RESUMO
Container aquatic habitats support a specialized community of macroinvertebrates (e.g. mosquitoes) that feed on microbial communities associated with decaying organic matter. These aquatic habitats are often embedded within and around agricultural lands and are frequently exposed to pesticides. We used a microcosm approach to examine the single and combined effects of two herbicides (atrazine, glyphosate), and three insecticides (malathion, carbaryl, permethrin) on microbial communities of container aquatic habitats. MiSeq sequencing of the V4 region of both bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the microbial communities of indoor microcosms that were either exposed to each pesticide alone, a mix of herbicides, a mix of insecticides, or a mix of all five insecticides. Individual insecticides but not herbicides reduced the microbial diversity and richness and two insecticides, carbaryl and permethrin, also altered the microbial community structure. A mixture of herbicides had no effect on microbial diversity or structure but a mixture of insecticides or all five pesticides reduced microbial diversity and altered the community structure. These findings suggest that exposure of aquatic ecosystems to individual pesticides or their mixtures can disrupt aquatic microbial communities and there is need to decipher how these changes affect resident macroinvertebrate communities.
Assuntos
Organismos Aquáticos/genética , Culicidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Variação Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Agricultura , Animais , Organismos Aquáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Organismos Aquáticos/microbiologia , Atrazina/toxicidade , Carbaril/toxicidade , Ecossistema , Variação Genética/genética , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/toxicidade , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Malation/toxicidade , Permetrina/toxicidade , Praguicidas/toxicidade , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , GlifosatoRESUMO
Despite the availability of clinical tools and evidence-based screening recommendations, there has been little discussion regarding screening of prenatal alcohol exposure in community-based settings, including adoption and implementation. This study's aim is to evaluate and validate--through surveys and focus groups--obstacles and challenges that shape efficacious implementation of the BAI at two Illinois health departments. Results suggest that BAI implementation is facilitated by staff perceptions of its benefits, readiness to implement the intervention, and organizational support for it. Limitations of the management information system, ambiguous screening questions, and high case-loads present barriers to effective BAI implementation.