Towards reaching the target: clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells for diabetic foot ulcers.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise for therapeutic application in non-healing ulcers and tissue regeneration because of their multi-lineage differentiation potential. MSCs delivered may migrate to the sites of injury and improve wound healing by stimulating angiogenesis and promoting revascularization. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide. It is associated with peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), which predispose patients to develop non-healing foot ulcers following minor trauma. A high rate of amputation exists among diabetic patients due to non-healing foot ulcers, which are a significant burden for the society despite new therapeutic protocols developed. In recent years, stem cell transplantation has been considered as a new therapeutic option for diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). The regeneration potential of MSCs has been demonstrated in the experimental and clinical trials. Here we review the potential efficacy and systematic use of MSCs for the treatment of non-healing DFUs, current advances, MSC delivery systems, and possible options to enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cell for wound healing.

Serum total PSA and free PSA in breast tumors.

Now a days measurement of molecular forms of PSA has gained importance in clinical practice. Several studies have demonstrated the production of PSA in female tissues, such as breast. The present piece of work has been undertaken with an objective to estimate the relative proportion of the molecular forms of PSA in serum along with serum testosterone in benign and malignant breast tumor cases and to analyze their association with the severity of the disease process 34 malignant and 26 benign breast disease cases along with 33 healthy controls of same age group were enrolled in this study for evaluation. Serum testosterone was measured by ELISA, whereas serum total PSA (TPSA) and free PSA (FPSA) were estimated by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. A significant rise of fasting plasma glucose along with prominent dyslipidemia was observed in breast tumor cases. Marked rise in serum testosterone as well as TPSA and FPSA was documented in both benign and malignant breast tumor cases. Serum testosterone revealed a significant positive association with both TPSA and FPSA pointing towards an etiological association between them. However, surgical removal of tumor mass resulted in a marked decline of presurgical value of both TPSA and FPSA with a non-significant fall in serum testosterone revealing tumor tissue as the source of FPSA and TPSA. Thus, estimation of PSA provides prognostic information that may assist in future treatment.