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ABSTRACT Purpose: to characterize the practices of speech-language-hearing pathologists in Chile, regarding speech perception assessment in children and adolescents. Methods: an exploratory cross-sectional study carried out using a self-administered online survey to investigate knowledge and quantify trends in the practice of speech perception assessment, based on six focus groups with speech-language-hearing pathologists. The instrument was disseminated through the researchers' social media and contact networks. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: a total of 121 people responded to the survey, all of them being speech-language-hearing pathologists. These professionals, in Chile, highly value speech perception in child development, however, a large percentage of them do not assess it. Those who carry it out, reported a wide range of assessment practices. Conclusion: the results highlight the need for standardizing certain speech-language-hearing methods and the importance of understanding the assessment strategies in use to point out opportunities to improve both the assessment and subsequent therapeutic processes.
RESUMEN Objetivo: caracterizar las prácticas de los profesionales de la Fonoaudiología en Chile en torno a la evaluación de la percepción del habla en niños, niñas y adolescentes. Métodos: se realizó un estudio exploratorio de diseño transversal mediante una encuesta online autoadministrada diseñada para indagar en los saberes y cuantificar tendencias en la práctica de la evaluación de la percepción del habla. La encuesta fue confeccionada en base a seis grupos focales realizados con profesionales fonoaudiólogos. La difusión del instrumento se realizó a través de redes sociales y redes de contacto de los investigadores. El análisis estadístico realizado fue de carácter descriptivo. Resultados: un total de 121 personas respondieron la encuesta, todos profesionales de la Fonoaudiología. Los profesionales de la Fonoaudiología en Chile otorgan un alto valor a la percepción del habla en el desarrollo infantil, no obstante, un gran porcentaje no la evalúa. Aquellos profesionales que lo realizan, revelan una amplia diversidad en las prácticas evaluativas. Conclusión: los resultados permiten visibilizar la necesidad de estandarizar ciertos métodos fonoaudiológicos y resaltar la importancia de comprender las estrategias evaluativas en uso para señalar oportunidades de mejora tanto en la evaluación como en los posteriores procesos terapéuticos.
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Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery, but the mechanism behind this complication is still not fully understood. Despite the advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care, the complication rates have remained steady. Recently, it has been suggested that colon microbiota may be involved in the development of complications after colorectal surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of gut microbiota in the development of colorectal AL and their possible virulence strategies to better understand the phenomenon. Using 16S rRNA sequencing of samples collected on the day of surgery and the sixth day following surgery, we analyzed the changes in tissue-associated microbiota at anastomotic sites created in a model of rats with ischemic colon resection. We discovered a trend for lower microbial diversity in the AL group compared to non-leak anastomosis (NLA). There were no differences in relative abundance in the different types of microbial respiration between these groups and the high abundance of the facultative anaerobic Gemella palaticanis is a marker species that stands out as a distinctive feature.
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RELEVANCIA: La pandemia por COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) se origina en diciembre de 2019. En Chile, a la fecha se han reportado 13.037 fallecidos con un enorme costo y esfuerzo asistencial, siendo limitada aun la evidencia en Chile acerca de esta enfermedad. OBJETIVOS: Describir el perfil clínico y ventilatorio de los pacientes con COVID-19 que requirieron manejo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en un Hospital Terciario de la Región Metropolitana. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Se extrajeron los datos de 64 pacientes ingresados entre el 24 de Marzo y el 15 de Mayo de 2020 en la UCI del Hospital Ramón Barros Luco Trudeau en el Sector Sur de la Región Metropolitana. Los resultados primarios en el estudio fueron Mortalidad en UCI, Mortalidad Intrahospitalaria y Mortalidad a 28 días. RESULTADOS: La mortalidad en UCI fue del 20%, existiendo una asociación entre Hipertensión Arterial y Enfermedad más Grave. La obesidad se asoció con mayores días UCI. En cuanto al soporte ventilatorio, 75% de los pacientes requirió apoyo con VMI al ingreso. Existe un perfil de mejor Compliance pulmonar y bajo potencial de reclutamiento durante la primera semana. Sin embargo, entre el 7mo. y 14vo día de enfermedad existe una rápida progresión hacia menor compliance pulmonar en cierto grupo de pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: Los casos más graves de COVID-19 se dan en pacientes de avanzada edad, hipertensos y obesos, con un aumento significativo en mortalidad cuando asociaron enfermedad renal crónica sobre todo en hemodiálisis. La progresión hacia deterioros severos de la elastancia pulmonar probablemente constituyen el signo ominoso de la enfermedad.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal/estatística & dados numéricos , Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , COVID-19/terapia , Hospitais Públicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Respiração Artificial/estatística & dados numéricos , Oxigenação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Distribuição por Idade , APACHE , Escores de Disfunção Orgânica , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/mortalidadeRESUMO
ABSTRACT Purpose: to describe at which age do speech and language therapists consider the / l /, / ɾ /, / r / phonemes should be acquired; to describe the criteria used by speech and language therapists to consider a phoneme as acquired; and to investigate the diagnostic criteria used by these professionals. Methods: this is an analytical cross-sectional study in which an online questionnaire was completed by 151 speech and language therapists from the Metropolitan region of Chile. The questionnaire included questions regarding the aims of this study. Results: around a 30% of respondents considered the /l/ phoneme to be acquired between 3,6-4,6 years, a 72% agreed on the /ɾ/ phoneme to be acquired from 4,0 to 4,11 and a 40% declared the acquisition of the /r/ phoneme between 5,6-5,11. When determining a phoneme as acquired, a 46.3% of interviewees referred to do it only when it was produced always and a 30% declared to consider as such when produced more than 50% of the times. When exposed to a real case, respondents provided three different diagnostic options. Conclusion: results showed a wide age range in which speech and language therapists consider the lateral and rhotic phonemes to be acquired, showing no consensus. There are diverse criteria to determine when each phoneme is acquired. Similarly, different opinions were evidenced regarding when a disorder would be defined as phonologic or articulatory.
RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la edad en que consideran que deben estar adquiridos los fonemas / l /, / ɾ /, / r /; describir el criterio que utilizan fonoaudiólogos para considerar un fonema adquirido; e indagar sobre los criterios diagnósticos que utilizan estos profesionales. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico mediante un cuestionario validado, presentado de manera online, a 151 fonoaudiólogos de la Región Metropolitana de Chile, con preguntas referidas a los objetivos presentados. Resultados: aproximadamente un 30% de los encuestados consideró que el fonema /l/ se adquiría entre 3,6-4,6 años, /ɾ/ entre 4,0-4,11 un 72% y /r/ entre 5,6-5,11 un 40%. El 46,3% considera que un fonema está adquirido cuando se dice siempre y un 30% cuando lo dice más del 50% de las veces. Ante el relato de un caso, los encuestados eligieron tres opciones diagnósticas diferentes Conclusión: se observa que existe una amplia variedad de rango etario en la que los fonoaudiólogos creen que deben adquirirse los fonemas lateral y róticos no encontrándose un consenso. Existe una alta variedad de criterios respecto a cuándo considerar un fonema como adquirido. También existen distintas concepciones sobre cuándo un trastorno se considerará articulatorio o fonológico.
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In 2004, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) published a Grade D recommendation for both testicular self-examination (TSE) and clinical evaluation to screen for testicular cancer in asymptomatic males. This review committee reaffirmed these recommendations in 2009 and again in 2011 (Testicular Cancer: Screening Release Date: April 2011. Final Update Summary: Testicular Cancer: Screening. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. September 2016). The 2011 USPSTF review found no significant evidence that would warrant a change from the last full review in 2004. We believe that the USPSTF erred in its assessments. As acknowledged in the task force report, testicular cancer is not believed to be preventable, and treatment of early detected testicular cancer is generally associated with very favorable outcomes; it is our belief therefore that every encouragement should be given to early detection. We are therefore requesting that the USPSTF review the D rating for testicular examination, both in a clinical setting and as self-examination. We are requesting this, as recent studies and public health warrant a change in grade. The new studies build on earlier studies that support the benefits of regular screening by individuals and their physicians. Further, and equally important, we believe that the current grade and attendant information confuses men and boys about the importance of self-care and wellness and continues to inadvertently reinforce negative cultural attitudes. We believe that adjusting the rating to a Grade B is both warranted and necessary.
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Detecção Precoce de Câncer/normas , Neoplasias Embrionárias de Células Germinativas/diagnóstico , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/organização & administração , Autoexame/normas , Neoplasias Testiculares/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Comitês Consultivos , Humanos , Masculino , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess and compare the prevalence of prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) identified using the Beers and STOPP criteria; and to determine the clinical variables related with the prescription of PIMs in older adults. METHODS: An observational study of 250 patients aged 65 years or older was conducted in a large teaching hospital. Beers (2012) and STOPP (2008) criteria were utilized to identify PIMs. Data on age, sex, admission and discharge dates, diagnoses, and medications prescribed were obtained from medical records. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine patient variables related with the prescription of PIMs. KEY FINDINGS: Using Beers criteria, 375 PIMs were identified in 198 patients. 32% of these patients were prescribed one PIM, 20% were prescribed two PIMs, and 48% were prescribed more than two PIMs. Using STOPP criteria, 148 PIMs were identified in 120 patients. 41% of these patients were prescribed one PIM, 51% were prescribed two PIMs, and 8% were prescribed more than two PIMs. An association between PIM prescribing and polypharmacy was detected with both criteria. After adjusting for confounding variables, the prescription of Beers-identified PIMs was significantly associated with patients older than 80 (OR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.13-7.89) and with length of hospital stay of more than 15days (OR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.20-6.44). CONCLUSION: These two criteria showed that the prescription of PIMs is prevalent in hospitalized elderly patients. It may be beneficial to educate healthcare teams about these criteria to reduce the prescription of PIMs.
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Doença Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Prescrição Inadequada/prevenção & controle , Polimedicação , Lista de Medicamentos Potencialmente Inapropriados/organização & administração , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Introducción: el síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño infantil se asocia a numerosos resultados adversos a nivel cognitivo y conductual. El factor de riesgo más comúnmente identificado para presentar síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño es la hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana, para el cual el tratamiento primario es la adenoamigdalectomía. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la adenoamigdalectomía temprana versus la conducta expectante, en lo que respecta a factores cognitivos, conductuales, calidad de vida y sueño, en niños con síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño. Pacientes y método: se analiza críticamente el artículo de Marcus (2013), estudio multicéntrico, enmascarado simple, aleatorizado, controlado, en siete centros de estudio del sueño. Resultados: en un seguimiento a siete meses, la proporción de remisión espontánea en el grupo control de parámetros polisomnográficos sugiere que 46 por ciento de los niños revierten espontáneamente las alteraciones, efecto que se observó en 79 por ciento de los niños en el grupo intervenido. Conclusión de los revisores: la cirugía adenoamigdaliana para el tratamiento de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en escolares no mejora significativamente la atención o la función ejecutiva, pero sí mejora algunos desenlaces de comportamiento, calidad de vida y variables polisomnográficas. Sin embargo, esta mejoría se aprecia en una alta proporción de niños que no recibieron el tratamiento, mejoría principalmente evidenciada en las variables polisomnográficas. Por lo tanto, no sería un requisito indispensable el realizar esta cirugía para revertir dicho cuadro clínico.
Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children is associated with numerous adverse cognitive and behavioral consequences. The most common risk factor identified for OSAHS is tonsillar enlargement, and primary treatment is adenotonsillectomy. Aim. To compare the efficacy of early adenotonsillectomy versus watchful waiting, on cognitive, behavioral, quality of life and sleep outcomes in children with OSAHS. Patients and Methods. We critically appraised the Marcus (2013) article, a multicenter, single masked, randomized, controlled study in seven sleep centers. Results. After a seven month follow-up, the rate of spontaneous remission in polysomnographic parameters control group shows that 46 percent of children spontaneously revert untoward outcomes, compared to 79 percent of children in the intervention group. Reviewers conclusion. Adenotonsillar surgery for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in school-age children does not significantly improve attention or executive function, but it does improve some behavioral outcomes, quality of life, and polysomnographic variables. However, this improvement was also observed in a high proportion of children who received no treatment, mainly regarding polysomnographic variables. Thus surgery does not appear to be necessary to reduce symptoms.
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Criança , Adenoidectomia/métodos , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Síndromes da Apneia do Sono/cirurgia , Tonsilectomia/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The aim of this study was analyze the use of restricted antibiotics by patients hospitalized between 2004 and 2008 in Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital in Concepcion. Also we attempted to identify possible correlations between antibiotic consumption and patterns of bacterial susceptibility. We performed a retrospective observational study that quantified the use of restricted antibiotics using DDD/100-bed-days, and cumulative susceptibility reports informed by the hospital's microbiology laboratory for bacterial susceptibility. The consumption of restricted antibiotics significantly increased between 2004 and 2008 (35%, p = 0.005). The groups with largest use were glycopeptides (37%) and carbapenems (30 %). These results can be explained by the emergence of endemic Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Gram negative bacilli. Results showed a decrease in susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to imipenem (p = 0.038) and K. pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin (p = 0.021). The total consumption of restricted antibiotic has significantly increased, especially among complex medical services. A significant decrease in bacterial susceptibility has been observed mainly in gram-negative bacilli. The monitoring of antimicrobial prescribing practices and local susceptibility patterns are essential to promote the rational use of antibiotics.
En Chile no existen estudios para cuantificar el consumo de antimicrobianos de uso restringido al interior de los hospitales. Objetivo: Analizar el consumo de antimicrobianos de uso restringido en pacientes hospitalizados durante los años 2004-2008 en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción. Además, se analizaron las correlaciones entre este consumo y el patrón de susceptibilidad in vitro. Material y Método: Se diseñó un estudio observacional retrospectivo empleando las DDD/100-días-cama para evaluar el consumo de antimicrobianos, y el informe acumulado de susceptibilidad in vitro entregado por el laboratorio local, para analizar la evolución de la susceptibilidad. Resultados: El consumo de antimicrobianos se incrementó en 35% (p = 0,005) durante los años 2004-2008, donde los más consumidos fueron glicopéptidos (37%) y carbapenémicos (30%). Estos resultados se pueden explicar por la aparición de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina y bacilos gramnegativos productores de Q-lactamasas de espectro extendido. Además, se observó una disminución de la susceptibilidad de Pseudomonas aeruginosa a imipenem (p = 0,038) y de Klebsiella pneumoniae a ciprofloxacina (p = 0,021). Conclusiones: El consumo total de antimicrobianos de uso restringido se incrementó significativamente en los servicios clínicos más complejos, observándose una disminución de la susceptibilidad de algunos bacilos gramnegativos. El monitoreo de la prescripción de antimicrobianos así como de la susceptibilidad in vitro local constituyen medidas esenciales para promover el uso racional de antimicrobianos.