Estudio migración de recursos humanos en salud Costa Rica: segundo avance / Migration study of human resources in health Costa Rica: second progress

La Ley General de Migración y Extranjería contempla dos tipos de residencia para los extranjeros: residentes permanentes y residentes temporales. Para obtener el estado de residente permanente, el extranjero debe cumplir con los siguientes requisitos: - Solicitud del interesado al Director General de Migración, presentada en las oficinas del Consulado de Costa Rica de su país de origen o residencia. En el mismo, debe designarse un apoderado residente en Costa Rica e indicarse las razones o motivos por los cuales el solicitante desea residir permanentemente en el país y señalar casa u oficina dentro del perímetro judicial en la Provincia de San José en donde recibir notificaciones. -Aportar certificación de nacimiento, antecedentes penales, de matrimonio si el solicitante fuese casado, títulos académicos y de estudios realizados o de idoneidad para el ejercicio de otras actividades. La certificación de nacimiento deberá contener el nombre de los progenitores. - Presentar fotocopia certificada del Pasaporte incluyendo todas sus hojas. -Aportar certificación de nacimiento de cada uno de los hijos menores amparados por su solicitud. -Aportar cuatro fotografías de fecha reciente, tamaño pasaporte

First report of acariasis by Caparinia tripilis in African hedgehogs, (Atelerix albiventris), in Costa Rica / Primeiro relato de acariasis por Caparinia tripilis em ouriços africanos, (Atelerix albiventris), na Costa Rica

The African hedgehog is one of the newly imported exotic pets which have been observed with increasing regularity in veterinary clinics in Costa Rica. Despite their popularity, information about their diseases is scarce. Within skin diseases of hedgehogs, mange caused by Caparinia spp. is a common diagnosis in other countries. Two adult African hedgehogs, one male and one female, were brought to a private clinic in Heredia, Costa Rica, with chronic pruritic dermatitis, scabs, nearly complete loss of spines, lethargy, dehydration, and weight loss. During physical exam, deposits of dry seborrhea were taken and processed for diagnosis. Microscopic examination revealed psoroptid mites identified as Caparinia tripilis. This is the first report of the presence of Caparinia tripilis in Costa Rica and, to the authors' knowledge, the rest of Central America.

O ouriço africano é um dos animais de estimação exótico, recém-importado que tem sido observado com maior regularidade nas clínicas veterinárias da Costa Rica. Apesar da sua popularidade, informações sobre suas doenças são escassas. Dentre as doenças de pele de ouriços, a sarna causada por Caparinia spp. é um diagnóstico comum nos outros países. Dois adultos ouriços africanos, um macho e uma fêmea, foram levados para uma clínica particular, em Heredia, Costa Rica, com a dermatite pruriginosa crônica, crostas, perda quase completa de espinhos, letargia, desidratação e perda de peso. Ao exame físico, os depósitos de seborreia seca foram retirados e processados para o diagnóstico. O exame microscópico revelou ácaros (psoroptidae) identificados como Caparinia tripilis. Esse é o primeiro relato da presença de Caparinia tripilis na Costa Rica e, para conhecimento dos autores, o resto da América Central.

An open issue: the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) as a free boundary problem.

The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is structured in cristae, which contributes to the best functioning of ions and adenylates exchange between the matrix and the intermembrane space. The central hypothesis of this paper is that the cristae structure favours a minimal mean free path of adenylates between translocation sites (translocase/ANT sites) and metabolic sites (ATPase sites). We propose a mathematical model and then give simulations. Based on simple hypotheses about cristae growth, they show that we can account for the major features of the IMM organization and functioning by minimizing the mean interdistance between ADP/ATP translocation and transformation sites.

Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Do we follow the guidelines?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of control of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) in type 2 diabetic patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 501 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The following parameters were used to define optimal control: glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1C)) <7.0%, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <7.2 mmol/l, postprandial capillary glucose (PCG) <10.0 mmol/l, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) >1.1 mmol/l, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) <2.6 mmol/l, triglyceride levels (TG) <1.7 mmol/l, systolic blood pressure (SBP) <130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <80 mmHg, body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2, waist circumference (WC) <88 cm in women and <102 cm in men, and current non-smoking status. The use of various cardioprotective medications was also evaluated. RESULTS: Mean (+/-S.D.) age was 65.4 +/- 11.9 years, 218 (44%) were male. Ninety-six (19%) met coronary artery disease (CAD). Two hundred seven patients (41%) had an HbA(1C) <7.0%, 134 (27%) a FPG <7.2 mmol/l and 231 of 353 (65%) a PCG <10.0 mmol/l. Only 206 (41%) achieved an LDL-C <2.6 mmol/l, but 370 (74%) and 308 (62%) reached an HDL-C >1.1 mmol/l and a TG levels <1.7 mmol/l, respectively. In 359 (72%) patients DBP was <80 mmHg, but in only 136 (27%) was SBP <130 mmHg. Sixty four (13%) achieved a BMI <25 kg/m2, and 420 (84%) were non-smokers. Forty three (15%) women and 104 (48%) men had a WC <88 or <102 cm, respectively. None of the patients had optimal control of all CRFs. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate poor control of modifiable CRFs in the population studied, and support the need for great effort to achieve the recommended goals.