed: academic faculty rank, manuscript authorship, program directorship, journal editor-in-chief positions, society board of directors membership, and professional society membership. Descriptive statistics were performed, and chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables. RESULTS: About 16 percent to 19 percent of practicing plastic surgeons are female, as measured by the percentage of female faculty and American Society of Plastic Surgeons members. Female plastic surgeons comprised 18.9 percent (n = 178) of the faculty from 88 academic plastic surgery institutions, and represented 9.9 percent of full professors and 10.8 percent of chiefs. Nineteen institutions had no female faculty. Women were first authors in 23.4 percent of publications and senior author in 14.7 percent of publications. No journal studied had a female editor-in-chief. Of the examined plastic and reconstructive societies, the proportion of women on the board of directors ranged from 16.7 percent to 23.5 percent. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of female program directors, first manuscript authors, and board members of certain societies is commensurate with the number of women in the field, suggesting an evolving landscape within the specialty. However, women remain underrepresented in many other leadership roles, heralding the work that remains to ensure gender parity exists for those pursuing leadership roles in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery.

Assessment of surgical capacity in Chiapas, Mexico: a cross-sectional study of the public and private sector.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical, anaesthesia and obstetric (SAO) care are essential, life-saving components of universal healthcare. In Chiapas, Mexico's southernmost state, the capacity of SAO care is unknown. This study aims to assess the surgical capacity in Chiapas, Mexico, as it relates to access, infrastructure, service delivery, surgical volume, quality, workforce and financial risk protection. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of Ministry of Health public hospitals and private hospitals in Chiapas was performed. The translated Surgical Assessment Tool (SAT) was implemented in sampled hospitals. Surgical volume was collected retrospectively from hospital logbooks. Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare public and private hospitals. Catastrophic expenditure from surgical care was calculated. RESULTS: Data were collected from 17 public hospitals and 20 private hospitals in Chiapas. Private hospitals were smaller than public hospitals and public hospitals performed more surgeries per operating room. Not all hospitals reported consistent electricity, running water or oxygen, but private hospitals were more likely to have these basic infrastructure components compared with public hospitals (84% vs 95%; 60% vs 100%; 94.1% vs 100%, respectively). Bellwether surgical procedures performed in private hospitals cost significantly more, and posed a higher risk of catastrophic expenditure, than those performed in public hospitals. CONCLUSION: Capacity limitations are greater in public hospitals compared with private hospitals. However, the cost of care in the private sector is significantly higher than the public sector and may result in catastrophic expenditures. Targeted interventions to improve the infrastructure, workforce availability and data collection are needed.

The Plastic Surgery Workforce and Its Role in Low-income Countries.

BACKGROUND: Plastic surgery varies in scope, especially in different settings. This study aimed to quantify the plastic surgery workforce in low-income countries (LICs), understand commonly treated conditions by plastic surgeons working in these settings, and assess the impact on reducing global disease burden. METHODS: We queried national and international surgery societies, plastic surgery societies, and non-governmental organizations to identify surgeons living and working in LICs who provide plastic surgical care using a cross-sectional survey. Respondents reported practice setting, training experience, income sources, and perceived barriers to care. Surgeons ranked commonly treated conditions and reported which of the Disease Control Priorities-3 essential surgery procedures they perform. RESULTS: An estimated 63 surgeons who consider themselves plastic surgeons were identified from 15 LICs, with no surgeons identified in the remaining 16 LICs. Responses were obtained from 43 surgeons (70.5%). The 3 most commonly reported conditions treated were burns, trauma, and cleft deformities. Of the 44 "Essential Surgical Package'' procedures, 37 were performed by respondents, with the most common being skin graft (73% of surgeons performing), cleft lip/palate repair (66%), and amputations/escharotomy (61%). The most commonly cited barrier to care was insufficient equipment. Only 9% and 5% of surgeons believed that there are enough plastic surgeons to handle the burden in their local region and country, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Plastic surgery plays a significant role in the coverage of essential surgical conditions in LICs. Continued expansion of the plastic surgical workforce and accompanying infrastructure is critical to meet unmet surgical burden in low- and middle-income countries.

Sports-Related Craniofacial Injuries Among Pediatric and Adolescent Females: A National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database Study.

BACKGROUND: Number of female athletes continues to exponentially increase in all sports; however, available literature detailing craniofacial injuries remains scarce. Compared to male athletes, female athletes may experience different types of injuries. These may be related to sex differences such as craniofacial pain and dimensions. Thus, this study assesses the type of sport and craniofacial injuries that pediatric and adolescent female athletes sustain. METHODS: National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was analyzed for all hospital admissions for young female athletes (5-24 years old) experiencing a sports-related craniofacial injury. These included contusions and abrasions, lacerations, fractures, and hematomas. Following sports were analyzed for craniofacial injury: basketball, golf, soccer, ice skating, swimming, softball, horseback riding, volleyball, field hockey, and football. RESULTS: Most of the sports-related craniofacial injury occurred in female athletes who are between 10 and 19 years old. Across all age groups, softball (34.9%), basketball (28.1%), and soccer (15.6%) caused majority of the craniofacial injuries. The most common presenting craniofacial injury types were contusions and abrasions as well as lacerations. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for improved protective gear, such as face shields and low-impact balls, especially in softball and basketball. Physicians should consider the differences in female versus male and child versus adult injury pattern when treating female athletes in order to prevent long-term complications, such as scarring and depression. Overall, sports-related craniofacial injuries among female athletes need to be further examined as the epidemiology of their injuries and their health needs are unique.

Access to Essential Surgical Care in Chiapas, Mexico: A System-Wide Geospatial Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Long travel times to reach essential surgical care in Chiapas, Mexico's poorest state, can delay lifesaving procedures and contribute to adverse outcomes. Geographical access to surgical facilities is 1 of the 6 indicators of the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery and has been measured extensively worldwide. Our objective is to determine the population with 2-h geographical access to facilities capable of performing the Bellwether procedures (laparotomy, cesarean delivery, and open fracture repair). This is the first study in Mexico to assess access to surgical facilities, including both the fragmented public sector and the private sector. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, conducted from June 2019 to January 2020, Bellwether capable surgical facilities from all health systems in Chiapas were geocoded and assessed through on-site data collection, Ministry of Health databases, and verified via telephone. Geospatial analyses were performed on Redivis. RESULTS: We identified 59 Bellwether capable hospitals, with 17.5% (n = 954,460) of the state residing more than 2 h from surgical care in public and private health systems. Of those, 22 facilities had confirmed 24/7 Bellwether capability, and 23% (n = 1,178,383) of the affiliated population resided more than 2 h from these hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the Ministry of Health and employment-based health coverage could provide timely access to essential surgical care for the majority of the population. However, the fragmentation of the healthcare system leaves a gap that contributes to delays in care and unmet emergency surgical needs.

Assessment of diagnostics capacity in hospitals providing surgical care in two Latin American states.

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic services are an essential component of high-quality surgical, anesthesia and obstetric (SAO) care. Efforts to scale up SAO care in Latin America have often overlooked diagnostics capacity. This study aims to analyze the capacity of diagnostic services, including radiology, pathology, and laboratory medicine, in hospitals providing SAO care in the states of Chiapas, Mexico and Amazonas, Brazil. METHODS: A stratified cross-sectional evaluation of diagnostic capacity in hospitals performing surgery in Chiapas and Amazonas was performed using the Surgical Assessment Tool (SAT). National data sources were queried for indicators of diagnostics capacity in terms of workforce, infrastructure and diagnosis utilization. Fisher's exact tests and chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables between the private and public sector in Chiapas while descriptive statistics are used to compare Amazonas and Chiapas. FINDINGS: In Chiapas, 53% (n = 17) of public and 34% (n = 20) of private hospitals providing SAO care were assessed. More private hospitals than public hospitals could always provide x-rays (35% vs 23.5%) and ultrasound (85% vs 47.1%). However neither sector could consistently perform basic laboratory testing such as complete blood counts (70.6% public, 65% private). In Amazonas, 30% (n = 18) of rural hospitals were surveyed. Most had functioning x-ray machine (77.8%) and ultrasound (55.6%). The majority of hospitals could provide complete blood count (66.7%) but only one hospital (5.6%) could always perform an infectious panel. Both Chiapas and Amazonas had dramatically fewer diagnostic practitioners per capita in each state compared to the national average capacity. INTERPRETATION: Facilities providing SAO care in low-resource states in Mexico and Brazil often lack functioning diagnostics services and workforce. Scale-up of diagnostic services is essential to improve SAO care and should occur with emphasis on equitable and adequate resource allocation.

Readmission and reinjury patterns in pediatric assault victims.

INTRODUCTION: Repeated pediatric assault should be a never event. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the readmission and reinjury patterns in pediatric victims of assault including readmissions to different hospitals across the US. METHODS: The 2010-2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database was queried for all nonelective admissions for patients under the age of 18 years. Primary outcomes were readmission or reinjury within 1 year. Results were weighted for national estimates. RESULTS: Assault-related injury occurred in 46,294 pediatric patients with 11.4% of patients being readmitted within 1 year. Of those readmitted, 35.2% presented to a different hospital. Reinjury within 1 year occurred in about 1% of patients, with 14.8% of those presenting to a different hospital. Age < 13 years, firearm-injury, ISS > 15, female gender, and leaving AMA were found to be independent prognostic indicators of readmission within 1 year among pediatric assault patients. CONCLUSION: Care of children who are admitted and discharged for assault injuries is more fragmented that previously thought. Quality metrics fail to capture this previously hidden population. Our results identify treatable factors which could improve the care of children after assault.

Predicting outstanding results after reverse shoulder arthroplasty using percentage of maximal outcome improvement.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether thresholds regarding the percentage of maximal improvement in the Simple Shoulder Test (SST) score and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score exist that predict excellent patient satisfaction after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). METHODS: Patients undergoing RSA with a single implant system were evaluated preoperatively and at a minimum 2-year follow-up. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determined thresholds to predict excellent patient satisfaction by evaluating the percentage of maximal improvement for SST and ASES scores. Preoperative factors were analyzed as independent predictors for achieving SST and ASES score thresholds. RESULTS: There were 198 (SST score) and 196 (ASES score) patients who met inclusion criteria. For SST and ASES scores, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified 61.3% (P < .001) and 68.2% (P < .001) maximal improvement as the threshold for maximal predictability of excellent satisfaction, respectively. Significant positive correlation between the percentage of maximum score achieved and excellent patient satisfaction for both groups was found (r = 0.440 [P < .001] for SST score; r = 0.417 [P < .001] for ASES score). Surgery on the dominant hand, greater baseline visual analog scale pain score, and cuff arthropathy were independent predictors for achieving the SST and ASES score threshold. CONCLUSION: Thresholds for the achievement of excellent satisfaction after RSA were 61.3% of maximal SST score improvement and 68.3% of maximal ASES score improvement. Independent predictors of achieving these thresholds were dominant-sided surgery and higher baseline visual analog scale pain scores for the SST score and rotator cuff arthropathy for the ASES score.

Outcomes of Arthroscopic Posterior Shoulder Stabilization in the Beach-Chair Versus Lateral Decubitus Position: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization can be performed with patients in the beach-chair (BC) and the lateral decubitus (LD) positions; however, the impact of patient positioning on clinical outcomes has not been evaluated. PURPOSE: To compare clinical outcomes and recurrence rates after arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization performed in the BC and LD positions. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A systematic review using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Meta-Analyses) guidelines was performed by searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies reporting the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization in either the BC or LD position. All English-language studies from 1990 to 2017 reporting clinical outcomes after arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization with a minimum 2-year follow-up were reviewed by 2 independent reviewers. Data on the recurrent instability rate, return to activity or sport, range of motion, and patient-reported outcome scores were collected. Study methodological quality was evaluated using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score (MCMS) and Quality Appraisal Tool (QAT). RESULTS: A total of 15 studies (11 LD, 4 BC) with 731 shoulders met the inclusion criteria, including 626 shoulders in the LD position (mean patient age, 23.9 ± 4.1 years; mean follow-up, 37.5 ± 10.0 months) and 105 shoulders in the BC position (mean patient age, 27.8 ± 2.2 years; mean follow-up, 37.9 ± 16.6 months). There was no significant difference in the overall mean recurrent instability rate between the LD and BC groups (4.9% ± 3.6% vs 4.4% ± 5.1%, respectively; P = .83), with similar results in a subanalysis of studies utilizing only suture anchor fixation (4.9% ± 3.6% vs 3.2% ± 5.6%, respectively; P = .54). There was no significant difference in the return-to-sport rate between the BC and LD groups (96.2% ± 5.4% vs 88.6% ± 9.1%, respectively; P = .30). Range of motion and other patient-reported outcome scores were not provided consistently across studies to allow for statistical comparisons. CONCLUSION: Low rates of recurrent shoulder instability and high rates of return to sport can be achieved after arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization in either the LD or the BC position. Additional long-term randomized trials comparing these positions are needed to better understand the potential advantages and disadvantages of surgical positioning for posterior shoulder stabilization.

Predicting outstanding results after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty using percentage of maximal outcome improvement.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether thresholds in the percentage of maximal improvement in the Simple Shoulder Test (SST) or American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score exist for predicting "excellent" patient satisfaction after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). METHODS: A retrospective query identified patients who underwent TSA with a minimum of 2 years' follow-up. Preoperative and postoperative SST and ASES scores and postoperative patient satisfaction were recorded. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to determine thresholds in the percentage of maximal improvement in the SST and ASES scores that predict excellent satisfaction. Univariate and multivariate analyses determined preoperative factors that predicted achievement of these thresholds. RESULTS: A total of 301 and 319 patients had at least 2 years' follow-up for the SST score and ASES score, respectively. We determined 72.1% of maximal improvement in the SST score to be the threshold for excellent satisfaction (area under the curve, 0.777; 95% confidence interval, 0.712-0.841; P < .001). We determined 75.6% of maximal improvement in the ASES score to be the threshold for excellent satisfaction (area under the curve, 0.799; 95% confidence interval, 0.743-0.856; P < .001). Both groups showed significant positive correlations between percentage of maximal score achieved and excellent satisfaction (r = 0.396 for SST score [P < .001] and r = 0.325 for ASES score [P < .001]). Younger age was the only independent predictor for achieving the SST score threshold. No independent predictors existed for the ASES score threshold. CONCLUSION: Achievement of 72.1% of maximal SST score improvement and achievement of 75.6% of maximal ASES score improvement represent thresholds for achievement of excellent satisfaction after TSA. Most preoperative factors did not have an impact on the likelihood of achieving these thresholds.

Preoperative Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Are Related to Postoperative Infection Rates in Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES: Diabetic patients undergoing surgery are known to have a higher risk for infection. However, current literature does not adequately investigate the effects of preoperative hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia on postoperative infection risk. METHODS: A retrospective review of a national private payer database within the PearlDiver Supercomputer application (Warsaw, IN) for patients undergoing breast reconstruction with implant/expander (BR) was conducted. These patients were identified by Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) ninth revision codes. Glucose ranges were identified by filtering for Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes ranging from 25 to 219 mg/dL, in 15 mg/mL increments. Patients with preexisting diabetes diagnoses were excluded. These patients were longitudinally tracked for infection at the 90 d and 1-y postoperative period using ICD-9 codes. RESULTS: The search query yielded 13,237 BR procedures with preoperative glycemic levels ranging from 25 to 219 mg/mL. Most procedures (34.6%) were performed on patients with preoperative glycemic levels ranging from 70 to 99 mg/dL. Of the total procedures performed (n = 13,237), 19.4% (n = 2564) resulted in infections documented at the 90-d interval, and 24.8% (n = 3285) resulted in infections documented at the 1-y interval. BR patients within the 40-54 mg/dL range had the highest rate of infection (90 d: 30.1%; 1 y: 53.4%). There was a statistically higher incidence of infection among patients with preoperative hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of infection remains high in preoperatively hyperglycemic patients undergoing breast reconstruction procedures. However, our results show that preoperatively hypoglycemic patients also have an increased incidence of infection.