[French practical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of IPF - 2021 update, full version]. / Recommandations pratiques pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique ­ Actualisation 2021. Version intégrale.

BACKGROUND: Since the previous French guidelines were published in 2017, substantial additional knowledge about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has accumulated. METHODS: Under the auspices of the French-speaking Learned Society of Pulmonology and at the initiative of the coordinating reference center, practical guidelines for treatment of rare pulmonary diseases have been established. They were elaborated by groups of writers, reviewers and coordinators with the help of the OrphaLung network, as well as pulmonologists with varying practice modalities, radiologists, pathologists, a general practitioner, a head nurse, and a patients' association. The method was developed according to rules entitled "Good clinical practice" in the overall framework of the "Guidelines for clinical practice" of the official French health authority (HAS), taking into account the results of an online vote using a Likert scale. RESULTS: After analysis of the literature, 54 recommendations were formulated, improved, and validated by the working groups. The recommendations covered a wide-ranging aspects of the disease and its treatment: epidemiology, diagnostic modalities, quality criteria and interpretation of chest CT, indication and modalities of lung biopsy, etiologic workup, approach to familial disease entailing indications and modalities of genetic testing, evaluation of possible functional impairments and prognosis, indications for and use of antifibrotic therapy, lung transplantation, symptom management, comorbidities and complications, treatment of chronic respiratory failure, diagnosis and management of acute exacerbations of fibrosis. CONCLUSION: These evidence-based guidelines are aimed at guiding the diagnosis and the management in clinical practice of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

[French practical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of IPF - 2021 update, short version]. / Recommandations pratiques pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique ­ Actualisation 2021. Version courte.

BACKGROUND: Since the previous French guidelines were published in 2017, substantial additional knowledge about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has accumulated. METHODS: Under the auspices of the French-speaking Learned Society of Pulmonology and at the initiative of the coordinating reference center, practical guidelines for treatment of rare pulmonary diseases have been established. They were elaborated by groups of writers, reviewers and coordinators with the help of the OrphaLung network, as well as pulmonologists with varying practice modalities, radiologists, pathologists, a general practitioner, a head nurse, and a patients' association. The method was developed according to rules entitled "Good clinical practice" in the overall framework of the "Guidelines for clinical practice" of the official French health authority (HAS), taking into account the results of an online vote using a Likert scale. RESULTS: After analysis of the literature, 54 recommendations were formulated, improved, and validated by the working groups. The recommendations covered a wide-ranging aspects of the disease and its treatment: epidemiology, diagnostic modalities, quality criteria and interpretation of chest CT, indication and modalities of lung biopsy, etiologic workup, approach to familial disease entailing indications and modalities of genetic testing, evaluation of possible functional impairments and prognosis, indications for and use of antifibrotic therapy, lung transplantation, symptom management, comorbidities and complications, treatment of chronic respiratory failure, diagnosis and management of acute exacerbations of fibrosis. CONCLUSION: These evidence-based guidelines are aimed at guiding the diagnosis and the management in clinical practice of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

[Ileum and brain, unusual metastatic sites for a thymoma]. / Iléon et encéphale, des sites métastatiques inhabituels pour un thymome.

INTRODUCTION: Thymomas are epithelial neoplasms of thymic origin, preferentially localized in the anterior mediastinum. Recurrences after surgery are uncommon and usually occur in the intrathoracic area. The occurrence of extra-thoracic metastases is an unusual phenomenon. CASE REPORT: Here we report the case of a 61-year-old man with no special medical history. He smoked about 40 pack years but stopped in 1999. Initially he presented with a mediastinal thymoma and underwent surgical resection. One year later the development of abdominal pain and bowel disorders lead to the discovery of an ileal ulcero-necrotic tumour. After surgical resection, histological examination revealed secondary thymoma. A few months later he underwent cerebral MRI because of neurological symptoms. This revealed a second metastasis located in the brain. Stereotactic radiotherapy led to an improvement. After more than one year of follow-up the patient developed a papillary thyroid carcinoma but there were no signs of recurrence of the thymoma. CONCLUSIONS: Extra-thoracic metastases of thymoma are exceptional but their existence should not be overlooked. Their management is not standardised because of lack of data in the literature. Though surgical excision in oligo-metastatic subjects is a frequently reported therapeutic option, a radiotherapeutic approach, particularly in cerebral situations, could be a credible alternative.

Lung function in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: a retrospective analysis of 96 patients.

BACKGROUND: Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the FLCN gene coding for folliculin. Its clinical expression includes cutaneous fibrofolliculomas, renal tumors, multiple pulmonary cysts, and recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces. Data on lung function in BHD are scarce and it is not known whether lung function declines over time. We retrospectively assessed lung function at baseline and during follow-up in 96 patients with BHD. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of BHD patients had multiple pulmonary cysts on computed tomography and 59% had experienced at least one pneumothorax. Mean values of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC ratio, and total lung capacity were normal at baseline. Mean (standard deviation) residual volume (RV) was moderately increased to 116 (36) %pred at baseline, and RV was elevated > 120%pred in 41% of cases. Mean (standard deviation) carbon monoxide transfer factor (DLco) was moderately decreased to 85 (18) %pred at baseline, and DLco was decreased < 80%pred in 33% of cases. When adjusted for age, gender, smoking and history of pleurodesis, lung function parameters did not significantly decline over a follow-up period of 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Cystic lung disease in BHD does not affect respiratory function at baseline except for slightly increased RV and reduced DLco. No significant deterioration of lung function occurs in BHD over a follow-up period of 6 years.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome as a rare cause of chronic thromboemboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a congenital disorder characterized by cutaneous capillary malformations, soft tissue and bone hypertrophy, and multiple capillary, venous or lymphatic malformations. KTS is associated with recurrent thromboembolic events. We reported herein five cases of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) associated with KTS (age minimum-maximum 26-50 years old, 3 males/2 females). Hemodynamics showed severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) with pulmonary vascular resistance ranging from 5.6 to 18.3 Wood units (WU), associated with marked clinical impairment (NYHA functional class III or IV in 4 patients). Computed tomography (CT) of the chest and pulmonary angiography confirmed proximal CTEPH accessible to surgical intervention in one patient and distal forms of CTEPH in 4 patients. Evolution after pulmonary endarterectomy showed hemodynamic normalization, while the patients with distal CTEPH had severe outcomes with 2 early deaths after PH diagnosis (44 and 35 months respectively). One patient with distal CTEPH was still alive 16 years after diagnosis on specific PH therapy and one was transplanted after 15 years because of right heart failure (death after 12 months). Histological analysis of the lung explants showed typical chronic thromboembolic material specific for CTEPH. In conclusion, KTS may be complicated by severe CTEPH requiring careful anticoagulation and multidisciplinary follow-up in expert centers to screen for disease potentially accessible to endarterectomy. In the modern management era of CTEPH, balloon pulmonary angioplasty will certainly be an interesting option in patients with inoperable disease.

[Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease]. / La maladie veino-occlusive pulmonaire.

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare form of pulmonary hypertension (PH) characterized by preferential remodelling of pulmonary venules and angioproliferation. PVOD term includes idiopathic, heritable (biallelic mutations of EIF2AK4 gene), drugs and toxins induced (alkylating agents, organic solvents) and connectivite-associated forms (especially systemic-sclerosis associated form). PVOD and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) share a similar clinical presentation. Lung biopsy is contraindicated in PVOD due to high risk of life-threatening bleeding. A noninvasive diagnostic approach, including oxygen parameters, low diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and characteristic signs on high-resolution computed tomography of the chest, is used to support a diagnosis of PVOD. PVOD prognosis is worse than other forms of PAH. There is no evidence-based medical therapy for PVOD and life-threatening pulmonary edema may occur following PAH targeted therapy in PVOD. Lung transplantation remains the preferred definitive therapy for eligible patients.

Pulmonary complications of type 1 neurofibromatosis.

INTRODUCTION: Type 1 neurofibromatosis is one of the most common genetic diseases, with an incidence of 1/3500 live births. Its diagnosis primarily relies on the clinical features of the condition. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE: The life expectancy of these patients is reduced by 10 years, on average, compared to the general population. Type 1 neurofibromatosis has been shown to increase the risk of various types of neoplasia, primarily those affecting the neural crest. In addition, interstitial lung disease, lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension have been observed during the third or the fourth decade of an adult's life. PERSPECTIVES: There are only few case reports available that address the pulmonary complications of neurofibromatosis type 1. It is thus crucial to fully understand this rare disease and its potential complications in order to allow for early diagnosis so we are able to improve the quality of life and survival of those suffering from the condition. CONCLUSIONS: The pulmonary complications of type 1 neurofibromatosis can be severe and life-threatening. Patients with this condition should thus undergo regular clinical visits and examinations to allow pulmonary complications to be detected and treatment to be initiated as early as possible.

[Severe pulmonary involvement in the course of type 1 neurofibromatosis]. / Atteinte pulmonaire sévère au cours de la neurofibromatose de type 1.

Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) is a hereditary disease inherited as an autosomal dominant. Respiratory involvement is rare. We report the case of a woman suffering from NF1 with mutation of the corresponding gene and with respiratory involvement combining diffuse parenchymatous lesions, severe precapillary pulmonary hypertension and an enlarging, spiculated pulmonary nodule, very suspicious of malignancy, though histological examination was not possible on account of the patient's poor respiratory function. There was progressive deterioration of the patient's respiratory condition, leading to death, despite the introduction of oral therapy combining a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor and an endothelin receptor antagonist. Our case illustrates the development of multiple severe respiratory pathologies in the setting of NF1. The specific contribution of the NF1 gene mutation in the pathophysiology of these different pulmonary manifestations needs to be examined in detail.

Dexamethasone reverses monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with dysregulated bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR)-II signaling and pulmonary vascular inflammation. We evaluated the effects of dexamethasone on monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH in rats for potential reversal of PAH at late time-points. Saline-treated control, MCT-exposed, MCT-exposed and dexamethasone-treated rats (5 mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹, 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ and 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹·48 h⁻¹) were evaluated at day 28 and day 35 following MCT for haemodynamic parameters, right ventricular hypertrophy, morphometry, immunohistochemistry, and IL6 and BMPR2 expression. Dexamethasone improved haemodynamics and pulmonary vascular remodelling, preventing PAH development at early (day 1-14 and 1-28) and reversing PAH at late (day 14-28 and 21-35) time-points following MCT, as well as improving survival in MCT-exposed rats compared with controls. Both MCT-induced pulmonary IL6 overexpression and interleukin (IL)-6-expressing adventitial inflammatory cell infiltration were reduced with dexamethasone. This was associated with pulmonary BMPR2 downregulation following MCT, which was increased with dexamethasone, in whole lung and control pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Dexamethasone also reduced proliferation of rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro. Experimental PAH can be prevented and reversed by dexamethasone, and survival is improved. In this model, mechanisms may involve reduction of IL-6-expressing inflammatory cells, restoration of pulmonary BMPR2 expression and reduced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.

Targeting of c-kit+ haematopoietic progenitor cells prevents hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

Haematopoietic c-kit+ progenitor cells may contribute to pulmonary vascular remodelling and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 have been shown to be critical for homing and mobilisation of haematopoietic c-kit+ progenitor cells in the perivascular niche. We administered AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, and CCX771, a CXCR7 antagonist, to chronic hypoxia exposed mice in order to study the role of c-kit+ progenitor cells in PH. CXCL12, CXCR4 and CXCR7 protein expression, haemodynamic parameters, right ventricular mass, extent of vascular remodelling and perivascular progenitor cell accumulation were studied. Chronic hypoxia-exposed mice showed increased total lung tissue expression of CXCR4, CXCR7 and CXCL12 after development of PH. This was associated with significantly increased right ventricular systolic pressure and evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy, vascular remodelling and perivascular c-kit+/sca-1+ progenitor cell accumulation. CCX771 administration did not abrogate these effects. In contrast, administration of AMD3100, whether alone or combined with CCX771, prevented vascular remodelling, PH and perivascular accumulation of c-kit+/sca-1+ progenitor cells, with a synergistic effect of these agents. This study offers important pathophysiological insights into the role of haematopoietic c-kit+ progenitors in hypoxia-induced vascular remodelling and may have therapeutic implications for PH.

Noncardiothoracic nonobstetric surgery in mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension.

The anaesthetic management and follow-up of well-characterised patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension presenting for noncardiothoracic nonobstetric surgery has rarely been described. The details of consecutive patients and perioperative complications during the period January 2000 to December 2007 were reviewed. Repeat procedures in duplicate patients were excluded. Longer term outcomes included New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, 6-min walking distance and invasive haemodynamics. A total of 28 patients were identified as having undergone major (57%) or minor surgery under general (50%) and regional anaesthesia. At the time of surgery, 75% of patients were in NYHA functional class I-II. Perioperative deaths occurred in 7%. Perioperative complications, all related to pulmonary hypertension, occurred in 29% of all patients and in 17% of those with no deaths during scheduled procedures. Most (n = 11, 92%) of the complications occurred in the first 48 h following surgery. In emergencies (n = 4), perioperative complication and death rates were higher (100 and 50%, respectively; p<0.005). Risk factors for complications were greater for emergency surgery (p<0.001), major surgery (p = 0.008) and a long operative time (193 versus 112 min; p = 0.003). No significant clinical or haemodynamic deterioration was seen in survivors at 3-6 or 12 months of post-operative follow-up. Despite optimal management in this mostly nonsevere pulmonary hypertension population, perioperative complications were common, although survivors remained stable. Emergency procedures, major surgery and long operations were associated with increased risk.

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is currently classified as a subgroup of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and accounts for 5-10% of cases initially considered to be idiopathic PAH. PVOD has been described as idiopathic or complicating other conditions, including connective tissue diseases, HIV infection, bone marrow transplantation, sarcoidosis and pulmonary Langerhans cell granulomatosis. PVOD shares broadly similar clinical presentation, genetic background and haemodynamic characteristics with PAH. Compared to PAH, PVOD is characterised by a higher male/female ratio, higher tobacco exposure, lower arterial oxygen tension at rest, lower diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and lower oxygen saturation nadir during the 6-min walk test. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest can be suggestive of PVOD in the presence of centrilobular ground-glass opacities, septal lines and lymph node enlargement. Similarly, occult alveolar haemorrhage is associated with PVOD. A noninvasive diagnostic approach using HRCT of the chest, arterial blood gases, pulmonary function tests and bronchoalveolar lavage could be helpful for the detection of PVOD patients and in avoiding high-risk surgical lung biopsy for histological confirmation. PVOD is characterised by a poor prognosis and the possibility of developing severe pulmonary oedema with specific PAH therapy. Lung transplantation is the treatment of choice. Cautious use of specific PAH therapy can, however, be helpful in some patients.

[Eosinophilic pleural effusion associated to Churg and Strauss syndrome]. / Epanchement pleural éosinophile associé à un syndrome de Churg et Strauss.

Eosinophilic pleural effusion (EPE) is defined as pleural eosinophilia greater than 10%. EPE can be seen in almost all conditions that can cause pleural effusion, but some aetiologies have to be investigated due to their frequency or potential severity. The most common aetiology of EPE is the presence of air or blood in the pleural cavity. Other frequent aetiologies include bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, parasitic disease and certain drugs. Although often considered to be a sign of a benign condition, pleural eosinophilia may be associated with malignancies. EPE may also indicate the presence of Churg and Strauss syndrome. We report the case of a 27-year-old man, in whom the exploration of EPE led to the diagnosis of Churg and Strauss syndrome with the association of asthma, blood and alveolar eosinophilia, myopericarditis and positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). This case report enables us to discuss the different causes of EPE and to illustrate how it may be a manifestation of Churg and Strauss syndrome.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension masquerading as severe refractory asthma.

Once the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension is established, wheezing and chronic cough are rarely described during the course of the disease. The present study reports on two nonsmoking patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension, confirmed by right-heart catheterisation, who developed chronic cough, wheezing and irreversible obstructive lung disease masquerading as adult-onset severe refractory asthma. In both cases, extrinsic proximal airway obstruction by dilated pulmonary arteries was demonstrated by fibreoptic bronchoscopy and computed tomography of the chest. The present observations add dilatation of the central pulmonary arteries with compression of the mainstem bronchi to the list of masqueraders of asthma in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension associated with myeloproliferative disorders: a retrospective study of ten cases.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe hemodynamic disorder in which the pulmonary artery pressure is persistently elevated, leading to right-sided heart failure. Some studies have suggested an association between PH and myeloproliferative diseases (MPD). OBJECTIVES: This study describes clinical, hematological and hemodynamic characteristics of PH associated with MPD. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 10 cases of PH associated with MPD: polycythemia vera (8 patients) and essential thrombocythemia (2 patients), followed between 1993 and 2002. The baseline evaluation was established by right-sided heart catheterization, ventilation/perfusion lung scan and pulmonary angiography if required. RESULTS: Six patients had confirmed chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and 4 had pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with MPD without other risk factors for PAH. The hemodynamic characteristics of CTEPH and PAH associated with MPD were similar. The diagnosis of CTEPH was concomitant to that of MPD in all cases (5 polycythemia vera and 1 essential thrombocythemia). The PAH associated with MPD occurred later in the evolution of the MPD (3 polycythemia vera and 1 essential thrombocythemia) with a median of 162 months after the diagnosis of MPD, and it was associated with myeloid metaplasia (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: We describe 2 distinct forms of PH in the context of MPD: CTEPH, which is diagnosed at an early stage of the MPD, and PAH, which occurs later in the course of the MPD and is associated with myeloid metaplasia. Progressively increasing dyspnea in a patient with an MPD warrants further investigation to rule out PAH and CTEPH, while a diagnosis of CTEPH warrants ruling out MPD.

Reversibility of pulmonary arterial hypertension in HIV/HHV8-associated Castleman's disease.

The present study describes a case of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with multicentric Castleman's disease in a patient infected with HIV type 1 and human herpes virus 8. Therapy included highly active antiretroviral therapy, warfarin, diuretics, continuous i.v. epoprostenol and 12-monthly pulses of cyclophosphamide. The patient's condition improved dramatically with complete reversibility of PAH, allowing weaning of continuous i.v. epoprostenol therapy. After 5 yrs, both Castleman's disease and PAH have not relapsed. This supports the hypothesis that control of inflammation and retroviral replication may be of interest in the context of PAH, complicating the course of an inflammatory condition associated with viral infection. In conclusion, further studies should help in characterising the best candidates for anti-inflammatory treatment in the setting of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

One-stage reconstruction of war wounds with free osteocutaneous flaps.

Thirty-one patients with traumatic osteocutaneous defects of the extremities sustained during the war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were treated at the Institute of Plastic-Reconstructive and Breast Surgery in Zagreb. Injuries were categorised using the Mangled Extremity Syndrome Index (MESI). The average length of bone defect was 5.9 cm (range 4-12 cm). Patients were divided in two groups according to the time they had reconstruction with a free osteocutaneous flap: group 1, within 6 days after injury, and group 2, after more than 6 days. The mean time to reconstruction in group 2 was 5.2 weeks. Average time to solid bone union was 13.3 weeks in group 1 and 16.6 weeks in group 2. Functional outcome was better in group 1 with fewer complications, smaller number of operations and shorter hospital stay. One-stage reconstruction of osteocutaneous defects with free composite flaps provides reliable treatment solution with good functional outcome.

The management of war wounds to the extremities.

We present our experience in the treatment of war wounds in 174 patients treated in the Institute of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Clinical Hospital Center in Zagreb. The wounds were divided into four categories depending on the type of injury and the extension of the soft tissue defect which showed the differences in primary excision and reconstruction of wounds. Patients were placed in one of two groups depending on their primary treatment and time of definitive reconstruction. Group A comprised 79 patients who were initially treated by plastic surgeons and whose reconstructive procedure was done within five days. Group B comprised 95 patients who were initially treated in a field hospital and referred later to the plastic surgery unit for definitive reconstruction more than five days after the injury. Sixty-nine (87%) of the patients in group A had only one or two debridements before definitive closure and stayed in hospital 20 days or less. In group B, 59 (62%) of the patients required three or more debridements before definitive closure and remained in hospital more than 21 days (p < 0.001). Proper primary treatment and early reconstruction result in significantly shorter duration of hospital stay and lead to more effective rehabilitation and recovery of the patients. A knowledge in terminal ballistics is important in the understanding of the pathophysiology of war wounds.