Association between cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older from Chile: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies in Latin America have examined the association between cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive impairment (CI) in a nationally representative sample. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CI in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 60 years or older from Chile and to investigate the association between cardiovascular risk factors and CI. METHODS: Data from the cross-sectional 2016-2017 National Health Survey of Chile, which included 2031 adults (63.7% women) was used. Body mass index, metabolic syndrome (blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting glucose or treatment for diabetics, waist circumference, and HDL cholesterol), risk of cardiovascular disease (history and measured variables, using the Framingham risk score), tobacco use, and physical activity were measured. CI was assessed using the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of CI was 12.2% at the national level. Significant differences in CI were observed by age, education level, risk of cardiovascular disease, and smoking. High risk of cardiovascular disease was associated with higher odds of CI (OR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.20-3.45) compared to low risk. Smoking was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of CI (OR: 0.56; 95%CI: 0.36-0.87) compared to never smoking. Body mass index, metabolic syndrome, and physical activity were not associated with CI. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided additional support for previous findings on the relationship between cognitive decline and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Worse CI was associated with the group with the highest risk of cardiovascular disease, and the presence of lifestyle factors, such as obesity and physical inactivity, exacerbate this relationship, but not being a current smoker.

Current clinical spectrum of common variable immunodeficiency in Spain: The multicentric nationwide GTEM-SEMI-CVID registry.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) constitutes a heterogenic group of primary immunodeficiency disorders with a wide-ranging clinical spectrum. CVID-associated non-infectious morbidity constitutes a major challenge requiring a full understanding of its pathophysiology and its clinical importance and global variability, especially considering the broad clinical, genetic, and regional heterogeneity of CVID disorders. This work aimed to develop a nationwide, multicenter, retrospective study over a 3-year period describing epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, therapeutic, and prognostic features of 250 CVID patients in Spain. The mean diagnostic delay was around 10 years and most patients initially presented with infectious complications followed by non-infectious immune disorders. However, infectious diseases were not the main cause of morbimortality. Non-infectious lung disease was extraordinarily frequent in our registry affecting approximately 60% of the patients. More than one-third of the patients in our cohort showed lymphadenopathies and splenomegaly in their follow-up, and more than 33% presented immune cytopenias, especially Evans' syndrome. Gastrointestinal disease was observed in more than 40% of the patients. Among biopsied organs in our cohort, benign lymphoproliferation was the principal histopathological alteration. Reaching 15.26%, the global prevalence of cancer in our registry was one of the highest reported to date, with non-Hodgkin B lymphoma being the most frequent. These data emphasize the importance of basic and translational research delving into the pathophysiological pathways involved in immune dysregulation and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration. This would reveal new tailored strategies to reduce immune complications, and the associated healthcare burden, and ensure a better quality of life for CVID patients.

Relationship between sense of coherence and health-related behaviours in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The sense of coherence is developed through the learning process and contributes to the positioning of individuals in the health-disease continuum, facilitating successful and adaptive personal outcomes. Health-related behaviours represent a health determinant of utmost importance for public health and the development of adolescent and youth health promotion policies, as they are related to the main risk factors and problems of morbidity and mortality in our society. Previous studies have analysed the relationship between sense of coherence and only some individual health outcomes such as oral health, the relationship of sense of coherence with smoking and alcohol consumption, concluding that salutogenic factors are related to quality of life and preventive behaviours. The aim of this systematic review was to describe the relationship of sense of coherence with different health-related behaviours investigated so far in the adolescent and youth population. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out in databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and PsycInfo) and in the bibliographies of the retrieved articles, without limitation of time or language. Associations between sense of coherence and health-related behaviours have been assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1214 investigations were reviewed and 21 of them were included in this systematic review. The relationship between sense of coherence and eight health-related behaviours were identified (alcohol use, physical activity, tobacco use, eating habits, rest periods, use of illegal substances, behaviours related to oral health and time spent in games on the computer). CONCLUSIONS: Our results increase the available evidence and support the solid relationship of the sense of coherence with health behaviours both as a protective factor against risk behaviours and for its positive association with preventive and health promoting behaviours of adolescents, young adults and university students.

Integrating Clinics, Laboratory, and Imaging for the Diagnosis of Common Variable Immunodeficiency-Related Granulomatous-Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease.

Background: Granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) is a distinct clinic-radio-pathological interstitial lung disease (ILD) that develops in 9% to 30% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Often related to extrapulmonary dysimmune disorders, it is associated with long-term lung damage and poorer clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore the potential use of the integration between clinical parameters, laboratory variables, and developed CT scan scoring systems to improve the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tools. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of 50 CVID patients was conducted in a referral unit of primary immune deficiencies. Clinical variables including demographics and comorbidities; analytical parameters including immunoglobulin levels, lipid metabolism, and lymphocyte subpopulations; and radiological and lung function test parameters were collected. Baumann's GLILD score system was externally validated by two observers in high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans. We developed an exploratory predictive model by elastic net and Bayesian regression, assessed its discriminative capacity, and internally validated it using bootstrap resampling. Results: Lymphadenopathies (adjusted OR 9.42), splenomegaly (adjusted OR 6.25), Baumann's GLILD score (adjusted OR 1.56), and CD8+ cell count (adjusted OR 0.9) were included in the model. The larger range of values of the validated Baumann's GLILD HRCT scoring system gives it greater predictability. Cohen's κ statistic was 0.832 (95% CI 0.70-0.90), showing high concordance between both observers. The combined model showed a very good discrimination capacity with an internally validated area under the curve (AUC) of 0.969. Conclusion: Models integrating clinics, laboratory, and CT scan scoring methods may improve the accuracy of non-invasive diagnosis of GLILD and might even preclude aggressive diagnostic tools such as lung biopsy in selected patients.

Formação profissional em educação física: homofobia, heterossexismo e as possibilidades de mudanças na percepção dos(as) estudantes / Professional formation in physical education: homophobia, heterosexism and the possibilities of chances in student's perception / Formación profesional en educación física: homofobia, heteroseximos y las posibilidades de cambio en la percepción de los estudiantes

Objetivamos conhecer a percepção de estudantes de Educação Física acerca de comportamentos e comentários homofóbicos e heterossexistas presentes na formação profissional, identificando sugestões para torná-la mais receptiva à diversidade de sujeitos. Esta pesquisa mista contou, primeiramente, com 260 estudantes que responderam um questionário que foi analisado a partir da frequência de respostas. Na segunda etapa participaram 19, divididos em 3 grupos focais, cujo conteúdo foi transcrito e submetido a análise de conteúdo com auxílio do software QSRNVivo. Os resultados apontam que é forte a incidência de comportamentos e comentários homofóbicos e heterossexistas entre estudantes, ocorrendo sobretudo entre os homens. Afirmam que os(as) docentes reforçam ou silenciam diante dessas condutas e pouco colaboram para criar um ambiente seguro e livre de preconceitos. Para alterar esse cenário, é necessário cultivar o respeito, problematizar o currículo heteronormativo e oportunizar diferentes ações que envolvam a comunidade acadêmica

This study aimed to know the perceptions of physical education students concerning homophobic and heterosexist comments and behaviours in professional education. Also, we identified suggestions to make professional education more suitable to the diversity of subjects. This mixed research was divided into two steps. Firstly, 260 students filled a questionnaire and a descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on the results. Subsequently, 19 students participated in three focal groups. Then, the data was transcribed and the information processed using the software (QSRNVivo). Finally, a content analysis was carried out. A strong incidence of homophobic and heterosexist comments and behaviours is seen, frequently among male subjects. Furthermore, the results show that when confronted teachers were voiceless or reinforced the behaviour, consequently not collaborating to a secure and prejudice-free environment. To change this scenario, it is necessary to cultivate respect, problematize the heteronormative curriculum and opportunize different actions involving the academic community

Este estúdio objetivó conocer la percepción de los estudiantes de Educación Física sobre los comportamientos y comentarios homofóbicos y heterosexistas que se encuentran presentes en la formación profesional, identificando las propuestas para cambiarla más receptiva hacia la diversidad de personas. Esta investigación mixta contó, primeramente, con 260 estudiantes que respondieron un cuestionario que fue analizado mediante frecuencias. En la segunda etapa, 19 alumnos que fueron divididos en 3 grupos focales, cuyos datos fueron transcritos y sometidos a análisis de contenido mediante la ayuda de un software (QSRNVivo). Los resultados apuntan una fuerte incidencia de comportamientos y comentarios homofóbicos y heterosexistas entre estudiantes, principalmente entre los hombres. Afirman que los docentes refuerzan o silencian estas conductas y además colaboran poco para crear un ambiente libre de prejuicios. Para cambiar esta situación, es necesario trabajar el respeto, cuestionar el currículo heteronormativo y fomentar diferentes acciones que involucren a la comunidad académica

Metacognición y aprendizaje autónomo en la Educación Superior / Metacognition and autonomous learning in higher Education

El estudiante universitario debe desarrollar habilidades que le permitan su auto educación; para lo cual, este requiere apropiarse de estrategias que faciliten su aprendizaje autónomo y formación del pensamiento crítico. La monografía que se presenta brinda un análisis bibliográfico con el objetivo de ofrecer una aproximación epistemológica al rol del autoaprendizaje y la metacognición en la Educación Superior.

The college student must develop skills that allow for self-education; there for, it requires the appropriation of strategies that facilitate their autonomous learning and the formation of critical thinking. The presented monograph offers a bibliographical analysis with the aim of offering an epistemological approach to the role of self-learning and metacognition in Higher Education.

Prognostic Factors of Death in 151 Adults With Hemophagocytic Syndrome: Etiopathogenically Driven Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the etiologies and clinical features at diagnosis of patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and correlate these baseline features with survival using an etiopathogenically guided multivariable model. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Spanish Group of Autoimmune Diseases HLH Study Group, formed in 2013, is aimed at collecting adult patients with HLH diagnosed in internal medicine departments between January 3, 2013, and October 28, 2017. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 151 patients (91 men; mean age, 51.4 years). After a mean follow-up of 17 months (range, 1-142 months), 80 patients died. Time-to-event analyses for death identified a worse survival curve for patients with neoplasia (P<.001), mixed microbiological infections (P=.02), and more than 1 infection (P=.01) and glucocorticoid monotherapy (P=.02). According to univariate analyses, platelets of less than 100,000/mm3 (hazard ratio [HR], 3.39; 95% CI, 1.37-8.40), leukopenia (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.01-3.23), severe hyponatremia (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.02-2.54), disseminated intravascular coagulation (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.05-3.34), bacterial infection (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.09-3.63), mixed microbiological infections (HR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.38-8.46), and 2 or more infectious triggers (HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.43-6.08) were significantly associated with death. In contrast, peripheral adenopathies (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.40-0.98) and the immunosuppressive drug/intravenous immunoglobulin/biological therapies (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.20-0.96) were protective against all-cause mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis identified 2 or more infectious triggers (HR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.28-7.68) as the only variable independently associated with death. CONCLUSION: The mortality rate of adult patients diagnosed with HLH exceeds 50%. Infection with more than 1 microbiological agent was the only independent variable associated with mortality irrespective of the underlying disease, epidemiological profile, clinical presentation, and therapeutic management.

No cumplir con las recomendaciones de actividad física se asocia a mayores niveles de obesidad, diabetes, hipertensión y síndrome metabólico en población chilena / Association of physical inactivity with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the chilean population

Background: Physical inactivity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Aim: To investigate the association of physical inactivity with obesity, metabolic markers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 5,157) were included in this study. Body mass index, waist circumference, metabolic markers (blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile) were the outcomes. Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were determined using international criteria. Physical activity levels were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and physical inactivity was defined as < 600 METs/minutes/week. Results: Compared to their physically active peers, inactive men and women had a higher odds ratio (OR) for obesity (OR: 1.77 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.29-2.42], p < 0.01 and 1.25 [95% CI: 102-1.54], p < 0.035, respectively), diabetes (OR: 2.47 [1.80-3.38], p < 0.01 and 1.72 [1.35-2.19], p = 0.002, respectively) and hypertension (OR: 1.66 [1.31-2.09], p < 0.01 and 1.83 [1.54-2.18] respectively. An association of physical inactivity with central obesity and metabolic syndrome was observed only in men (OR: 1.92 [1.42- 2.58], p < 0.01 and 1.74 [1.23-2.47], p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: Not meeting the physical activity recommendations is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome, which are important cardiovascular risk factors.

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genetic variation in North African populations: a comparison with African and European data.

BACKGROUND: Genetic variation in glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) is crucial in drug metabolism and risk of some diseases. AIM: To examine genetic variation in UGT in North African populations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Allele frequencies of SNPs UGT1A424Thr, UGT1A448Val, UGT2B1585Tyr, UGT2B15523Thr and UGT2B17 CNV deletion from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya were compared to European and Sub-Saharan populations. RESULTS: North Africans are the group with the highest genetic heterogeneity given by internal differences in the occurrence of UGT2B17 deletion, UGT1A448Val and UGT1A4 haplotypes. UGT2B15 SNPs differentiate Sub-Saharans from the rest of the populations. CONCLUSION: North African populations show a high frequency of carriers of UGT2B15523Thr, a variant linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer. High Atlas Moroccans and Algerians show low frequency of UGT2B17del, a variant associated with high concentrations of testosterone and oestradiol.

Higher levels of self-reported sitting time is associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes independent of physical activity in Chile.

Background: Sitting behaviours have increased markedly during the last two decades in Chile. However, their associations with health outcomes such as diabetes have not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the independent association of self-reported sitting time with diabetes-related markers and diabetes prevalence in Chile. Methods: This cross-sectional study included participants (aged ≥18 years) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 4457). Fasting glucose and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured by standardized protocols. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) was determined using WHO criteria. Physical activity (PA) and time spent sitting were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Results: The odds ratio for T2D was 1.10 [95% CI: 1.04-1.16, P = 0.002] and 1.08 [1.02-1.14, P = 0.002] per 1 h increase in sitting time in men and women, respectively, independent of age, education, smoking, BMI and total PA. Overall, prevalence of T2D was 10.2 and 17.2% in individuals classified in the lowest and highest categories of sitting time, respectively. No significant associations were found between sitting time and glucose or HbA1c. Conclusions: Sitting time is positively associated with diabetes risk, independent of socio-demographic, obesity and PA levels, in the Chilean population.

Plan de acciones dirigido a las estrategias de auto aprendizaje en estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería / An action plan aimed at self-learning strategies in student in the first semester of the Nursing major

Introducción: la formación profesional en las ciencias de la salud requiere del logro de competencias que propicien el aprender a aprender, para lo cual se precisa desarrollar la autonomía cognoscitiva de los estudiantes. Objetivo: evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes con un plan de acciones dirigido a mejorar sus estrategias de aprendizaje autónomo. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio preexperimental donde se trabajó con toda la población, compuesta por 33 estudiantes del primer semestre de la carrera de Enfermería, de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Ecuador, durante el período académico octubre 2015-febrero 2016. El método Delphi se utilizó para validar el cuestionario aplicado y el diseño del plan de acciones. La aplicación de la técnica de Iadov sirvió para determinar los índices de satisfacción grupal e individual de los estudiantes en relación con el plan de acciones ejecutado. Resultados: el 93,94 por ciento respondió que sí le gusta estudiar, pero la mayoría consideró no estar preparado para asumir su propio aprendizaje. Solo el 30,30 por ciento de los individuos investigados ingresó a la carrera de Enfermería guiado por la vocación. Conclusiones: se identificaron deficiencias relativas a hábitos y técnicas de auto aprendizaje relacionadas con la lectura, la planificación, los procedimientos, la profundidad de análisis de los tópicos y el trabajo grupal. El índice de satisfacción grupal quedó en la categoría satisfactorio, mientras que en el individual prevaleció la de clara satisfacción(AU)

Introduction: Professional training in health sciences requires the achievement of competences that encourage learning how to learn, for which it is necessary to develop the students' cognitive autonomy. Objectives: To assess the students' satisfaction with an action plan aimed at improving their autonomous learning strategies. Methods: A pre-experimental study was developed in which the entire population was studied, made up by 33 students of the first semester of the Nursing major from the National University of Chimborazo, Ecuador, during the academic period October 2015-February 2016. The Delphi method was used to validate the applied questionnaire and for the design of the action plan. The Iadov technique was used to determine the indexes of group and individual satisfaction of the students in relation to the executed plan of actions. Results: 93.94 percent answered that they do like to study, but the majority considered not being ready to assume their own learning. Only 30.30 percent of the investigated individuals entered the Nursing major guided by self-vocation. Conclusions: We identified deficiencies related to habits and self-learning techniques related to reading, planning, procedures, deepening into topic analysis and group work. The group's satisfaction index remained in the satisfactory category, while in the individual group the satisfaction index prevailed(AU)

Efectos de la actividad física sobre la asociación entre obesidad y diabetes mellitus tipo 2: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 / The association between adiposity and diabetes is modified by physical activity

Background Physical inactivity and obesity are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aim To investigate whether if the association between obesity and diabetes is modified by levels of physical activity in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Cross-sectional study including 4,712 participants from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey. Diabetes was determined when participants referred having the disease or had a fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl. Physical activity level was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between diabetes, obesity and physical activity was determined using logistic regression analysis. Results Compare to active and normal weight subjects (reference group), the risk for T2D was higher in active individuals with overweight (Odds ratio (OR): 2.85 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.76- 4.61] p < 0.01). The risk among inactive but normal weight participants (OR: 2.12 [95% CI: 1.49- 3.01], p < 0.01) was of lower magnitude and was even higher among inactive and overweight individuals (OR: 3.22 [95% CI: 2.10 - 4.93], p < 0.01). Similar results were found for obesity and central obesity. Conclusions Individuals who are physically inactive and have a high adiposity level have an increased risk for T2D compared to active individuals with normal BMI.

Factores asociados a inactividad física en Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 / Correlates of physical inactivity: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010

Background: Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To identify factors associated with physical inactivity in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the Chilean Health Survey (5,133 individuals) were included in this study. Physical activity was measured using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET. min.week−1 of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of physical inactivity. Results: The main finding of this study were that women (odds ratio (OR): 1.51 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-1.72]) were more likely to be inactive compared to men and that older adults were more likely to be inactive than their younger or middle age counterparts (OR: 3.06 [95% CI: 2.45-3.82]). Other correlates of physical inactivity were individuals with obesity (OR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.20-1.70]), diabetes (OR: 1.96 [95% CI: 1.61-2.38]), hypertension (OR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.50-1.97]), metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.42 [95% IC: 1.18-1.70]), a low education level (OR: 1.26 [95% CI: 1.06-1.49]) and higher levels of sedentary behavior (OR: 2.77 [95% CI: 2.36-3.25]). Conclusions: Women, older people and sedentary subjects with chronic non-transmissible conditions are at higher risk of being physically inactive.

Cytochrome and sulfotransferase gene variation in north African populations.

AIM: To describe the diversity of four cytochrome and four sulfotransferase polymorphisms in six north African samples. Scarce data have been compiled for these samples despite the rich genetic background of north African populations. MATERIALS & METHODS: CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A4*17, CYP3A4*3, CYP3A5*3, SULT1A1*2, SULT1A2*2, SULT1A2*3 and SULT1E1*2 polymorphisms were explored in 556 individuals from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. RESULTS: Allele frequencies in our samples largely exceeded the variation ranges described for European populations, especially for CYP3A4*1B, SULT1A1*2 and SULT1A2*3. CONCLUSION: North African populations are heterogeneous, genetically diverse and show a considerable sub-Saharan African contribution for markers associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and with differential drug metabolism.

Population variation of LIN28B in the Mediterranean: Novel markers for microgeographic discrimination.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine whether the LIN28B gene is differentially distributed in the Mediterranean region through the analysis of the allele distribution of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely rs7759938, rs314277, and rs221639, in 24 populations. These SNPs have been recently related to the age at menarche, pubertal height growth, peripubertal body mass index, levels of prenatal testosterone exposure, and cancer survival. METHODS: A total of 1,197 DNA samples were genotyped. The allele frequencies were used to determine the relationship between populations, with data from the 1000 Genomes Project being used for external comparisons. The genotype distributions and the population structure between populations and groups of populations were determined. RESULTS: The population results indicate a significant degree of variation (FST = 0.043, P < 0.0001). Allele frequencies show significant differences among populations. A hierarchical variance analysis is consistent with a primary differentiation between populations on the North and South coasts of the Mediterranean. This difference is especially evident in the unexpected distribution of the SNP rs221639, which shows one of the highest FST (11.5%, P < 0.0001) values described in the Mediterranean region thus far. CONCLUSION: The population differentiation and the structuring of the genetic variance, in agreement with previous studies, indicate that the SNPs in question are good tools for the study of human populations, even at a microgeographic level. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:905-912, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Efectos de la actividad física en la morfología de mujeres / Effects of physical activity on women's morphology

Objetivo Analizar el efecto de 12 semanas de actividad física en la morfología de las mujeres inscritas en el programa de salud familiar de la ciudad de Patos, Paraíba - Brasil. Durante estas semanas se aplicaron diferentes programas de actividad física. Métodos Investigación cuasi experimental, en la cual fueron analizadas 28 mujeres, voluntarias, con edades entre 42 y 56 años, divididas en los grupos: G1 (n=15, actividades lúdicas) y G2 (n=13, actividad de danza). Para el análisis de datos se empleó la prueba t student para muestras independientes con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados La comparación de las variables de la composición corporal no mostró diferencia entre los grupos. Sin embargo, cuando se comparan los momentos pre y post, se observa que los dos programas de actividad física distintos producen modificaciones significativas en la morfología de las mujeres. Conclusión Los resultados obtenidos indican que los programas de actividad física aplicados producen modificaciones significativas en la morfología de las mujeres. Por otro lado, se considera que podría ser buena la comparación de un programa de ejercicio físico y de actividades físicas lúdicas y sus efectos en la morfología de mujeres.(AU)

Objective To analyze the effect of 12 weeks of physical activity on the morphology of the women enrolled in the Family Health Program in the city of Patos, Paraíba, Brazil. During these weeks, different physical activity programs were applied. Methods A quasi-experimental study, in which 28 women were analyzed. All were volunteers, aged between 42 and 56 years and divided into groups: G1 (n=15, recreational activities) and G2 (n=13, dance activities). For data analysis, the Student t-test for independent samples was used with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The comparison of body composition variables showed no difference between the two groups. However, when the pre- and post-exercise moments are compared, it is seen that the two different physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. Conclusion The results indicate that the applied physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. On the other hand, we consider that the comparison between a physical exercise program and recreational physical activity program and their effects on the morphology of women could be good.(AU)

[EFFECT OF A HEALTHY EATING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION PROGRAM ON CHILHOOD OBESITY]. / EFECTO DE UN PROGRAMA DE ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y ALIMENTACIÓN SALUDABLE APLICADO A HIJOS Y PADRES PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE LA OBESIDAD INFANTIL.

BACKGROUND: interventions aiming to develop healthy lifestyle behaviours at early age could be an effective way of reducing childhood obesity. AIMS: to evaluate the effect of a dietary and physical activity intervention on reducing childhood obesity. METHODS: 312 students took part on this 5 month intervention study. The intervention included dietary talk delivered to children and their parents in addition to 45 minutes of daily physical activity modules. Nutritional status was assessed using the Obesity Task Force criteria. Changes in dietary behaviours and physical activity were assessed using questionnaires administrated to the parents. RESULTS: body mass index decreased significantly post intervention (-0.2 kg.m-2), however, this reduction was driven by boys (-0.3 kg.m-2). Similarly, waist circumference shows a significant reduction in boys (-0.4 cm) but not girls. Children with overweight or obesity shows greater reductions in obesity-related traits, which were related to changes in dietary and physical activity post interventions. CONCLUSIONS: multidisciplinary interventions applied to children between 5 and 7 years old are effective on reducing body mass index and improving dietary and physical activity behaviours in overweight and obese children.

Introducción: las intervenciones orientadas a la formación de estilos de vida saludable en edades tempranas podría ser una herramienta eficaz para reducir los niveles de obesidad en escolares. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de una intervención en alimentación y actividad física (AF) en la reducción de la obesidad en escolares. Métodos: un total de 312 escolares participaron en esta intervención, la cual se aplicó durante cinco meses. Se desarrollaron talleres para la familia y los niños con material educativo basado en guías alimentarias chilenas, en conjunto con 45 minutos diarios de AF. El estado nutricional fue evaluado con el International Obesity Task Force. Los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física fueron evaluados mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios. Resultados: el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) disminuyó significativamente post intervención (-0,2 kg.m-2); al analizar estos resultados por sexo, solo los varones presentaron una reducción significativa (-0,3 kg.m-2). Resultados similares fueron observados para el perímetro de la cintura en varones (-0,4 cm). No obstante, al analizar el efecto de la intervención en aquellos escolares con sobrepeso u obesidad preintervención se observaron cambios significativos en el IMC, los cuales fueron asociados a cambios en la alimentación y los niveles de actividad física. Conclusiones: las intervenciones multidisciplinarias aplicadas a escolares del primer ciclo de enseñanza básica son efectivas a la hora de reducir los niveles de IMC e incrementar los niveles de actividad física y la calidad de la alimentación en escolares con sobrepeso u obesidad.

Eficacia de un programa de actividad física y alimentación saludable en escolares chilenos / Effectiveness of a physical activity and a healthy eating program for chilean students / Eficácia dum programa de atividad física e alimentação saúdavel i crianças chilenos

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la eficacia de un programa de actividad física y alimentación saludable en escolares chilenos. Materiales y Métodos: Se trabajó con ocho Centros Educativos de Chillán, con un total de 257 niños. La intervención se aplicó durante 5 meses, se desarrollaron talleres durante las reuniones de padres y apoderados con material educativo, a los niños se les incorporaron 45 minutos diarios de AF todos los días de la semana y talleres saludables. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron dos cuestionarios, uno sobre actividad física y el segundo sobre frecuencia alimentaria, además se utilizaron una balanza digital y un tallímetro para obtener estado nutricional. Se midieron peso, talla y se calculó Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y el estado nutricional. Resultados: Después de la intervención el porcentaje de la muestra que presentaba exceso de peso disminuyó de 50,2% a 42% en general; en cuanto a las niñas, estas presentaban un 47% de exceso de peso, finalizada la intervención el porcentaje de niñas con exceso de peso disminuyó hasta un 35,9%, quedando en 64,1% los casos en estado normal; en cuanto a la calidad alimentaria, los resultados postintervención muestran que la baja calidad alimentaria disminuyó de un 28% a 5,4%, los que tenían media pasaron de 10,9% a 17,9%, de la misma forma la calidad alta aumentó de un 61,1% a 76,7%. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que programas para reducir la obesidad infantil, que son abordados con actividad física y talleres de alimentación saludable, logran resultados positivos.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a physical activity in a healthy eating program for Chilean students. Materials and Methods: The investigation was carried out with eight educational centers in Chillán with a total of 257 children. The intervention was applied for 5 months. Workshops were held during parents and guardians meetings with educational material, and children worked 45 minutes AF daily every day of the week and attended health workshops. The instruments used were two questionnaires, one about physical activity and the other about food frequency; besides, a digital scale and a stadiometer were used to obtain the nutritional state. Weight and height were measured and also the BMI and nutritional state were measured. Results: After the intervention the percentage of the sample that presented overweight diminished from 50.2% to 42% in general. Regarding the girls, they presented 47% overweight and when the intervention finished the percentage of overweight girls diminished to a 35.9% being 64.1% the cases in a normal state. As for food quality, it diminished from 28% to 5.4%; those who had a media went from 10.9 to 17.9, and in the same way, high quality increased from a 61.1% to 76,7%. Conclusions: The results show that programs to reduce child obesity which are dealt with physical activity and food workshops have good results.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a eficácia de um programa de atividade física e alimentação saudável em crianças da escola chilena. Materiais e Métodos: Trabalhou se com oito Centros de Educação de Chillán, com um total de 257 crianças. A intervenção se aplicou durante 5 meses, desenvolveram se oficinas educativas durante as reuniões de pais com material educativo, às crianças se lhes ensinou por 45 minutos diários de AF todos os dias da semana e atividades saudáveis. Os instrumentos utilizados foram dois questionários, um sobre atividade física e o segundo sobre freqüência alimentaria, além se utilizaram uma balança digital e uma vara de medição (tallímetro) para obter estado nutricional. Mediu se peso tamanho e calculou se o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) Resultados: Após da intervenção a porcentagem da mostra que apresentava excesso de peso diminuiu de 50,2% a 42% em geral; no tocante as meninas, estas apresentavam um 47% de excesso de peso, finalizava a intervenção a porcentagem de meninas com excesso de peso diminuiu até um 35,9% ficando em 64,1% os casos em estado normal; com respeito à qualidade alimentaria diminuiu de 28% a 5,4%, os que tinham media passaram de 10,9% a 17,9%, da mesma forma a qualidade alta aumentou dum 61,1% a 76,7%. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que programas para reduzir a obesidade infantil, que são abordados com atividade física e oficinas de alimentação saudável, logram resultados positivos.

Las niñas también quieren jugar: la participación conjunta de niños y niñas en actividades físicas no organizadas en el contexto escolar / As meninas também querem brincar: a participaçao conjunta de meninos e meninas em atividades físicas näo organizadas no contexto escolar / Also want girls play: participation of children in organized physical activity in the context no school

Presentamos un estudio empírico descriptivo realizado con 250 participantes de 6º de Educación Primaria (EP), 130 niñas y 120 niños de cuatro centros escolares españoles con distintas características, aplicándose una encuesta de 10 ítems para comprender las barreras que encuentran las chicas para la realización de actividad física (AF) y deporte, en su tiempo de ocio escolar. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias de género a la hora de practicar juegos y deportes, aunque se está produciendo un cambio de conducta que hace que chicos y chicas se agrupen con mayor frecuencia para la realización de AF y deportes

Apresentamos um estudo empírico descritivo realizado com 250 participantes do sexto ano da Educação Primária (EP), 130 meninas e 120 meninos de quatro centros escolares espanhóis com diferentes características, aplicando-se uma enquete de 10 itens para compreender os obstáculos que encontram as meninas na realização de atividade física (AF) e esporte no tempo de lazer escolar. Os resultados indicam que existem diferenças de gênero na hora de praticar jogos e esportes, ainda que se apresentem mudanças de conduta que fazem que meninos e meninas se agruparem com maior frequência para realizar atividades físicas e esportes

We present a descriptive empirical study carried out with 250 pupils belonging to 6th of Primary Education (EP), 130 girls and 120 boys, from four schools with different characteristics to which there is applied a survey of 10 questions with the aim of understanding the barriers that girls find when they are accomplishing physical activities (AF), during their leisure time out of school. The results show the difference of gender exists when practising games and sport, though a change of conduct is taking place, since children and girls every time share more the accomplishment of physical and sports activities. The ways of playing and playing sports, are very interrelated with socio-cultural environment