Heterogeneity and high prevalence of bone manifestations, and bone mineral density in congenital generalized lipodystrophy subtypes 1 and 2.

Introduction: Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in genes responsible for the formation and development of adipocytes. Bone abnormalities are described. However, there is a scarcity of data. Objective: To describe bone characteristics in a large CGL1 and 2 case series. Methods: Cross-sectional study that assessed bone radiological features of CGL patients of a reference hospital in Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. Patients underwent clinical and bone mineral metabolism evaluation, radiographs of the axial and appendicular skeleton and bone mineral density (BMD) assessment by DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry). Results: Nineteen patients were included, fourteen were CGL1 and 5, CGL2. Median age was 20 years (8-42) and 58% were women. Median BMI and percentage of body fat were, respectively, 21 Kg/m² (16-24), and 10.5% (7.6-15). The median leptin concentration was 1 ng/mL (0.1-3.3). Diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia were present in 79% and 63% of patients, respectively. Median calcium and phosphate were normal in almost all patients (95%). Median parathyroid hormone and 25-OH-vitamin D were 23 pg/mL (7-75) and 28 ng/mL (18-43). Osteolytic lesions, osteosclerosis and pseudo-osteopoikylosis, were present in 74%, 42% and 32% of patients, respectively. Lytic lesions were found predominantly in the extremities of long bones, bilaterally and symmetrically, spine was spared. Osteosclerosis was present in axial and appendicular skeleton. Pseudo-osteopoikilosis was found symmetrically in epiphyses of femur and humerus, in addition to the pelvis. BMD Z-score greater than +2.5 SD was observed in 13 patients (68.4%). BMD was higher in CGL1 compared to CGL2 in lumbar spine and total body in adults. No associations were found between high BMD and HOMA-IR (p=0.686), DM (p=0.750), osteosclerosis (p=0.127) or pseudo-osteopoikilosis (p=0.342), and, between pain and bone lesions. Fractures were found in 3 patients. Conclusion: Bone manifestations are prevalent, heterogeneous, and silent in CGL1 and CGL2. Osteolytic lesions are the most common, followed by osteosclerosis and pseudo-osteopoikilosis. Bone mass is high in most cases. There was no pain complaint related to bone lesions. Thus, systematic assessment of bone manifestations in CGL is essential. Studies are needed to better understand its pathogenesis and clinical consequences.

As escolhas das especialidades médicas e a afetividade: revisão de literatura / Specialty choices and affectivity: literature review

RESUMO Introdução: A escolha da especialidade é fator determinante da prática profissional do médico. A especialização médica é o meio não somente de atingir a excelência técnica e científica na atenção à saúde, mas também é a estratégia em que se estabelecem o poder e o status entre os pares e a sociedade em geral. Neste estudo, os aspectos psicossociais dessas escolhas foram analisados a partir dos artigos de educação médica selecionados. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar os fatores psicossociais mediadores nas escolhas por especialidades médicas a partir do olhar da psicologia sócio-histórica. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura em que foi realizada uma busca com os descritores residência médica, especialidade e escolha nas plataformas PubMed e SciELO, para estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Resultado: A busca nas bases de dados resultou em 509 estudos, dos quais foram selecionados 53 artigos para análise crítica. Desses 53 artigos, selecionaram-se 18 para análise de conteúdo, resultando em indícios de que a categoria psicossocial "afetividade", identificada neste estudo - nas emoções vivenciais, no sentimento do cuidado de si, no sentimento de pertencimento e nas emoções da interação social nos processos formativos é a mediadora da escolha da especialidade médica e, por isso, deve ser considerada nos processos educacionais das ciências médicas. Conclusão: A afetividade é o principal fator psicossocial mediador nos processos das escolhas de especialidades médicas. E isso indica a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados sobre os sentimentos e as emoções dos alunos de Medicina que visem colaborar para uma educação mais crítica e significativa para os educandos e profissionais, refletindo na qualidade da saúde coletiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The choice of specialty is a determining factor in the doctor's professional practice. Medical specialization is the means not only of achieving technical and scientific excellence in health care, but it is also the strategy by which power and status are established among peers and society in general. In this study, the psychosocial aspects of these choices were analyzed based on selected medical education articles. Objective: To present the psychosocial factors that mediate the choices of medical specialties from the perspective of socio-historical psychology. Method: This is a literature review where a search was carried out using the descriptors 'medical residency', 'specialty' and 'choice' on the PubMed and SciELO platforms, for studies published in the last five years. Result: The search in the databases found 509 studies that matched the descriptors, from which 53 articles were selected for critical analysis. Of these 53 articles, 18 were selected for content analysis, resulting in indications of the important mediator role played in specialty choice and therefore significance in medical science educational processes of the psychosocial category: affectivity, identified in this study in terms of experiential emotions, the feeling of self-care, the feeling of belonging and in the emotions of interaction social in training processes. Conclusion: Affectivity is the main psychosocial mediating factor in the processes of choosing medical specialties. Indicating the need for more in-depth studies into the feelings and emotions of medical students to collaborate with a more critical and meaningful education for students and professionals, reflecting on the quality of collective health.

Bone Mineral Density in Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy: The Role of Bone Marrow Tissue, Adipokines, and Insulin Resistance.

Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare syndrome characterized by the almost total absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue due to the inability of storing lipid in adipocytes. Patients present generalized lack of subcutaneous fat and normal to low weight. They evolve with severe metabolic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, early cardiac abnormalities, and infectious complications. Although low body weight is a known risk factor for osteoporosis, it has been reported that type 1 and 2 CGL have a tendency of high bone mineral density (BMD). In this review, we discuss the role of bone marrow tissue, adipokines, and insulin resistance in the setting of the normal to high BMD of CGL patients. Data bases from Pubmed and LILACS were searched, and 113 articles published until 10 April 2021 were obtained. Of these, 76 were excluded for not covering the review topic. A manual search for additional literature was performed using the bibliographies of the studies located. The elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for the increase in BMD in this unique model of insulin resistance may contribute to the understanding of the interrelationships between bone, muscle, and adipose tissue in a pathophysiological and therapeutic perspective.

Emerging Roles of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Delaying the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from the immune cell-mediated destruction of functional pancreatic ß-cells. In the presymptomatic period, T1DM is characterized by the presence of two or more autoantibodies against the islet cells in patients without glycemic decompensation. Therapeutic strategies that can modify the autoimmune process could slow the progression of T1DM. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) or CD26, a multifunctional serine protease with a dual function (regulatory protease and binding protein), can modulate inflammation and immune cell-mediated ß-cell destruction. CD26 is involved in T-cell co-stimulation, migration, memory development, thymic maturation, and emigration patterns. DPP-4 degrades the peptide hormones GLP-1 and GIP. In addition to regulating glucose metabolism, DPP-4 exerts anti-apoptotic, regenerative, and proliferative effects to promote ß-cell mass expansion. GLP-1 receptor signaling may regulate murine lymphocyte proliferation and maintenance of peripheral regulatory T-cells. In patients with T1DM, the serum DPP-4 activity is upregulated. Several studies have suggested that the upregulated DPP-4 activity is correlated with T1DM pathophysiology. DPP-4, which is preferentially expressed on the Th1 surface, can promote the polarization of Th1 immunity, a prerequisite for T1DM development. CD26 inhibition can suppress T-cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine production and stimulate tumor growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) secretion, which plays an important role in the regulation of autoimmunity in T1DM. Studies on humans or animal models of T1DM have suggested that DPP-4 inhibitors can improve ß-cell function and attenuate autoimmunity in addition to decreasing insulin dependence. This review summarizes the emerging roles of DPP-4 inhibitors in potentially delaying the progression of T1DM.

Aggressive papillary thyroid carcinoma in a child with type 2 congenital generalized lipodystrophy.

Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is rare in children, particularly in those aged < 10 years. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between neoplasms and hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which are often associated with a higher risk for and/or aggressiveness of the neoplasm. Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) with autosomal recessive inheritance is a rare disease and is characterized by the lack of adipose tissue, severe insulin resistance, and early metabolic disturbances. Here, we reported a rare case of a type 2 CGL in a girl who presented with a papillary TC (PTC) at the age of 7 years. She had no family history of TC or previous exposure to ionizing radiation. She had a generalized lack of subcutaneous fat, including the palmar and plantar regions, muscle hypertrophy, intense acanthosis nigricans, hepatomegaly, hypertriglyceridemia, severe insulin resistance, and hypoleptinemia. A genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the BSCL2 gene (p.Thr109Asnfs* 5). Ultrasound revealed a hypoechoic solid nodule measuring 1.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 cm, and fine needle aspiration biopsy suggested malignancy. Total thyroidectomy was performed, and a histopathological examination confirmed PTC with vascular invasion and parathyroid lymph node metastasis (pT3N1Mx stage). This is the first report to describe a case of differentiated TC in a child with CGL. Severe insulin resistance that is generally observed in patients with CGL early in life, especially in those with type 2 CGL, may be associated with this uncommon presentation of aggressive PTC during childhood.

Ferramenta para avaliação e gestão da visita domiciliar na atenção primária à saúde: um relato de experiência / Tool for home visit evaluation and management in primary health care: an experience report / Herramienta para la evaluación y gestión de la visita domiciliaria en atención primaria a la salud: un relato de experiencia

Introdução: A visita domiciliar permite ao profissional de saúde romper com o modelo centrado na doença, voltando-se para uma abordagem centrada no indivíduo. No entanto, observa-se uma grande deficiência na organização e gestão destas, o que muitas vezes dificulta a priorização mais adequada destes pacientes. Objetivo: Apresentar a experiência de uma equipe ao utilizar uma nova ferramenta para avaliação e classificação de risco que visa otimizar a gestão da agenda das visitas domiciliares. Métodos: Trata-se de um relato de experiência de uma equipe de saúde da família, na periferia de uma capital no Nordeste do Brasil, que aplicou esta ferramenta aos pacientes de visita domiciliar entre os meses de junho e novembro de 2017. Resultados: Os dados coletados foram analisados, sendo possível classificar os pacientes quanto ao risco e vulnerabilidade. Esta ferramenta favoreceu o fortalecimento e estruturação do registro, planejamento, avaliação e monitoramento das visitas realizadas nos território. Além disso, deve ser ressaltada sua fácil aplicação e a reprodutibilidade em diferentes cenários da atenção primária. Conclusão: O uso de instrumentos adequados permite identificar pacientes em situação de risco e vulnerabilidade, além de possibilitar a organização da agenda, a identificação das necessidades das pessoas, o acompanhamento das doenças crônicas, propor estratégias, e planejar intervenções futuras.

Introduction: The home visit allows the health professional to break the disease-centered model, turning to an individual-centered approach. However, there is a great deficiency in the organization and management of these, which often makes it more difficult to prioritize these patients. Objective: To present the experience of a team when using a new risk evaluation and classification tool that aims to optimize the management of the home visits schedule. Methods: This is an report of the experience of a family health team, in a peripheric neighborhood of a capital city in the northeast of Brazil, that applied this tool with patients who applied this tool to home visiting patients in the period between June and November 2017. Results: The data collected were analyzed and it was possible to classify the patients regarding risk and vulnerability. This tool favored the strengthening and structuring of the registration, planning, evaluation and monitoring of the visits made in the territory. In addition, its easy application and reproducibility in different primary care settings should be emphasized. Conclusion: The use of appropriate instruments allows the identification of patients at risk and vulnerability, besides organizing the agenda, identifying people's needs, monitoring chronic diseases, proposing strategies, and planning for future interventions

Introducción: La visita domiciliaria permite al profesional de la salud romper con el modelo centrado en la enfermedad, volviéndose hacia un enfoque centrado en el individuo. Sin embargo, se observa una gran deficiencia en la organización y gestión de éstas, lo que a menudo dificulta la priorización más adecuada de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia de un equipo en la utilización de una nueva herramienta de evaluación y clasificación de riesgo que visa optimizar la gestión de la agenda de visitas domiciliarias. Métodos: Tratase de un relato de experiencia de un equipo de salud de la familia en la periferia de una capital en el Nordeste de Brasil, donde se aplicó esta herramienta con pacientes asistidos en domicilio entre los meses de junio y noviembre de 2017. Resultados: Los dados obtenidos fueron analizados, siendo posible clasificar según el riesgo y la vulnerabilidad. Esta herramienta favoreció el fortalecimiento y estructuración de registro, planificación, evaluación y monitoreo de las visitas realizadas en el territorio. Además, llamamos la atención a su fácil aplicabilidad y reproductibilidad en diferentes escenarios de la atención primaria a la salud. Conclusión: El uso de instrumentos adecuados permite identificar pacientes en situación de riesgo y vulnerabilidad, además de posibilitar la organización de la agenda, la identificación de las necesidades de las personas, el seguimiento de las enfermedades crónicas, proponer estrategias, y planificar intervenciones futuras

Aggressive papillary thyroid carcinoma in a child with type 2 congenital generalized lipodystrophy

SUMMARY Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is rare in children, particularly in those aged < 10 years. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between neoplasms and hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which are often associated with a higher risk for and/or aggressiveness of the neoplasm. Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) with autosomal recessive inheritance is a rare disease and is characterized by the lack of adipose tissue, severe insulin resistance, and early metabolic disturbances. Here, we reported a rare case of a type 2 CGL in a girl who presented with a papillary TC (PTC) at the age of 7 years. She had no family history of TC or previous exposure to ionizing radiation. She had a generalized lack of subcutaneous fat, including the palmar and plantar regions, muscle hypertrophy, intense acanthosis nigricans, hepatomegaly, hypertriglyceridemia, severe insulin resistance, and hypoleptinemia. A genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the BSCL2 gene (p.Thr109Asnfs* 5). Ultrasound revealed a hypoechoic solid nodule measuring 1.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 cm, and fine needle aspiration biopsy suggested malignancy. Total thyroidectomy was performed, and a histopathological examination confirmed PTC with vascular invasion and parathyroid lymph node metastasis (pT3N1Mx stage). This is the first report to describe a case of differentiated TC in a child with CGL. Severe insulin resistance that is generally observed in patients with CGL early in life, especially in those with type 2 CGL, may be associated with this uncommon presentation of aggressive PTC during childhood.

Insulin autoimmune syndrome in an occidental woman: a case report and literature review

SUMMARY Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS, Hirata's disease) is a rare hypoglycemic disorder characterized by spontaneous hypoglycemia associated with extremely high circulating insulin levels and positive anti-insulin antibody results. Thus far, most cases have been reported in Asian countries, notably Japan, with few cases reported in western countries. As a possible cause, it is associated with the use of drugs containing sulfhydryl radicals, such as captopril. This report refers to a 63-year-old female Brazilian patient with a history of postprandial hypoglycemia. After extensive investigation and exclusion of other causes, her hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia was considered to have likely been induced by captopril. Most cases of IAS are self-limiting. However, dietary management, corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and rituximab have already been used to treat patients with IAS. In our case, after discontinuation of captopril, an initial decrease in insulin autoantibody levels was observed followed by improvement in episodes of hypoglycemia. Although it is a rare disease, IAS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Patients with suspected IAS must be screened for autoimmunity-related drugs for insulin. Initial clinical suspicion of IAS can avoid unnecessary costs associated with imaging examinations and/or invasive surgical procedures.

Implantação das políticas públicas de provimento e fixação de médicos no Ceará / Implementation of public provision policy and establishment of physicians in Ceará

A partir de 2011, os Ministérios da Saúde e da Educação instituíram programas para prover e fixar os profissionais médicos na atenção primária do Brasil. Este artigo tem como objetivo trazer um relato da implantação destes programas no Ceará a partir de 2012. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado através de análise documental e coleta de dados que relata a experiência da implantação e implementação dos programas de provimento no estado do Ceará, compreendendo o período entre 2012 e 2016. O Ceará possui, atualmente, 2.352 equipes de saúde da família implantadas, sendo que mais da metade destas são vinculadas aos programas de provimento. Observou-se que 69% dos médicos trabalham nos municípios classificados como G100 e Pobreza. Por meio deste relato de experiência, pode-se considerar a possibilidade de ampliação do número de equipes de saúde da família, capacitando a oportunidade do provimento de médicos para municípios classificados como de extrema pobreza e vulnerabilidade no interior do estado, além de promover a longitudinalidade do cuidado.(AU)

As of 2011, the Ministries of Health and Education have instituted programs to provide and fix medical professionals in primary care in Brazil. This article aims to provide an account of the implementation of these programs in Ceará from 2012. This is a descriptive study, conducted through documentary analysis and data collection that reports on the experience of the implementation of the state's welfare programs of Ceará, comprising the period between 2012 to 2016. Ceará currently has 2,352 family health teams implanted, more than half of which are linked to the provision programs. It was observed that 69% of doctors work in municipalities classified as G100 and Poverty. Through this experience report, it is possible to consider the possibility of expanding the number of family health teams, enabling the provision of doctors to municipalities classified as extreme poverty and vulnerability within the state, in addition to promoting longitudinality of care.(AU)

Early commitment of cardiovascular autonomic modulation in Brazilian patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic abnormalities in congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) are associated with microvascular complications. However, the evaluation of different types of neuropathy in these patients, including the commitment of cardiovascular autonomic modulation, is scarce. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with CGL compared with individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy subjects. METHODS: Ten patients with CGL, 20 patients with type 1 diabetes and 20 healthy subjects were included in the study. Controls were paired 1:2 for age, gender, BMI and pubertal stage. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed using cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests, including postural hypotension test, Valsalva (VAL), respiratory (E/I) and orthostatic (30/15) coefficients, and spectral analysis of the HRV, determining very low (VLF), low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies components. The diagnosis of CAN was defined as the presence of at least two altered tests. RESULTS: CAN was detected in 40% of the CGL patients, 5% in type 1 diabetes patients and was absent in healthy individuals (p < 0.05). We observed a significant reduction in the E/I, VLF, LF and HF in CGL cases vs. type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals and lower levels of 30/15 and VAL in CGL vs. healthy individuals. A significant positive correlation was observed between leptin and 30/15 coefficient (r = 0.396; p = 0.036) after adjusting for insulin resistance and triglycerides. Autonomic cardiovascular tests were associated with HbA1c, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and albumin/creatinine ratio in CGL cases. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high prevalence of CAN in young patients with CGL, suggesting that insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoleptinemia, may have been involved in early CAN development. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the role of leptinemia in the physiopathogenesis of the condition.

Associação entre polifarmácia e adesão ao tratamento farmacológico em pacientes com diabetes / Association between polypharmacy and the adherence to pharmacological treatment in patients with diabetes

Objetivo: avaliar a ocorrência da polifarmácia e sua associação com a adesão ao tratatamento farmacológico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 235 portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 por meio de entrevista sobre os dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, a terapêutica medicamentosa prescrita e a adesão ao tratamento. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes t de Student e quiquadrado, com nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: a polifarmácia foi evidenciada em 88,4% dos casos com predomínio da moderada. Foram utilizados, em média, 7,5 comprimidos por pessoa dentre os 19 tipos de fármacos prescritos. A adesão à terapêutica prescrita foi relatada por 88,2% dos pacientes avaliados e não houve associação com a polifarmácia (p=0,266). Conclusão: foi verificado que a polifarmácia é uma condição de elevada prevalência e não está associada a pior adesão à terapêutica. (AU)

Effect of treatment with sitagliptin on somatosensory-evoked potentials and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / Efeito do tratamento com sitagliptina sobre os potenciais evocados somatossensoriais e controle metabólico de pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 2

Objective: To evaluate the effect of sitagliptin on somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without clinical diabetic neuropathy. Materials and methods: Interventional, prospective, and open study. Patients with less than six months from the diagnosis were included. Examinations of SEPs and laboratory tests at fasting and after food stimulation were performed before and after three months of treatment with sitagliptin (100 mg/day). Results: There was a reduction in the mean levels of HbA1c (P < 0.0001), fasting glucose (P = 0.001), total cholesterol (P = 0.019), and ALT (P = 0.022). An increase in active GLP-1 was found at the end of the study (P = 0.0025). Several SEPs showed statistically significant differences when analyzed before and after treatment with sitagliptin. Conclusion: The results give a glimpse of the possible use of sitagliptin in the treatment of some neurodegenerative conditions of the peripheral nervous system, in addition to its already established role in glycemic control. .

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da sitagliptina nos potenciais evocados somatossensoriais (PESS) e controle metabólico de pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 2, sem neuropatia diabética. Materiais e métodos: Estudo de intervenção, prospectivo e aberto. Os pacientes com menos de seis meses de diagnóstico foram incluídos. Exames dos PESS e testes laboratoriais em jejum e após a estimulação com alimentos foram realizados antes e depois de três meses de tratamento com sitagliptina (100 mg/dia). Resultados: Houve redução nos níveis médios de HbA1c (P < 0,0001), glicemia de jejum (P = 0,001), colesterol total (P = 0,019) e ALT (P = 0,022). Verificou-se aumento de GLP-1 ativo (P = 0,0025). Vários PESS mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando os valores foram analisados antes e após o tratamento com sitagliptina. Conclusão: Os resultados vislumbram a possível utilização de sitagliptina no tratamento de algumas condições neurodegenerativas do sistema nervoso periférico, em adição ao seu papel no controle glicêmico. .

Avaliação da condição clínica periodontal em indivíduos portadores de hipopituitarismo / Evaluation of clinical periodontal condition in individuals suffering from hypopituitarism

O termo hipopituitarismo é usado para designar a deficiência de um ou mais hormônios da hipófise anterior ou posterior. Manifestações dentárias também ocorrem, sendo o atraso na erupção dentária uma característica marcante, porém existem poucos relatos na literatura que investigaram as características periodontais dos pacientes portadores desta alteração, tornado-se assim um dos objetivos do nosso estudo. Foram investigados 19 pacientes portadores de hipopituitarismo, sendo o grupo controle formado por 19 pacientes não portadores de hipopituitarismo, não fumantes, não diabéticos e maiores de 18 anos de idade. Para avaliação periodontal foram realizados exames clínicos completos que incluíram os parâmetros de índice de sangramento gengival (ISG), profundidade de sondagem, recessão e perdas dentárias de cada paciente. Após a aplicação do teste qui-quadrado ao nível de significância de 5% evidenciou-se a ausência de associação significativa entre hipopituitarismo e os parâmetros periodontais avaliados, verificando apenas uma maior prevalência de perdas dentárias nos pacientes portadores de hipopituitarismo em relação ao controle

The term hypopituitarism is used to designate a deficiency of one or more hormones of the anterior or posterior pituitary. Dental manifestations also happens, the delayed tooth eruption a remarkable feature, however there are few reports in the literature showing the characteristics of periodontal patients with this amendment, made it one of the purpose of our study. We investigated 19 patients with hypopituitarism, and the control group of 19 patients without hypopituitarism, non-smoking, non-diabetic and 18 years old. We evaluated the gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing depth, recession and tooth loss for each patient. After application of the chisquare test at a significance level of 5% revealed the absence of any relationship between hypopituitarism with periodontal disease by checking only a higher prevalence of tooth loss in patients with hypopituitarism compared to control

Necessidades educacionais dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF): possibilidades de Educação em Saúde no município de Fortaleza (CE) / Educational needs assessment of Family Health Strategy (FHS) professionals: possibilities of health education in Fortaleza / Las necesidades educativas de los profesionales de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF): las posibilidades de la Educación para la Salud en Fortaleza (CE)

As reformas curriculares e a mudança do perfil na formação de profissionais da saúde apresentam muitos desafios. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as necessidades educacionais em saúde percebidas e representadas pelos profissionais de nível superior que atuam na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) do município de Fortaleza/CE, recém-aprovados em concurso de âmbito municipal. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com duas etapas. Um estudo transversal em 2006 com aplicação de inquérito para aferição das necessidades de Educação em Saúde, e a segunda etapa em 2011 com a análise documental sobre as ações realizadas para educação permanente dos profissionais da rede municipal de saúde pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza. O instrumento utilizado para coleta dos dados foi um questionário semiestruturado, aplicado a profissionais médicos, enfermeiros e odontólogos. Do universo de 900 profissionais recém-concursados, nossa amostra de conveniência contou com 375 respondentes. Observou-se, no estudo, que, quanto ao desejo de realização de pós-graduação, o mestrado profissional, a residência em medicina de família e comunidade, a residência multiprofissional em saúde da família, que são modalidades de pós-graduação que ocorrem em serviço, são necessidades manifestadas por significativa parte dos profissionais. Por outro lado, profissionais também assinalaram a necessidade de cursos de 40 horas de forma pontual. A educação permanente é apontada pela literatura e pelo atual estudo como um caminho para melhoria na qualidade da ESF, por centrar nos processos de trabalho a construção do processo educativo. Para a educação em Saúde gerar efetivos processos de reflexão-ação-reflexão no cotidiano de trabalho, deve-se promover a ligação política com a mudança da formação de perfil profissional e, para isso, colocar em evidência as necessidades educacionais dos profissionais é fundamental.

Curricular reforms and the change in the training profile of health professionals face many challenges. The aim of this study was to characterize the educational needs in health perceived and represented by higher education professionals, who were recently approved in the municipal contest, practicing in the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Fortaleza, State of Ceara. It is a two-phase descriptive study: a cross-sectional study, with the application of a survey to assess the needs of health education, carried out in 2006; and a documental analysis of the actions taken for the continuing education of professionals from the municipal health system performed by the Municipal Health Secretary of Fortaleza in 2011. Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire applied to physicians, nurses and dentists. From the universe of 900 newly gazetted professionals, our convenience sample counted on 375 respondents. Regarding the desire to carry out graduate studies, it was possible to observe that the master's degree training, residency in family and community medicine, and multi-professional residency in family health were significant needs expressed by the professionals in this study. Moreover, practitioners also noted the need to punctual 40-hour courses. Continuing education is cited in the literature and in the current study as a way to improve the quality of the FHS, once it focuses on work processes to build the educational process. To generate effective health education processes of reflection-action-reflection in the daily working, a political connection with the change in the training profile of health professionals must be promoted and, to this end, highlighting the educational needs of professionals is essential.

Las reformas curriculares y el cambio en el perfil de la formación del profesional de la Salud presentan muchos desafíos. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las necesidades educativas en Salud percibidas y representadas por los profesionales de nivel educativo superior que trabajan en la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF), en Fortaleza / CE, Brasil, recientemente aprobados en concurso público municipal. Este estudio descriptivo tuvo dos fases: la primera fue un estudio transversal en 2006 con la aplicación de una encuesta para evaluar las necesidades de Educación para la Salud; la segunda fue en 2011 con el análisis de los documentos sobre las medidas adoptadas para la educación contínua de los profesionales de la red municipal de salud de la Secretaria Municipal de Salud de Fortaleza. Los datos se recolectaron con un cuestionario semi-estructurado, aplicado a los profesionales médicos, enfermeros y dentistas. Del universo de 900 profesionales recién contratados, nuestra muestra incluyó 375 encuestados. Con relación al deseo de concretar una formación de postgrado: la maestría, la residencia en medicina familiar y comunitaria, y la residencia multiprofesional en salud de la familia (formas de posgrado que pueden cursarse durante el servicio) fueron necesidades manifestadas por una parcela significativa de los profesionales. Por otra parte, los trabajadores también señalaron la necesidad de tener cursos de 40 horas. La educación es citada permanentemente tanto en la literatura como en este estudio como una forma de mejorar la calidad de la ESF, para centrar en los procesos de trabajo la construcción del proceso educativo. Para que la Educación para la Salud genere procesos efectivos de reflexión-acción-reflexión en el trabajo diario, se debe promover la conexión política con el cambio en la formación del perfil profesional y, para ello, es fundamental poner en evidencia las necesidades educativas de los profesionales.

Insulin analogues in the treatment of diabetes in pregnancy / Análogos de insulina no tratamento do diabetes gestacional

Pregnancy affects both maternal and fetal metabolism, and even in non-diabetic women, it exerts a diabetogenic effect. Among pregnant women, 2% to 14% develop gestational diabetes. Pregnancy can also occur in women with preexisting diabetes, which may predispose the fetus to many alterations in organogenesis, restrict growth, and the mother, to some diabetes-related complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, or to acceleration of the course of these complications, if they are already present. Women with gestational diabetes generally start their treatment with diet and lifestyle changes; when these changes are not enough for optimal glycemic control, insulin therapy must then be considered. Women with type 2 diabetes using oral hypoglycemic agents are advised to change to insulin therapy. Those with preexisting type 1 diabetes should start intensive glycemic control. As basal insulin analogues have frequently been used off-label in pregnant women, there is a need to evaluate their safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to report the use of both short- and long-acting insulin analogues during pregnancy and to enable clinicians, obstetricians, and endocrinologists to choose the best insulin treatment for their patients.

A gravidez afeta tanto o metabolismo materno quanto o fetal e, mesmo em mulheres não diabéticas, apresenta um efeito diabetogênico. Entre as mulheres grávidas, 2% a 14% desenvolvem o diabetes gestacional. A gravidez pode ocorrer também em mulheres já diabéticas, o que pode predispor o feto a muitas alterações na organogênese, restrição de crescimento e a mãe a algumas complicações relacionadas ao diabetes, tais como retinopatia e nefropatia, ou acelerar o curso dessas complicações se já estiverem presentes. Pacientes com diabetes gestacional geralmente iniciam seu tratamento com dieta e mudanças no estilo de vida; porém, quando essas medidas falham em atingir um controle glicêmico adequado, a insulinoterapia deve ser considerada. Pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 em uso de hipoglicemiantes orais são aconselhadas a iniciar o uso de insulina. Pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 preexistente devem iniciar um controle glicêmico estrito. Em função do fato de os análogos basais de insulina estarem sendo utilizados muito frequentemente off-label em pacientes grávidas, faz-se necessário avaliar sua segurança e eficácia nessa condição. O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar o uso de tais análogos, tanto de ação curta como prolongada, durante a gravidez, para possibilitar médicos clínicos, obstetras e endocrinologistas escolher o melhor regime terapêutico para suas pacientes.

Perda auditiva sensorioneural em pacientes com acromegalia em tratamento / Sensorineural hearing loss in acromegalic patients under treatment

Acromegalia é uma doença endócrina rara. Poucos estudos avaliaram sua associação com deficiência auditiva (DA) e os resultados são conflitantes. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência e características da DA em um grupo de pacientes com acromegalia em tratamento. Analisar a transmissão auditiva central e periférica. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. Um grupo de 34 pacientes com acromegalia submeteu-se à avaliação metabólica, audiometria tonal e potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico (PEATE). Considerou-se DA quando a média dos tons puros foi > 25 DBNA para baixas frequências (250, 500, 1000 e 2000 Hz) ou altas frequências (3000, 4000, 6000 e 8000 Hz). Os pacientes foram divididos em grupo A (com DA) e B (sem DA). RESULTADOS: Doze pacientes (35,3%) mostraram DA sensorioneural (grupo A), sendo oito bilateral e quatro unilateral. Nenhum apresentou DA mista ou condutiva. A prevalência de diabetes/intolerância à glicose de jejum foi similar entre os grupos. As frequências de 3000, 4000, 6000 e 8000 Hz foram as mais afetadas e com padrão similar em ambos os lados. CONCLUSÃO: DA sensorioneural esteve presente em 35,3% dos casos. Não foram notadas diferenças clínicas ou metabólicas significativas entre os grupos, bem como na transmissão neural auditiva periférica e central.

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disease. Few studies have evaluated its association with hearing loss (HL) and the results are conflicting. AIM: To evaluate the prevalence and features of HL in a group of patients being treated for acromegaly. To analyze peripheral and central auditory transmission. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. A group of 34 patients with acromegaly were submitted to metabolic evaluation, tonal audiometry and brainstem auditory evoked potentials. HL was considered when pure tone average was > 25 DBHL for low frequencies (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz) or high frequencies (3000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 Hz). The patients were divided in group A (with HL) and B (without HL). RESULTS: Twelve patients (35.3%) had sensorineural HL (Group A), being 8 bilateral and 4 unilateral. No one had mixed or conductive HL. The prevalence of diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance was similar between the groups. The frequencies 3000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 Hz were the most affected and with a similar pattern in both ears. CONCLUSION: sensorineural HL was found in 38.9% of cases. Neither clinical nor metabolic differences were noted between the groups, as well as in regards to peripheral and central auditory transmission.

High prevalence of arterial hypertension in a Brazilian Northeast population of low education and income level, and its association with obesity and metabolic syndrome

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) in an adult population with a predominance of families with low education and income levels, in the hinterlands of Pernambuco, Brazil, and to analyze its association with other factors related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 2008/2009 was conducted with a sample of 198 subjects stratified by age, and representative of the urban adult population of the Canaã district of city of Triunfo, in the hinterlands of Pernambuco, Brazil. RESULTS: One hundred ninety eight individuals with average age of 57.7 years old (31 to 90 years-old), mainly women (65.6%), and with low income and education levels (81.3% with a monthly income of less than one minimum wage) were evaluated. Among these, 127 (64.1%) were identified as having AH, 54 (42.5%) of whom had no prior diagnosis. From those who were previously diagnosed, only 31.3% had good blood pressure control. Higher prevalence was observed in those individuals with lower incomes, higher body mass indexes (BMI), and those with metabolic syndrome (MS). CONCLUSION: These data demonstrated that there was a high prevalence of AH in the urban, low education and income levels adult population of Triunfo, strongly associated with lower income levels, elevated BMI, and the presence of MS; and a high prevalence of bad blood pressure control among the previously diagnosed cases. These results indicate that more effective interventions for early detection and adequate control of this disease and its comorbidities are necessary.

Distúrbios metabólicos em doenças infecciosas emergentes e negligenciadas / Metabolic disorders in emerging and neglected infectious diseases

A substituição gradual e progressiva das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias pelas doenças crônico-degenerativas como causas de morbidade e mortalidade, caracterizando o processo de transição epidemiológica, não tem sido observada em várias populações, em especial em países subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento, verificando-se, na realidade, uma sobre-posição desses perfis (transição incompleta). Além do aumento da prevalência de distúrbios metabólicos, várias doenças infecciosas permanecem endêmicas em diversas regiões, como é o caso da hanseníase, da tuberculose, da leishmaniose, das hepatites virais, entre outras, assim como condições emergentes nas últimas décadas, como a infecção pelo HIV/Aids. Nesse contexto, nos últimos anos tem sido dada uma maior atenção para a ocorrência de distúrbios metabólicos, principalmente a partir da observação de elevada incidência dessas anormalidades associadas à infecção pelo HIV/Aids e à sua terapia com as drogas antirretrovirais. Nesta revisão são abordados aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos dos distúrbios metabólicos reportados em algumas enfermidades infectoparasitárias de relevância mundial e local (no Brasil), assim como possíveis mecanismos e fatores envolvidos nessas associações.

The gradual and progressive replacement of infectious and parasitic by chronic diseases as causes of morbidity and mortality, characterizing the process of epidemiological transition hasn't been observed in various populations, especially in underdeveloped or developing countries characterizing a superposition of these profiles (incomplete transition). Besides the increased prevalence of metabolic disorders, various infectious diseases remain endemic in several regions, such as leprosy, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, viral hepatitis, among others, as well as emerging diseases in recent decades, as HIV infection/Aids. In this context, more attention has been given to the occurrence of metabolic disturbances in the recent years, mainly from the observation of a high incidence of metabolic disorders associated with HIV infection/Aids, and its therapy with antiretroviral drugs. This review addresses clinical and epidemiological aspects of metabolic disturbances reported in some infectious and parasitic diseases with worldwide and local (Brazil) relevance, as well as possible mechanisms and factors involved in these associations.

Perfil microbiológico e desfechos clínicos de úlceras em pés de diabéticos internados / Microbiological profile and clinical outcome of severe foot ulcers of diabetic inpatients

Descrever o perfil microbiológico e os desfechos clínicos de úlceras graves em pés diabéticos de pacientes internados em um hospital universitário de atenção terciária no estado do Ceara, Brasil. Métodos: Conduziu-se uma análise retrospectiva de dados obtidos nos prontuários médicos de todos os pacientes diabéticos internados entre janeiro de 2006 a junho de 2007, nas enfermarias do Serviço de Endocrinologia e Diabetes do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio (Universidade Federal do Ceará), por úlceras graves em pés diabéticos, com no mínimo grau 2 da classificação de Wagner, refratárias ao tratamento ambulatorial. Dados clínicos (sexo, idade, tempo de diabetes e co-morbidades) de cada paciente assim como as características microbiológicas do material colhido das suas ulceras em pés ou das suas peças cirúrgicas (amputações) foram obtidos. Resultados: Foram identificados no período 17 diabéticos, todos tipo 2, com idade de 58,11±10,8 anos e 12,4±8,4 anos de doença, 58,8% homens. Das úlceras, 41,1% eram grau 2, 35,2% grau 3, 11,7% grau 4 e 11,7% grau 5 de Wagner, 64,7% com menos de 3 meses de evolução. Realizaram limpeza cirúrgica 82,3% dos pacientes e amputações 47%, sendo identificada osteomielite em 47% dos casos. Antibioticoterapia empírica foi iniciada em todos os pacientes, sendo ciprofloxacina/metronidazol o esquema mais usado (76,5%). Houve cultura negativa em 12,5% das realizadas. Nas positivas, os germes mais freqüentes foram: S. aureus (57,1%); S. viridans (28,7%); P. aeruginosas (28,7%) e M. morganii (28,7%) A maioria (75%) dos S. aureus isolados eram meticilino-resistentes, mas sensíveis à vancomicina. Conclusão: Observouse a presença de flora polimicrobiana com grande número de patógenos multirresistentes e elevada prevalência de osteomielite e amputações em diabeticos portadores de úlceras graves, neuropatia e doença vascular periférica.

To describe the microbiological profile and clinical outcomes of diabetic foot ulcers of inpatients of a tertiary university hospital, at Ceara, Brazil. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical charts data of all diabetic inpatients of the Endocrine and Diabetes Unit of Walter Cantídio University Hospital (Federal University of Ceará), admitted from January, 2006 to June, 2007 for severe foot ulcers (minimum of grade 2 of Wagner`s classification), which were refractory to ambulatory treatment. Clinical data from each patient were recorded (sex, age, diabetes duration, and comorbidities) as well as microbiological characteristics of foot ulcers and surgical (amputations) material. Results: We identified 17 diabetic patients, all type 2, aged 58.11 ± 10.8 years and 12.4 ± 8.4 years of disease, 58.8% male. Of ulcers, 41.1% were grade 2; 35.2% grade 3; 11.7% grade 4 and 11.7% grade 5 of Wagner; 64.7% with less than 3 months of evolution. Debridement was performed in 82.3% of patients and amputation in 47%; osteomyelitis was identified in 47% of cases. All patients started empiric antibiotic therapy, where ciprofloxacin/metronidazole was the most used scheme (76.5%). Cultures were negative in 12.5% of the patients. In the positive ones, the most prevalent bacterial pathogens detected in the culture materials were: S. aureus (57.1%); S. viridans (28.7%); P. aeruginosas (28.7%); M. morganii (28.7%). The majority (75%) of isolated S. aureus were methicillin-resistant, but were sensitive to vacomicin. Conclusion: We observed the presence of polymicrobial flora with a large number of multiresistant pathogens and high prevalence of osteomyelitis and amputations in diabetic patients with severe ulcers, neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease.