Identificación molecular con base en el gen hsp 70 de aislamientos clínicos de Leishmania spp. en Colombia / Molecular identification of Leishmania spp. in clinical isolates from Colombia based on hsp 70 gene

Introducción. La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad de gran prevalencia en Colombia, donde al menos seis especies diferentes la originan en el ser humano, con un amplio rango de características clínicas. La tipificación de la especie es importante, no solo desde el punto de vista epidemiológico, sino para el diagnóstico, dado que el tratamiento puede variar dependiendo de la especie identificada. En la identificación se han utilizado varias alternativas metodológicas con diferentes niveles de poder discriminatorio. Objetivo. Identificar especies de Leishmania mediante la amplificación molecular de un fragmento del gen hsp 70. Materiales y métodos. Se amplificó un fragmento del gen hsp 70 mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR- hsp 70) y se hizo el análisis de los polimorfismos de la longitud ( Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP) de los fragmentos de restricción de 81 aislamientos clínicos de Leishmania spp. de pacientes con leishmaniasis cutánea y mucocutánea para la identificación de las especies presentes. Resultados. Se obtuvo un solo amplicón para todas las muestras analizadas. La restricción enzimática de los 81 productos permitió la identificación de 70 con dos patrones de bandas que correspondían a dos alelos de Leishmania braziliensis (62 y ocho aislamientos, respectivamente), nueve aislamientos compatibles con L. panamensis y dos con L. guyanensis . El origen geográfico de los aislamientos coincidió con el de reportes previos sobre la distribución de dichas especies en Colombia. Conclusiones. La técnica de la PCR- hsp 70 y el análisis de RFLP fueron útiles para identificar las especies de Leishmania aisladas de muestras clínicas de Colombia y pueden aplicarse también en el estudio de cepas de vectores y reservorios de importancia epidemiológica.

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is highly prevalent in Colombia, where at least six different species can cause disease of varying clinical presentations in humans. The identification of the infecting species is quite important for prognosis, therapeutics and epidemiology. Different techniques with variable discriminatory power have been used for the identification. Objective: To carry out the molecular identification of Leishmania species through the amplification of a fragment of the hsp 70 gene. Materials and methods: Molecular amplification of the hsp 70 gene fragment (PCR- hsp 70) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) was done for identification purposes using DNA from 81 clinical isolates of Leishmania . Results: A single amplicon was obtained for all samples analyzed. The enzymatic restrictions of the 81 PCR products identified 70 with a banding pattern corresponding to L. braziliensis with two different patterns (62 and eight isolates, respectively), nine isolates compatible with L. panamensis and two with L. guyanensis . The geographical origin of the isolates is consistent with previous reports about the distribution of the corresponding species in Colombia. Conclusions: The PCR- hsp 70/RFLP technique used is a valid tool for the identification of Leishmania species isolated from clinical samples of patients in Colombia, which may also be applicable to the study of strains obtained from vectors and reservoirs with epidemiological significance.

Molecular Chaperones of Leishmania: Central Players in Many Stress-Related and -Unrelated Physiological Processes.

Molecular chaperones are key components in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and survival, not only during stress but also under optimal growth conditions. Folding of nascent polypeptides is supported by molecular chaperones, which avoid the formation of aggregates by preventing nonspecific interactions and aid, when necessary, the translocation of proteins to their correct intracellular localization. Furthermore, when proteins are damaged, molecular chaperones may also facilitate their refolding or, in the case of irreparable proteins, their removal by the protein degradation machinery of the cell. During their digenetic lifestyle, Leishmania parasites encounter and adapt to harsh environmental conditions, such as nutrient deficiency, hypoxia, oxidative stress, changing pH, and shifts in temperature; all these factors are potential triggers of cellular stress. We summarize here our current knowledge on the main types of molecular chaperones in Leishmania and their functions. Among them, heat shock proteins play important roles in adaptation and survival of this parasite against temperature changes associated with its passage from the poikilothermic insect vector to the warm-blooded vertebrate host. The study of structural features and the function of chaperones in Leishmania biology is providing opportunities (and challenges) for drug discovery and improving of current treatments against leishmaniasis.

Molecular and histological tools to diagnose an imported case of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cuba.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis represents a polymorphous group of diseases caused by around 20 different species of Leishmania parasite. Increases in the number of cases of leishmaniasis reported as a consequence of the growth in travel and migration are of concern to epidemiologists and are diagnostically challenging in non-endemic areas. METHODS: Molecular and histological analyses of a paraffin-embedded skin biopsy were used in parallel to detect Leishmania parasites in a Cuban woman with suspicious lesions arriving in Cuba from Venezuela. Primers based on the 18S fragment of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and heat shock protein 70 genes (hsp70) were used for molecular detection. RESULTS: Histological studies detected the presence of the parasite. A small fragment of Leishmania DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 18S fragment using, for the first time, nucleic acid obtained from paraffin-embedded tissue as a template. Amplification of a larger fragment from the hsp70 gene did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of Leishmania DNA from paraffin-embedded tissue by means of 18S-targeted PCR is a feasible approach to diagnosis. In combination with classical methods such as histology, the molecular detection of the parasite was demonstrated to be useful in confirming Leishmania infection in a traveler.

Detección de Leishmania spp. en base al gen que codifica la proteína HSP20 / Detection of Leishmania spp. based on the gene encoding HSP20

Objetivos. Explorar una nueva diana para el diagnóstico molecular de Leishmania. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la utilidad del gen que codifica la proteína de choque térmico de 20kDa (hsp20) para la detección de Leishmania por medio de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR).Se normalizó la PCR y se determinaron los parámetros analíticos, así como la validez y seguridad diagnóstica y la concordancia con la PCR-18S. Se evaluó la PCR-hsp20 con ADN obtenido de un grupo de muestras clínicas de distinta procedencia. Resultados. Los parámetros analíticos resultaron adecuados. La sensibilidad obtenida fue de 86% y la especificidad del 100%, la concordancia con el método de referencia resultó buena (ƙ=0,731), lo que apoya su posible uso para el diagnóstico. La posibilidad de identificación posterior de la especie mediante secuenciación del producto amplificado le confiere una ventaja adicional. Conclusiones. Se demuestra la utilidad de este gen como una nueva diana para la detección del género Leishmania. Debido a su potencial, se recomienda mejorar la sensibilidad del procedimiento y realizar su evaluación en diversas regiones endémicas.

Objectives. Explore a new target for molecular diagnosis of Leishmania. Materials and methods. We evaluated the utility of the gene that encodes the heat shock protein 20-kDa (Hsp20) for detecting Leishmania by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was normalized and analytical parameters were determined, as well as the validity and diagnostic accuracy, and concordance with the PCR - 18S. PCR-Hsp20 with DNA was obtained from a group of clinical samples from different sources. Results. The analytical parameters were adequate. The sensitivity obtained was 86% and the specificity was 100%. The concordance with the reference method was good (Ƙ = 0.731), which supports its potential use for diagnosis. The possibility of subsequent identification of the species by sequencing the amplified product gives an additional advantage. Conclusions. The usefulness of this gene as a new target for the detection of Leishmania was demonstrated. Because of its potential, it is recommended to improve the sensitivity of the method and to evaluate it in different endemic regions.

Diagnóstico de la leishmaniasis: de la observación microscópica del parásito a la detección del ADN / Leishmaniasis diagnosis: going from microscopic observation of parasite to DNA detection

Introducción: la leishmaniasis es una enfermedad causada por varias especies del género Leishmania, de la cual se han incrementado los reportes en los últimos años. Diversos factores genéticos, inmunológicos y asociados al parásito determinan el establecimiento de la infección y la ocurrencia de enfermedad, que se presenta en formas clínicas muy diversas, lo cual condiciona, entre otros elementos, el método diagnóstico que se aplica. Métodos: se hizo una revisión de la literatura básica y actualizada sobre aspectos generales de la leishmaniasis: la enfermedad y su situación epidemiológica, el ciclo de vida y la transmisión, vectores, presentaciones clínicas y diagnóstico; este último acápite contiene información sobre los principales métodos que se utilizan en el presente. Se puntualizó en la forma en que se apoya el diagnóstico desde el grupo de Leishmania del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", que constituye el centro nacional de referencia para esta enfermedad tropical. Resultados: se muestra información actualizada sobre los temas escogidos, con un enfoque orientador y práctico, dirigido al personal de salud que debe enfrentar casos con sospecha de leishmaniasis. Se muestran tablas y gráficos que resumen de manera organizada aspectos relevantes, así como el algoritmo de trabajo que se sigue en el instituto con relación al diagnóstico de esta enfermedad, con énfasis especial en las aplicaciones al diagnóstico molecular que ha realizado el grupo de trabajo. Conclusiones: debido a que la leishmaniasis permanece aún sin control, el diagnóstico oportuno continúa siendo una necesidad. Todos los métodos aportan información de utilidad para la toma de decisiones en el tratamiento clínico, la imposición del tratamiento y el enfoque epidemiológico de esta parasitosis. Entre ellos, proponemos un algoritmo de trabajo en nuestro laboratorio, con el empleo de los métodos que resultan más útiles de acuerdo a nuestras condiciones y experiencias.

Introduction: leishmaniasis is a disease caused by several species from Leishmania genus, which has been increasingly reported in the last few years. Several genetic, immunological factors and others related to this parasite have been associated to the outcome of the infection, and the occurrence of illness in varied clinical forms. All the aforementioned has an impact on the diagnostic method that should be used. Methods: a basic and recent literature review was made, mainly focused on general aspects of leishmaniasis as epidemiological situation of disease, life cycle and transmission, vectors, clinical presentation and diagnosis; the latter shows information about the main methods used at present. The procedure followed by the Leishmania group at "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine to support the diagnostic activities was presented as well. Results: updated practical information about the chosen topics was presented, with a practical guiding approach aimed at the health personnel that must face suspected leishmaniasis cases. Tables and figures summarized relevant aspects in an organized form, as well as the working algorithm of Institute concerning diagnosis was presented. The application of molecular diagnosis by this working team was particularly underlined. Conclusions: as leishmaniasis is still out of control, opportune diagnosis remains a must. All the methods provide useful information for taking decisions on clinical management, treatment and epidemiology of this parasitosis; hence, a working algorithm was submitted in our lab based on the most useful methods under our present conditions and experience.

Activity, toxicity and analysis of resistance of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides after intraperitoneal, oral and intralesional administration in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis: a preliminary study.

The World Health Organization has classified the leishmaniasis as a major tropical disease. Current therapy is toxic, expensive and cause several adverse effects. The majority of people in endemic areas of leishmaniasis depend of natural and traditional medicine. This study was developed to examine the activity of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. The infected animals received two cycle of treatment by different routes (intraperitoneal, oral or intralesional route). The intraperitoneal administration of the essential oil at dose of 30 mg/Kg prevented lesion development and decrease the parasite burden. Oral administration retarded the infection in the experimental model compared with untreated mice, although it was less effective that the intraperitoneal route. The administration by intralesional route did not show activity. Intraperitoneal and oral treatment at 30 mg/Kg with the essential oil had better antileishmanial effect that treatment with the reference drug, amphotericin B at 1 mg/Kg. Preliminarily, we examined the toxicity and the resistance after treatment. Signs of toxicity were evident only in the animals treated by intraperitoneal route. No resistance was detected in L. amazonensis isolates obtained from treated mice. These data clearly demonstrated that this natural product could be an alternative for the development of a new drug against cutaneous leishmaniasis based in the ethnomedical information.

Activity of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides grown in Cuba against Leishmania amazonensis.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Current therapy against leishmaniasis is unsatisfactory. Efficacious and safe new drugs are needed. In this study, we show the leishmanicidal effect of an essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides against Leishmania amazonensis. RESULTS: The tested product had a potent inhibitory action against promastigote and amastigote forms, with 50% effective dose values of 3.7 and 4.6 microg/ml, respectively. The essential oil showed a moderate toxicity on macrophages from BALB/c mice. An optimal dose of 30 mg/kg/day was effective when administered during 15 days by intraperitoneal route to BALB/c mice infected experimentally. CONCLUSION: These studies revealed a potential source for the discovery of novel drugs to combat the leishmaniasis based on the traditional medicine.

In vitro activities of thiadiazine derivatives against Leishmania amazonensis.

Ten thiadiazine derivatives were tested in vitro for antiparasitic effects against both extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. The results showed that the evaluated compounds exhibited a strong antiproliferative activity on all developmental stages of the parasite. The minimal inhibitory concentration and the 50 % effective concentration values against the promastigote were 2.1-5.1 microg/ml and 0.6-1.8 microg/ml, respectively. The tested compounds caused an irreversible inhibition of the promastigote growth either after 1 h of treatment with 10 microg/ml or after 24 h with 1 microg/ml. Also, the thiadiazine derivatives were active against amastigotes producing between 12 and 89 % of reduction of infection at 100 ng/ml. However, the compounds exhibited high toxicity and provoked inhibition of the phagocytosis in the murine host cell.

Proteasa dependiente de cisteína en Trypanosoma cruzi útil en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chagas / Cysteine-dependent protease in trypanosoma cruzi useful for the diagnosis of Chagas disease

Se normalizó un sistema inmunoenzimático en fase sólida para la detección de anticuerpos IgG en suero de pacientes chagásicos crónicos, se utilizó como antígeno una proteasa de Trypanosoma cruzi (GP57/51kDa). para el cálculo de sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos del procedimiento, se tomaron como referencias los resultados obtenidos por serología convencional (SC), inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI), hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI) y lisis mediada por complemento (LMC) para la detección de anticuerpos anti-Trypanosoma cruzi en el suero. Excepto 1, las muestras positivas por estas técnicas también lo resultaron por nuestro método. Estos resultados apoyan la utilización de GP 57/51 en el serodiagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chagas