Terapia descompresiva en el manejo no quirúrgico de lesiones perirradiculares de gran tamaño / Decompressive therapy in the non-surgical management of large periradicular lesions

Introducción: La periodontitis apical asintomática es de los diagnósticos endodónticos más comunes que se presentan en la población mundial. Consiste en la afectación del tejido periapical como resultado de la activación de mecanismos de inflamación, los que incluyen lisis y reabsorción de tejidos de soporte como cemento, ligamento y hueso alveolar. El signo patognomónico de la periodontitis apical es la presencia de radiolucidez periapical, resultado de la destrucción de los tejidos periapicales. Su principal tratamiento abarca el manejo endodóntico convencional cuyo objetivo es la eliminación de los irritantes locales dentro del conducto radicular. Sin embargo, cuando se desarrollan lesiones de gran tamaño es necesario complementar con terapias que aceleren la reparación, una de ellas la descompresión, la cual a partir de la reducción de la presión intralesión e intraósea con lo que favorece la formación de tejido fibroso, conectivo y óseo. Objetivo: Describir la técnica de descompresión intraconducto en el manejo de lesiones periapicales de gran tamaño. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 33 años de edad, con diagnóstico de periodontitis apical asintomática y evaluación tomográfica de lesión periapical de gran tamaño (67,5 UH) manejado con terapia endodóntica convencional y descomprensión intraconducto como terapia coadyuvante. Posterior a la restauración se realizaron controles clínicos y radiográficos. A los 24 meses se evidenció reparación de los tejidos involucrados con restauración del espacio del ligamento periodontal. Conclusiones: En este caso, la terapia descomprensiva fue una alternativa en el manejo de una lesión periapical de gran tamaño, que permitió regular la presión intraósea y facilitar la regeneración del tejido óseo, evitando la intervención quirúrgica siendo así más confortante para el paciente(AU)

Introduction: Asymptomatic apical periodontitis is one of the most common endodontic disorders diagnosed in the world population. It consists in damage to the periapical tissue due to activation of inflammation mechanisms, including lysis and resorption of support tissues like cementum, ligament and alveolar bone. The pathognomonic sign of apical periodontitis is the presence of periapical radiolucency due to the destruction of periapical tissue. Its main treatment includes conventional endodontic management aimed at removing local irritants from the root canal. However, when large lesions develop, it is necessary to complement the conventional treatment with therapies speeding up the repair process, such as decompression, which reduces intralesion and intraosseous pressure, fostering the formation of fibrous, connective and bone tissue. Objective: Describe the use of intracanal decompression technique in the management of large periapical lesions. Case presentation: A case is presented of a 33-year-old patient diagnosed with asymptomatic apical periodontitis and a tomographic evaluation of a large periapical lesion (67.5 UH) treated with conventional endodontic therapy and intracanal decompression as adjuvant therapy. Restoration was followed by clinical and radiographic controls. At 24 months it was observed that the tissues involved had been repaired and the periodontal ligament space restored. Conclusions: The use of decompressive therapy as an alternative in the management of a large periapical lesion, made it possible to regulate intraosseous pressure and facilitate bone tissue regeneration, relieving the patient from the discomforts of a surgical intervention(AU)

Non-motor involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new insight from nerve and vessel analysis in skin biopsy.

AIMS: To assess cutaneous sensory and autonomic nerves and the vascular bed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: We enrolled 41 patients (M = 20, aged 63.5 ± 11.8 years), and 41 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (M = 20, aged 63.5 ± 11.8 years). Disease severity and sensory and autonomic symptoms were scored using dedicated rating scales. Skin biopsies obtained from thigh, leg and fingertip were processed using indirect immunofluorescence. Intraepidermal nerve fibres, Meissner corpuscles (MCs), intrapapillary myelinated endings, cholinergic and noradrenergic pilomotor nerves and dermal vessels were quantified on confocal images. Intraepidermal nerve fibres, pilomotor nerves and vessels were also assessed on distal leg skin samples of 10 spinal cord injury patients to compare our findings with those of a chronic hypomobility condition. RESULTS: Compared to healthy controls skin biopsies showed: (i) non-length-dependent loss of intraepidermal nerve fibres (P < 0.01) and loss of MCs (P < 0.01); (ii) reduced (P < 0.01) density of pilomotor nerves involving cholinergic and noradrenergic fibres and (iii) a reduced (P < 0.01) vascular bed. Autonomic nerve and dermal vessel densities were higher in patients with higher disease progression rate (P < 0.01). Moreover, we observed signs of nerve regeneration coexisting with nerve degeneration and increased complexity of the dermal vessels. In patients with posttraumatic spinal cord injury, the density of intraepidermal nerve fibres, pilomotor nerves and of the vascular bed did not differ from controls (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated a cutaneous sensory and autonomic denervation in ALS and a previously undescribed relationship between autonomic and vascular involvement that appeared to be linked to the disease progression rate.

Percepción del ambiente educacional en dos escuelas de medicina con currículo tradicional: Estudio longitudinal / Longitudinal perception of the educational environment in two medical schools with traditional curricula in Chile and Spain

Background: To establish an educational environment that ensures the quality of the teaching-learning process is a challenge for any educational institution. The questionnaire DREEM (Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure) is used to identify strengths and weaknesses of an educational environment and to compare different medical schools. Aim: To evaluate the changes in the perception of educational environment by students of the Schools of Medicine of the University of Zaragoza, UZar (Spain) and the University of Chile, UCh (Chile) at two points in their curricula. Material and Methods: DREEM questionnaire was answered by 90 students from the UZar and 87 students of the UCh, when they were in the first year (2009) and in the fourth year of their career (2012). Results: At both universities the overall mean scores of DREAM were significantly higher in students in their first year than those obtained in the fourth year (137.5/118.3 for UZar and 128.6/118.8 for UCh). Items with worse perception in the fourth year were observed in subscales Learning Perception and Atmosphere Perception. Items with good evaluation (≥ 3.0) were the subscales Perception of teachers, academic self-perception, perception of Environment and Social Self-perception. Conclusions: The perception of Chilean and Spanish students about their educational environments indicates that the stage of their medical training is more important than the geographical context or educational institution.

Evaluación de la Escala EPInfant durante una prueba de ejercicio incremental en cinta rodante / Evaluation of the EPInfant scale during an incremental exercise test in treadmill

The scales of perceived exertion (PE) quantify the perceptual changes induced by physiological stress during exercise. Whereas the adult scales cannot be used in children, it was built the EPInfant scale for Spanish speaking children. The aim of this study is to determine the validity of the criteria for an exercise test on a treadmill. Methods: Cross-sectional study, in which the criterion validity was determined by linear regression between the EP and variable intensity exercise (heart rate and workload) during incremental exercise test in treadmill (Naughton’s test). Results: At study entered 26 healthy children (13 males) with a mean age of 13.6 ± 0.13 years-old. Both the PE and heart rate (HR) increased significantly at every level of intensity during the Naughton’ test. It was observed a strong linear correlation between the PE and HR, as well as between PE and workload (speed and slope of the treadmill). All regression models were highly significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: EPInfant scale has an acceptable criterion-related validity to measure PE during an incremental exercise test on a treadmill in the studied sample of children. Future studies are needed to determine other properties of measurement in this type of exercise.

Introducción: Las escalas de esfuerzo percibido (EP) permiten cuantificar los cambios perceptuales inducidos por el estrés fisiológico durante el ejercicio. Considerando que las escalas de EP para adultos no pueden ser utilizados en niños, se construyó la escala EPInfant. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar su validez de criterio durante una prueba de ejercicio en cinta rodante. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. Se determinó validez de criterio concurrente aplicando regresión lineal entre EP y variables de intensidad de ejercicio (frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y carga de trabajo), durante la prueba de ejercicio incremental en cinta rodante (test de Naughton), en población infantil sana de la ciudad de Concepción Chile. Resultados: Se estudiaron 26 sujetos (13 varones), con una media de edad de 13,6 ± 0,13. Tanto la FC como el EP incrementaron significativamente en cada nivel de intensidad durante el test de Naughton. Se verificó correlación lineal entre el EP y FC; así como también, entre EP y carga de trabajo (velocidad e inclinación de la trotadora). Todos los modelos de regresión fueron significativos (p < 0,0001). Conclusión: La escala EPInfant posee una adecuada validez de criterio concurrente para medir EP durante el test de Naughton en la muestra estudiada. Se requieren estudios adicionales para determinar otras propiedades de medición en esta modalidad de ejercicio.

Lose to win: marT pseudogenization in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi contributed to the surV-dependent survival to H2O2, and inside human macrophage-like cells.

The difference in host range between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) can be partially attributed to the gain of functions, to the loss of functions (i.e. pseudogenization), or to a combination of both processes. As previously reported, the loss of functions by pseudogenization may play a role in bacterial evolution, especially in host-restricted pathogens such as S. Typhi. The marT-fidL operon, located at the SPI-3, encodes the MarT transcriptional regulator and a hypothetical protein (i.e. FidL) with no significant similarities to known proteins, respectively. Even though predicted S. Typhimurium FidL exhibit 99.4% identity with S. Typhi FidL, marT has been annotated as a pseudogene in S. Typhi. In this work, we found that S. Typhi expressing S. Typhimurium marT-fidL exhibited an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to a decreased survival in presence of H2O2. Moreover, we found that that the presence of a functional copy of S. Typhimurium marT-fidL in S. Typhi resulted in a repression of surV (STY4039), an ORF found in the S. Typhi SPI-3 but absent from S. Typhimurium SPI-3, that contribute to the resistance to H2O2 by decreasing the accumulation of ROS. Finally, we observed that the presence of S. Typhimurium marT-fidL in S. Typhi negatively affected the survival inside macrophage-like cells, but not in epithelial cells, after 24h post infection. Therefore, this work provides evidence arguing that marT pseudogenization in Salmonella Typhi contributed to the surV-dependent survival against H2O2, and inside human macrophage-like cells. This is a good example of how the loss of functions (marT pseudogenization) and the gain of functions (presence of surV) might contribute to phenotypic changes improving virulence.

Pseudogenization of sopA and sopE2 is functionally linked and contributes to virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.

The difference in host range between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) can be partially attributed to pseudogenes. Pseudogenes are genomic segments homologous to functional genes that do not encode functional products due to the presence of genetic defects. S. Typhi lacks several protein effectors implicated in invasion or other important processes necessary for full virulence of S. Typhimurium. SopA and SopE2, effectors that have been lost by pseudogenization in S. Typhi, correspond to an ubiquitin ligase involved in cytokine production by infected cells, and to a guanine exchange factor necessary for invasion of epithelial cells, respectively. We hypothesized that sopA and/or sopE pseudogenization contributed to the virulence of S. Typhi. In this work, we found that S. Typhi expressing S. Typhimurium sopE2 exhibited a decreased invasion in different epithelial cell lines compared with S. Typhi WT. S. Typhimurium sopA completely abolished the hypo-invasive phenotype observed in S. Typhi expressing S. Typhimurium sopE2, suggesting that functional SopA and SopE2 participate concertedly in the invasion process. Finally, the expression of S. Typhimurium sopA and/or sopE2 in S. Typhi, determined changes in the secretion of IL-8 and IL-18 in infected epithelial cells.

Dieta, estado nutricional y riesgo de cáncer / Diet, nutrition and cancer risk

El cáncer resulta de la interacción entre susceptibilidad genética y exposición ambiental; su diagnóstico está relacionado con la edad y existe un marcador que incrementa su incidencia después de los años reproductivos. Los nutrientes y la exposición a tóxicos contribuyen en forma importante al riesgo de padecer algunos cánceres. La nutrición influye en el riesgo de cáncer directamente a través de carcinógenos presentes en los alimentos o indirectamente como la respuesta hormonal y metabólica al crecimiento y la obesidad. La prevención del cáncer podría comenzar antes de la concepción, las futuras madres deben iniciar su embarazo con un peso saludable y evitar ganancia excesiva o bajo peso gestacional. Los micronutrientes son importantes para el desarrollo embriológico y crecimiento fetal. Los hábitos inadecuados en edades tempranas de la vida, la ingesta de toxinas incluidas en ciertos alimentos desencadenan mecanismos fisiopatológicos que se traducen finalmente en modificación del patrón genómico de los niños, que conlleva más tarde a la aparición de enfermedades oncológicas en la edad adulta. Recomendaciones: alimentación exclusiva con leche humana hasta los 6 meses y a partir de ese momento, incorporar alimentos complementarios adecuados; mantener un peso corporal adecuado, comer una dieta variada, incluir diariamente vegetales y frutas, incrementar la ingesta diaria de fibra, limitar la ingesta total de grasas, bebidas alcohólicas, alimentos curados con sal, ahumados y preservados con nitritos. El pediatra debe colaborar con los padres y profesores en el fomento de hábitos saludables que acompañarán a lo largo de su vida a los niños de hoy.

Cancer results from the interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. The diagnosis of cancer is related to age and there is a net increase in cancer incidence after the childbearing years. Nutrients and toxic exposures contribute significantly to the risk of some cancers. Nutrition as a determinant of growth and body development also influences cancer risk directly through carcinogens in food or indirectly as the hormonal and metabolic response to growth and obesity. Cancer prevention may begin before conception, so expectant mothers should start your pregnancy at a healthy weight and avoid excessive weight gain or low during pregnancy. Micronutrients are important for embryonic development and fetal growth. Inadequate habits at an early age of life, given by ingestion of toxins contained in certain foods trigger pathophysiological mechanisms that eventually result in modification of the genomic pattern of children, which later leads to the emergence of oncological diseases in adulthood. Children should be fed exclusively on breast milk until 6 months of age and thereafter incorporate adequate complementary foods. Suggested recommendations firmly established base are analyzed are: maintain a healthy body weight, eating a varied diet, daily include various vegetables and fruits, increase daily fiber intake, limit total fat intake, alcohol, salt-cured foods, smoked and preserved with nitrites. The pediatrician can and should work with parents and teachers in promoting healthy habits that accompany you throughout your life to the children of today.

Variables que afectan la satisfacción con la alimentación según nivel socioeconómico: un estudio exploratorio en el sur de Chile / Variables affecting food satisfaction according to socioeconomic status: an exploratory study in southern Chile

In order to identify variables that influence in food satisfaction for people belonging to different socioeconomic status (SES) in southern Chile, a survey was administered to a sample of 400 people living in the major cities of this region. The questionnaire included the SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life) scale and the IQLRH (Index of Quality of Life Related to Health). Demographic characteristics and dietary habits were also consulted. Four ordinal logit models were proposed, where the dependent variable was satisfaction with food-related life, considering the total sample and three subsamples: medium and medium-high strata (ABC1), medium-medium (C2) and medium-low (C3), low (D) and very low (E) as a whole. The four models were significant (p<0.001), but differed in the explanatory variables that were significant. Regardless of SES, satisfaction with food-related life decreases if the person does not have a good perception of their own health. Other variables that influence satisfaction with food-related life, which differed according to the SES, are related to the gender, the family composition, the time available for family dining, frequency of consumption of meat and use of fast food outlets and the restriction of alcohol consumption.

Con el objetivo de identificar variables que influyen en la satisfacción con la alimentación en personas pertenecientes a distintos niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) del sur de Chile, se aplicó una encuesta a 400 personas residentes en las principales ciudades de esta parte del país. El cuestionario incluyó la escala SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life) y el Indice de Calidad de Vida relativo a la Salud (ICVRS). Se consultaron características demográficas y hábitos alimentarios. Se plantearon cuatro modelos logit ordinales, en los cuales la variable dependiente fue la satisfacción con la alimentación, considerando la muestra total y tres submuestras: estratos alto y medio-alto (ABC1), medio-medio (C2) y en conjunto los niveles medio-bajo (C3), bajo (D) y muy bajo (E). Los cuatro modelos resultaron significativos (p<0,001), pero difirieron en las variables explicativas significativas. Independientemente del NSE, la satisfacción con la alimentación disminuye si la persona no tiene una buena auto percepción de su salud. Otras variables que influyen en la satisfacción con la alimentación, que difirieron según el NSE, corresponden al género, composición de la familia, tiempo disponible para cenar en familia, frecuencia de consumo de carne y en locales de comida rápida y, la restricción del consumo de alcohol.

Análisis multicanal de un sensor no obstructivo para la detección del Síndrome de Apnea-Hipopnea del Sueño / Multichannel Analysis of an Unobtrusive Sensor for Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Detection

Este artículo presenta un método no obstructivo para la detección del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño (SAHS). El flujo respiratorio es medido indirectamente a través de un colchón sensorizado (PBS Pressure Bed Sensor) que incluye 8 transductores de presión. Mediante la transformada de Hilbert se obtiene la amplitud instantánea de las señales respiratorias y se reduce la información a través del análisis de componentes principales (ACP). Los eventos respiratorios (ERs apneas/hipopneas) se localizan como una reducción en la amplitud instantánea resultante y se contabilizan en el índice de eventos respiratorios (IER), un índice de severidad similar al oficial apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). El PBS se analiza agrupando primero la información de pares de canales y después utilizando los 8 canales. Los IER se evalúan comparándolos con el AHI en diferentes niveles de severidad. En el diagnóstico de pacientes sanos y patológicos se obtuvo una sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud de 92%, 100% y 96% respectivamente, utilizando la información de dos u ocho canales. Con estos resultados podemos proponer el uso del PBS como una alternativa para el diagnóstico del SAHS en ambientes fuera del hospital, ya que no requiere la presencia de un clínico especialista para su uso.

This manuscript presents an unobtrusive method for sleep apneahypopnea syndrome (SAHS) detection. The airflow is indirectly measured through a sensitive mattress (Pressure Bed sensor, PBS) that incorporates multiple pressure sensors into a bed mattress. The instantaneous amplitude of each sensor signal is calculated through Hilbert transform, and then, the information is reduced via principal component analysis. The respiratory events (ERs -apneas/hypopneas) are detected as a reduction in the resulting instantaneous amplitude and accounted in the respiratory event index (IER), which is a severity indicator similar to the offcial apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). The respiratory signals extracted from PBS are analyzed first by clustering the information coming from channel pairs, and then using the eight channels. The IER performance is compared with the AHI for different severity categories. For the diagnosis of healthy and pathological patients we obtain a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 92%, 100% and 96%, respectively using two or eight PBS channels. These results suggest the possibility to propose PBS as an alternative tool for SAHS diagnosis in home environment.

The use of non-standard CT conversion ramps for Monte Carlo verification of 6 MV prostate IMRT plans.

Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation algorithms have been widely used to verify the accuracy of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) dose distributions computed by conventional algorithms due to the ability to precisely account for the effects of tissue inhomogeneities and multileaf collimator characteristics. Both algorithms present, however, a particular difference in terms of dose calculation and report. Whereas dose from conventional methods is traditionally computed and reported as the water-equivalent dose (Dw), MC dose algorithms calculate and report dose to medium (Dm). In order to compare consistently both methods, the conversion of MC Dm into Dw is therefore necessary. This study aims to assess the effect of applying the conversion of MC-based Dm distributions to Dw for prostate IMRT plans generated for 6 MV photon beams. MC phantoms were created from the patient CT images using three different ramps to convert CT numbers into material and mass density: a conventional four material ramp (CTCREATE) and two simplified CT conversion ramps: (1) air and water with variable densities and (2) air and water with unit density. MC simulations were performed using the BEAMnrc code for the treatment head simulation and the DOSXYZnrc code for the patient dose calculation. The conversion of Dm to Dw by scaling with the stopping power ratios of water to medium was also performed in a post-MC calculation process. The comparison of MC dose distributions calculated in conventional and simplified (water with variable densities) phantoms showed that the effect of material composition on dose-volume histograms (DVH) was less than 1% for soft tissue and about 2.5% near and inside bone structures. The effect of material density on DVH was less than 1% for all tissues through the comparison of MC distributions performed in the two simplified phantoms considering water. Additionally, MC dose distributions were compared with the predictions from an Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS), which employed a pencil beam convolution (PBC) algorithm with Modified Batho Power Law heterogeneity correction. Eclipse PBC and MC calculations (conventional and simplified phantoms) agreed well (<1%) for soft tissues. For femoral heads, differences up to 3% were observed between the DVH for Eclipse PBC and MC calculated in conventional phantoms. The use of the CT conversion ramp of water with variable densities for MC simulations showed no dose discrepancies (0.5%) with the PBC algorithm. Moreover, converting Dm to Dw using mass stopping power ratios resulted in a significant shift (up to 6%) in the DVH for the femoral heads compared to the Eclipse PBC one. Our results show that, for prostate IMRT plans delivered with 6 MV photon beams, no conversion of MC dose from medium to water using stopping power ratio is needed. In contrast, MC dose calculations using water with variable density may be a simple way to solve the problem found using the dose conversion method based on the stopping power ratio.

Tipologias de consumidores según el estilo de vida en relación a la alimentación: un estudio exploratorio en el sur de Chile / Consumer typology according to food-related lifestyle: an exploratory study in southern Chile

Con el objetivo de distinguir y caracterizar tipologías de consumidores en base a su estilo de vida en relación a la alimentación en forma exploratoria, se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra de 316 personas de las principales ciudades del sur del Chile. El instrumento de recogida de información incluyó una adaptación del cuestionario de estilos de vida en relación a la alimentación (FRL) y la escala SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life). Mediante análisis cluster se distinguieron tres tipologías principales. La mayoritaria (30,1%) prefiere alimentos fáciles de preparar, planifica su alimentación y mantiene sus hábitos alimentarios. La segunda (17,4%) disfruta de salir a comer fuera y de cenas con amigos en casa, pero prefieren alimentos conocidos, son planificados y constantes en sus hábitos de alimentación. La tercera tipología (14,6%) disfruta compartir con amigos una comida, pero no le gusta cocinar ni utilizar alimentos de fácil preparación. Las tipologías presentaron distinto perfil demográfico. Difirieron en la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en el hogar y en la frecuencia de comidas fuera del hogar. Se evidenciaron diferencias en la restricción de comidas y aderezos por motivos de salud y en la satisfacción con su alimentación.

With the aim of characterizing consumer typologies on the basis offood-related lifestyle in an exploratory manner, a survey was applied to a sample of 316 people in the main cities of southern Chile. The instruments for collecting data included an adaptation of the Food-related Lifestyle (FRL) questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL) scale. Three main typologies were distinguished using a cluster analysis. The majority (30.1 %) preferred easily prepared food, planned their diet and maintained their eating habits. The second group (17.4%) enjoyed eating out and dinners with friends at home, but they preferred known foods,and were programmed and constant in their eating habits. The third typology (14.6%) enjoyed sharing a meal with friends, but did not like cooking or using easy-to-prepare foods. The typologies displayed different profiles based on demographics. They differed in the food consumption frequency in the home and in the frequency of eating out. Differences were observed in the restriction of meals and dressings for health reasons and in the satisfaction with their food-related life.

Identification of signalling pathways triggered by changes in the mechanical environment in rat chondrocytes.

AIM: The aim of this work was to determine the pathways implicated in the mechanosensing of chondrocytes. METHODS: Rat chondrocytes were cultured in collagen hydrogels of different stiffness (2-20 Pa) in normoxia and hypoxia, in monolayer and embedded inside hydrogels. First, chondrocyte were cultured on hydrogels in the presence of antibodies to block integrins. Second, custom RT-PCR array plates and western blot were used to detect changes in expression of genes implicated in downstream signalling pathways. RESULTS: The results allowed us to demonstrate the mechanosensing of chondrocytes for changes in stiffness in the range of Pascals. We also identified Non-Muscle Myosin II (NMMII) and integrins α1, ß1 and ß3 as participants in the mechanosensing, since their blockade inhibits the sensing of the stiffness, and they are up-regulated in the process. RT-PCR arrays and western blot detected up-regulation of Paxillin, RhoA, Fos, Jun and Sox9. We detected no expression of Src in the monolayer cultures, but we found a role for this protein in 3D. The expression of HIF-1α was not modified under normoxia but was found to participate under hypoxia. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), showed a direct relationship with the expression of Aggrecan in hypoxia and an inverse one in normoxia. Finally, immunofluorescence analysis located the expression of factors AP-1, Sox-9 and HIF-1α inside the cell nuclei and RhoA, Src, Paxillin and FAK close to the cytoplasmic membrane. CONCLUSIONS: We determined here some of the genes that are up-regulated during the process of chondrocyte mechanosensing.

Satisfacción con la alimentación en personas mapuches de la región de la Araucania, Chile / Food-related life satisfaction in mapuches from the Araucanía region, Chile

In order to identify variables which have an influence on satisfaction with food-related life among mapuches a survey was applied to 400 mapuche subjects in the Araucanía Region. The questionnaire included the SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life) scale. It was found that 39.5% were satisfied and 332% extremely satisfied with their food-related life. A multinomial probit model was proposed in which the dependent variable was food-satisfaction, which resulted significant (p<0.01) overall. The probability of high food-related satisfaction increases as fewer people live in the subject's household, more is spent on food, children express their opinion aboutfoodstuffs, he/she consumes "catutos" (a mapuche food), aged 55 or over, not widowed, performs regular exercise, tries not to eat industrialized foods, but does not try to eat foods without additives. Food-related satisfaction in mapuche persons in the Araucanía Region is related to demographic, feeding and life-style variables.

Con el objetivo de identificar variables que influyen en la satisfacción con la alimentación en personas mapuche, se aplicó una encuesta a 400 sujetos de esta etnia en la Región de La Araucanía. El cuestionario incluyó la escala SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life). Se obtuvo que el 39,5% está satisfecho y el 33,2% extremadamente satisfecho con su alimentación. Se planteó un modelo probit multinomial en que la variable dependiente fue la satisfacción con la alimentación, el cual resultó significativo (p<0,01) en su conjunto. La probabilidad de una alta satisfacción con la alimentación aumenta en la medida que en el hogar del individuo viven menos personas, se gasta más en alimentación, los niños opinan respecto a los alimentos, consume catutos, tiene 55 años de edad o más, no es viudo, realiza regularmente ejercicio, procura no comer alimentos industrializados, pero no procura comer alimentos sin aditivos. La satisfacción con la alimentación en mapuche de La Araucanía se relaciona con variables demográficas, alimentación y estilo de vida.

Incontinencia pigmenti: a propósito de dos casos / Incontinentia pigmenti: report of two cases

La Incontinencia Pigmenti (IP) o síndrome de Bloch Sulzberger es un trastorno multisistémico neuroectodérmico, que afecta predominantemente al género femenino, cuya manifestación inicial incluye lesiones cutáneas que evolucionan por brotes. En ocasiones, se asocia a compromiso oftalmológico, neurológico y dentales parte del diagnóstico diferencial de lesiones ampollares en un neonato. Se presentan dos casos de IP diagnosticados en etapas cutáneas distintas, uno de ellos con compromiso neurológico.

Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) or Bloch Sulzberger syndrome is a neuroectodermal multisystemic disorder, that predominantly affects women, whose initial manifestation includes skin lesions that evolve by outbreaks. Sometimes, is associated with ophthalmological, neurological and dental commitment. It is part of the differential diagnosis of bullous lesions in a newborn. We present 2 cases of IP diagnosed in different skin stages and one of them with neurological involvement.

Cáncer glótico temprano: influencia del tratamiento primario en la funcionalidad de la voz / Early glottic cancer: influence of primary treatment on the performance voice

Objetivo: Describir en pacientes con cáncer glótico temprano tratado con cirugía y radioterapia, la calidad y funcionalidad de la voz. Diseño: Estudio de serie de casos. Materiales y métodos: Los parámetros objetivos de la voz fueron evaluados con análisis acústico. La funcionalidad de la voz fue evaluada con el índice de incapacidad vocal (VHI). El análisis estadístico fue realizado con SPSS 11.5 y SuperSMITHWeibull. Resultados: 12 sujetos que recibieron tratamiento para cáncer glótico temprano fueron incluidos en la muestra. El seguimiento clínico fue de 53.1 meses en promedio. El control de la enfermedad se observó en 100% de los casos, sin recaídas. El análisis acústico evaluó lafrecuencia fundamental de la voz, que fue normal en 63,6% de los casos; adicionalmente las medidas del Jitter y Shimmer fueron anormales en todos los pacientes. El valor del índice de incapacidad mostró una disfuncionalidad leve en 58,4% de los casos y normal en 41,6% de los casos. Conclusionese importancia clínica: El manejo del cáncer glótico temprano con cirugía y radioterapia resultó en una alteración de los parámetros objetivos de la voz en todos los sujetos; sin embargo, en nuestra muestra los pacientes refieren poca o ninguna disfuncionalidad en la vida diaria.

Objective: To describe on an adult population with early glottic cancer, treated with surgery and radiotherapy, the voice quality and functional outcome. Design: Case series study. Materials andMethods: Voice parameters were assessed using acoustic analysis. Voice functional outcome was evaluated with the voice handicap index (VHI). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS 11.5 and SuperSMITHWeibull. Results: 12 subjects that received treatment for early glottic cancer were included in the sample. The subjects were followed up during an average of 53.1 months. Effective control of disease without relapse was observed in 100% of the cases. The acoustic analysis assessed the fundamental frequency which was normal in 63,63% of the cases. Moreover, the mean of the Jitter and Shimmer was abnormal in the whole sample. The voice handicap index revealed a mild impairment in 58,4% of subjects, and was normal in 41,6% of cases. Conclusion and clinical significance: The management of early glottic cancer with surgery and radiotherapy resulted in alterations of objective voice parameters in the whole sample, however the patients report mild or none voice dysfunction on their daily life.

Ácidos grasos, vitamina e y rotulado nutricional de margarinas y esparcibles comercializados en Bogotá, Colombia / Fatty acids, vitamin E and nutritional labeling of margarines and spreads commercialized in Bogota, Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: en Colombia es escasa la información sobre el contenido de ácidos grasos y vitaminas en margarinas y esparcibles comercializados en el ámbito local. OBJETIVO: analizar el perfil de ácidos grasos y de vitamina E de las margarinas y esparcibles más comercializados en Bogotá, Colombia, y su situación actual de rotulado nutricional según la Resolución 0288 de 2008. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: en 2008 se realizó un conteo de caras de las margarinas y esparcibles más comercializados en supermercados de cadena de cinco localidades de Bogotá que incluyeron diferentes estratos socioeconómicos, y se escogieron las primeras diecisiete marcas comerciales y tres marcas propias para el estudio. De cada producto se tomaron y analizaron cinco repeticiones, una por localidad, entre agosto y noviembre de 2008. RESULTADOS: los ácidos grasos mayoritarios son palmítico, oleico y linoleico, y cuatro productos son fuente de ácidos grasos trans (4,4 g y 6,9 g/100 g). El contenido de vitamina E varía de 2,3 mg a 39,9 mg/100 g de producto. De 74,3% a 96,2% de los nutrientes de declaración obligatoria son efectivamente declarados en la etiqueta de los productos analizados. RESULTADOS: 91% de las margarinas y esparcibles más comercializados en cinco localidades de Bogotá en agosto de 2008 es libre de ácidos grasos trans (< 0,5 g/porción) y en promedio aportan 13% de la RDA de vitamina E/porción. Sólo 40% de los productos analizados declara todos los nutrientes de carácter obligatorio según la Resolución 0288 de 2008.

INTRODUCTION: information on the content of fatty acids and vitamins in margarines and spreads locally commercialized in Colombia is scarse. OBJECTIVE: analyze the fatty acids and vitamin E profile in margarines and spreads most commercialized in Bogotá, Colombia and its current nutritional labeling under Resolution 0288 of 2008. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a counting of labels of margarines and spreads most commercialized in chain supermarkets of five localities in Bogotá that included different socio-economical strata, was made. The first seventeen trademarks and three study brand marks were chosen for the study. Five samples by product were taken and analyzed, one by each locality, between August and November 2008. RESULTS: the majority fatty acids were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, and four products are sources of trans fatty acids (4.4 g y 6.9 g/ 100g). Vitamin E content varies from 2,3 -39,9 mg/100 g of product. 74.3% to 96.2% of the nutrients mandatory to declare, are actually declared on the label of the products tested. CONCLUSIONS: 91% of margarines and spreads most commercialized in five localities in Bogotá in August 2008 is free of trans fatty acids (<0.5 g / serving) and on average provide 13% of the RDA of vitamin E/serving. Only 40% of the products tested declares in the label all the mandatory nutrients under Resolution 0288 of 2008.

Diferencias étnicas y de aculturación en el consumo de alimentos en la Región de la Araucanía, Chile / Ethnic and acculturation differences in food consumption of the Araucania Region of Chile

In order to detect differences in consumption habits according to ethnic background and degree of acculturation in mapuche people, a survey with a sample of 400 people, stratified by ethnicity, was performed in the city of Temuco, Araucania Region. Taking the food groups covered by the Family Budget Survey in consideration, the monthly amount spend is lower in mapuche households compared to non/mapuche. Differences were observed in the consumption frequency of milk, cheese, eggs and herbal tea according to ethnicity. However, ethnic origin is strongly associated only with the consumption of herbal tea. The degree of acculturation did not reveal any differences in the consumption frequency of these foods, but acculturation is strongly associated with the consumption offish and seafood, herbal tea and soft drinks. The degree of acculturation is also strongly associated with the consumption of foods traditional to the ethnic group; bicultural mapuches have higher probability of consuming traditional foods than acculturated mapuches.

Con el objetivo de detectar diferencias en los hábitos de consumo y gasto en alimentos según la etnia del consumidor y grado de aculturación en personas mapuche, se aplicó una encuesta personal a una muestra de 400 personas, estratificada por etnia con afijacion simple, en la ciudad de Temuco, Región de La Araucanía. Considerando los grupos de alimentos que contemplan las Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares, el gasto mensual en alimentos es menor en los hogares mapuche. Según etnia se observaron diferencias en la frecuencia de consumo de leche, queso y huevos y hierba mate. No obstante, el origen étnico se asocia significativamente sólo al consumo de hierba mate. Según el grado de aculturación no se observaron diferencias en la frecuencia de consumo de estos alimentos, pero la aculturación está significativamente asociada al consumo de pescados y mariscos, hierba mate y bebidas. El grado de aculturación está significativamente asociado al consumo de alimentos tradicionales de la etnia, los mapuche biculturales tienen mayor probabilidad de consumir estos alimentos que los mapuche aculturados.

Micosis fungoides hipopigmentada: reporte de siete casos / Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides: report of seven cases

Introducción: La micosis fungoides (MF) es el linfoma cutáneo de células T más frecuente. Se presenta de diversas formas clínicas, siendo la micosis fungoides hipopigmentada una variante clínica poco común, sobre todo en población caucásica. Objetivo general: Describir los hallazgos clínicos y anatomopatológicos de la serie de pacientes con diagnóstico de MF hipopigmentada. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se analizaron todos los casos de MF hipopigmentada diagnosticados en el período 2004-2009 en tres centros de atención dermatológica. Resultados: Se describen siete pacientes con diagnóstico de MF hipopigmentada; el estudio histológico confirmó el diagnóstico en todos los casos, con un período de seguimiento de seis a 66 meses. El promedio de edad al momento del diagnóstico fue de 20,5 años. La inmunohistoquímica en todos los pacientes fue CD8 +, y seis de los siete pacientes evaluados fueron CD4 +. Cinco de los pacientes fueron manejados con PUVA, y de ellos todos lograron la remisión completa.

Introduction:: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It manifests in diverse clinical forms, and a rare variant of MF is hypopigmented mycosis fungoides. Objective: To describe clinical, pathological and immunohistochemicol findings in a group of 7 hypopigmented MF patients. Material and methods: This is a descriptive and retrospective study. We analyzed all patients with diagnosis of hypopigmented MF during the 2004-2009 period in three dermatological centers. Results: We describe 7 patients diagnosed with hypopigmented MF Histological biopsies confirmed the diagnosis in all cases. The follow-up period was 6 to 66 months. The mean age at diagnosis was 20.5 years. Immunohistochemically, all patients were CD8 + and six were CD4 +. Treatment in five cases was with PUVA, which led to complete clinical remission.

Enfermedad de Ollier: a propósito de un caso / Ollier's disease: a purpose of a acase

Enfermedad de Ollier o encondromatosis múltiple, 1 transtorno infrecuente caracterizado por masas cartilaginosas itraoseas asimétricas, 2 aparecen en la infancia no hereditaria, 3 tiene predominio unilateral principalmente manos y pies, 4 radiológicamente se observan estrías, máximas en metafisis. Existe riesgo de generación sarcomatosa a condrosarcomas (30 por ciento). Se presenta caso; femenina de 6 años con afectación de los cuatro miembros, deformidad, disfuncionalidad y dolor en las manos, limitación de actividades físicas. Se manejo con resección de encondromas en humero proximal, radio distal, F1 anular, F2 de do medio y fèmur distal del lado derecho, igualmente tibia proximal izquierda; evolucionando sin residivas y autolimitaciones de las lesiones.

Forced mild physical training-induced effects on cognitive and locomotory behavior in old mice.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of mild forced physical training on cognitive and locomotory behavior in old (26 mo.) mice. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled study. SETTING: Open-field in the behavioral laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen old sedentary male mice randomly assigned to one of two groups, exercise (E) or rest (R). INTERVENTION: group E underwent treadmill running for one month at moderate intensity (belt speed=8 m/min, 45 min, five days a week), group R was only allowed spontaneous locomotor activity. MEASUREMENTS: exploratory and locomotor behavior were evaluated in an enriched environment (Ethovision recording). RESULTS: motor patterns were significantly reduced (chi2 test, p<0.05) in the E vs R group after one month of training; exploratory patterns were not different, both groups showing modest exploratory activity. CONCLUSIONS: mild forced physical training initiated at old age may have detrimental effect on motor behavior in male mice without improving cognitive parameters.