Biochemical and morphological features of the uropygial gland of the Chilean Flamingo and their functional implications.

Flamingos inhabit specialized habitats and breed in large colonies, building their nests on islands that limit the access of terrestrial predators. Many aspects of their uropygial gland are still unknown. The uropygial gland, a sebaceous organ exclusive to birds, shares some histological features among species such as the presence of a capsule, adenomers with stratified epithelium and secondary and primary chambers. We found that the uropygial gland of the Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) displays most of these characteristics but lacks a primary storage chamber. This absence may be an adaptation to their aquatic environment. The uropygial secretion of this species has a variety of glycoconjugates while its lipid moiety is largely dominated by waxes and minor amounts of triacylglycerols and fatty acids. Mass spectrometry analysis of the preen wax showed branched fatty acids of varied chain length and unbranched fatty alcohols, resulting in a complex mixture of wax esters and no differences between sexes were observed. The glycoconjugates present in the preen secretion could play a role as antimicrobial molecules, as suggested for other bird species, while the absence of diester waxes in flamingos might be related with their nesting habits and limited exposure to predation. Our results were evaluated according to physiological and ecological aspects of the flamingo's biology.

Summer feeding ecology of Great Pampa-finches, Embernagra platensis at Laguna de Guaminí, Buenos Aires, Argentina

The aim of this study was to assemble data on the summer feeding ecology of the Great Pampa-finch, Embernagra platensis at the Laguna de Guaminí, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and to explore the differences related to the dietary patterns for each sex between winter and summer when possible. The stomach contents of 43 birds were analyzed. The animal fraction was composed of Hymenoptera (45.1 percent), Coleoptera (32.4 percent), Lepidoptera (6.0 percent), Araneae (5 percent) and Orthoptera (3.2 percent). The application of the index of relative importance (IRI) resulted in 1490.4 for Coleoptera, 428.5 for Hymenoptera and 162.5 for Lepidoptera caterpillars. The vegetal fraction consisted of Triticum aestivum (26.9 percent), Cyperaceous (25 percent), Poaceae (Gramineae) (19.3 percent) and Panicum sp. (11.2 percent). The IRI values were 893.8 for Triticum aestivum, 174.5 for Gramineae, 126.5 for Panicum sp. and 112.8 for Scirpus sp. The food niche width was 0.33 for both sexes; the diversity index resulted in 1.06 for females and 1.33 for males and specific diversity ranged from 1.87 to 2.84. A canonical component analysis (CCA) was performed on environmental and morphometric variables, and a Monte Carlo test confirmed the canonical correlations. A t-test showed that some birds harmonized with a logarithmic model and some with a geometric curve. During the summer, Embernagra platensis ingests Hymenoptera and Coleoptera more often than seeds, suggesting that two biological mechanisms could be taking place in this bird.

O objetivo deste estudo foi reunir dados referentes à ecologia alimentar do Sabiá-do-banhado, Embernagra platensis, na laguna de Guaminí, Buenos Aires, Argentina, e explorar as diferenças relacionadas aos padrões dietéticos para cada sexo entre inverno e verão, quando possível. O conteúdo estomacal de 43 pássaros foi analisado. A fração animal foi composta por Hymenoptera (45,1 por cento), Coleoptera (32,4 por cento), Lepidoptera(6,0 por cento), Araneae (5 por cento) e Orthoptera (3,2 por cento). A aplicação do índice de importância relativa (IRI) resultou em 1.490,4 para Coleoptera, Hymenoptera e 428,5 para 162,5 lagartas deLepidoptera. A fração vegetal consistiu de Triticum aestivum (26,9 por cento), Cyperaceous (25 por cento), Poaceae (Gramineae) (19,3 por cento) e Panicum sp. (11,2 por cento). Os valores de IRI foram 893,8 para Triticum aestivum, 174,5 para Gramineae, 126,5 para Panicum sp. e 112,8 para Scirpus sp. A largura do nicho alimentar foi 0,33 para ambos o sexos; o índice de diversidade resultou em 1,06 para fêmeas e 1,33 para machos, e a diversidade específica variou de 1,87 a 2,84. A análise canônica de componentes (ACC) foi realizada nas variáveis ambientais e morfométricas, e o teste de Monte Carlo confirmou as correlações canônicas. O teste-t mostrou que alguns pássaros harmonizaram com um modelo logarítmico e alguns com uma curva geométrica. Durante o verão Embernagra platensis ingere Hymenoptera e Coleoptera com mais frequência do que sementes, sugerindo que dois mecanismos biológicos poderiam estar ocorrendo neste pássaro.

Histochemical and lectin-histochemical studies of the secretion from the uropygial gland of the rock dove Columbia livia (Columbidae-Columbiformes)

The uropygial gland of Columba livia was studied using standard histochemical and lectin-histochemical methods. Acidic mucins, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids were normal secretion. There were no differences between males and females. The uropygial secretion was a mixture of lipid and carbohydrate compounds, the composition of which varied according to the stage of cellular differentiation and secretion formation.