Pirfenidone Protects from UVB-Induced Photodamage in Hairless Mice.

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is the main environmental factor that causes histological degenerative changes of the skin giving rise to a chronic process called photodamage. Non-melanoma skin cancer induced by UVB radiation is a result of a cascade of molecular events caused by DNA damage in epidermis cells, including persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, and suppression of T cell-mediated immunity. Retinoids such as tretinoin have been widely used in skin to treat photoaging and photodamage, though its secondary adverse effects have been recognized. Pirfenidone (PFD) has emerged as an antifibrogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, and in this work its efficacy was evaluated in a model of UVB-induced photodamage. METHODS: Epidermal, dermal, and inflammatory changes were measured by histomorphometric parameters. In addition, gene, and protein expression of key molecules in these processes were evaluated. RESULTS: Our results revealed an anti-photodamage effect of topical PFD with absence of inflammatory skin lesions determined by dermoscopy. In addition, PFD reduced elastosis, improved organization, arrangement, and deposition of dermal collagens, downregulated several pro-inflammatory markers such as NF-kB, IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα, and decreased keratinocyte damage. CONCLUSION: Topical pirfenidone represents a promising agent for the treatment of cell photodamage in humans. Clinical trials need to be carried out to explore this premise.

Moringa oleifera Improves MAFLD by Inducing Epigenetic Modifications.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of diseases from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we investigated the hepatoprotective role of Moringa oleifera aqueous extract on hepatic miRNAs, genes and protein expression, as well as histological and biochemical parameters in an experimental model of NASH. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high fat diet (HFD, 60% lipids, 42 gr/L sugar in water) for 16 weeks. Moringa extract was administered via gavage during the final 8 weeks. Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT) and HOMA-IR were calculated. Serum levels of insulin, resistin, leptin and PAI-1 and hepatic expression of miR-21a-5p, miR-103-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-34a-5p and SIRT1, AMPKα and SREBP1c protein were evaluated. Alpha-SMA immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome and sirius red staining were made. Hepatic transcriptome was analyzed using microarrays. RESULTS: Animals treated with Moringa extract improved ITT and decreased SREBP1c hepatic protein, while SIRT1 increased. Hepatic expression of miR-21a-5p, miR-103-3p and miR-122-5p, miR34a-5p was downregulated. Hepatic histologic analysis showed in Moringa group (HF + MO) a significant decrease in inflammatory nodules, macro steatosis, fibrosis, collagen and αSMA reactivity. Analysis of hepatic transcriptome showed down expression of mRNAs implicated in DNA response to damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid biosynthesis and insulin resistance. Moringa reduced insulin resistance, de novo lipogenesis, hepatic inflammation and ER stress. CONCLUSIONS: Moringa prevented progression of liver damage in a model of NASH and improved biochemical, histological and hepatic expression of genes and miRNAs implicated in MAFLD/NASH development.

Transgenerational Tolerance to Salt and Osmotic Stresses Induced by Plant Virus Infection.

Following pathogen infection, plants have developed diverse mechanisms that direct their immune systems towards more robust induction of defense responses against recurrent environmental stresses. The induced resistances could be inherited by the progenies, rendering them more tolerant to stressful events. Although within-generational induction of tolerance to abiotic stress is a well-documented phenomenon in virus-infected plants, the transgenerational inheritance of tolerance to abiotic stresses in their progenies has not been explored. Here, we show that infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants by Potato virus X (PVX) and by a chimeric Plum pox virus (PPV) expressing the P25 pathogenicity protein of PVX (PPV-P25), but not by PPV, conferred tolerance to both salt and osmotic stresses to the progeny, which correlated with the level of virulence of the pathogen. This transgenerational tolerance to abiotic stresses in the progeny was partially sustained even if the plants experience a virus-free generation. Moreover, progenies from a Dicer-like3 mutant mimicked the enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress observed in progenies of PVX-infected wild-type plants. This phenotype was shown irrespective of whether Dicer-like3 parents were infected, suggesting the involvement of 24-nt small interfering RNAs in the transgenerational tolerance to abiotic stress induced by virus infection. RNAseq analysis supported the upregulation of genes related to protein folding and response to stress in the progeny of PVX-infected plants. From an environmental point of view, the significance of virus-induced transgenerational tolerance to abiotic stress could be questionable, as its induction was offset by major reproductive costs arising from a detrimental effect on seed production.

Water Deficit Improves Reproductive Fitness in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants Infected by Cucumber mosaic virus.

Plants are concurrently exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses, including infection by viruses and drought. Combined stresses result in plant responses that are different from those observed for each individual stress. We investigated compensatory effects induced by virus infection on the fitness of hosts grown under water deficit, and the hypothesis that water deficit improves tolerance, estimated as reproductive fitness, to virus infection. Our results show that infection by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) or Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) promotes drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. However, neither CMV nor TuMV had a positive impact on host reproductive fitness following withdrawal of water, as determined by measuring the number of individuals producing seeds, seed grains, and seed germination rates. Importantly, infection by CMV but not by TuMV improved the reproductive fitness of N. benthamiana plants when exposed to drought compared to watered, virus-infected plants. However, no such conditional phenotype was found in Arabidopsis plants infected with CMV. Water deficit did not affect the capacity of infected plants to transmit CMV through seeds. These findings highlight a conditional improvement in biological efficacy of N. benthamiana plants infected with CMV under water deficit, and lead to the prediction that plants can exhibit increased tolerance to specific viruses under some of the projected climate change scenarios.

Characterization of hereditary transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis in Spain.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) is a disease caused by mutations in the transthyretin gene that frequently shows cardiac involvement due to amyloid deposition in the myocardium. Our objective was to identify cardiac involvement in a Spanish cohort. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study of patients diagnosed with hATTR with cardiac involvement from Spanish centers. We collected demographic, clinical, and genetic data. RESULTS: A total of 181 patients from 26 centers were included (65.2% men, with a median age at diagnosis of 62 years). The most frequent mutations were Val50Met (67.7%) and Val142Ile (12.4%). The main reason for consultation was extracardiac symptoms (69%), mainly neurological. The mean N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level was 2145±3586 pg/mL. The most characteristic electrocardiogram findings were a pseudoinfarct pattern (25.9%) and atrioventricular block (25.3%). Mean ventricular thickness was 15.4±4.1mm. Longitudinal strain was reduced in basal segments by 29.4%. Late diffuse subendocardial enhancement was observed in 58.8%. Perugini grade 2 or 3 uptake was observed in 75% of scintigraphy scans. During follow-up, 24.9% of the patients were admitted for heart failure, 34.3% required a pacemaker, and 31.6% required a liver transplant. One third (32.5%) died during follow-up, mainly due to heart failure (28.8%). The presence of non-Val50Met mutations was associated with a worse prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: HATTR cardiac amyloidosis in Spain shows heterogeneous genetic and clinical involvement. The prognosis is poor, mainly due to cardiac complications. Consequently early diagnosis and treatment are vital.

Hepatocarcinogenesis Prevention by Pirfenidone Is PPARγ Mediated and Involves Modification of Nuclear NF-kB p65/p50 Ratio.

Targeted therapies for regulating processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrogenesis might modulate human HCC development. Pirfenidone (PFD) has shown anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory functions in both clinical and experimental studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate PPARγ expression and localization in samples of primary human tumors and assess PFD-effect in early phases of hepatocarcinogenic process. Human HCC tissue samples were obtained by surgical resection. Experimental hepatocarcinogenesis was induced in male Fischer-344 rats. TGF-ß1 and α-SMA expression was evaluated as fibrosis markers. NF-kB cascade, TNFα, IL-6, and COX-2 expression and localization were evaluated as inflammation indicators. Caspase-3, p53, and PARP-1 were used as apoptosis markers, PCNA for proliferation. Finally, PPARα and PPARγ expression were evaluated to understand the effect of PFD on the activation of such pathways. PPARγ expression was predominantly localized in cytoplasm in human HCC tissue. PFD was effective to prevent histopathological damage and TGF-ß1 and α-SMA overexpression in the experimental model. Anti-inflammatory effects of PFD correlate with diminished IKK and decrease in both IkB-phosphorylation/NF-kB p65 expression and p65-translocation into the nucleus. Pro-apoptotic PFD-induced effects are related with p53 expression, Caspase-3 p17 activation, and PARP-1-cleavage. In conclusion, PFD acts as a tumor suppressor by preventing fibrosis, reducing inflammation, and promoting apoptosis in MRHM.

PPARs as Metabolic Sensors and Therapeutic Targets in Liver Diseases.

Carbohydrates and lipids are two components of the diet that provide the necessary energy to carry out various physiological processes to help maintain homeostasis in the body. However, when the metabolism of both biomolecules is altered, development of various liver diseases takes place; such as metabolic-associated fatty liver diseases (MAFLD), hepatitis B and C virus infections, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and in more severe cases, hepatocelular carcinoma (HCC). On the other hand, PPARs are a family of ligand-dependent transcription factors with an important role in the regulation of metabolic processes to hepatic level as well as in other organs. After interaction with specific ligands, PPARs are translocated to the nucleus, undergoing structural changes to regulate gene transcription involved in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammation and metabolic homeostasis. This review aims to provide updated data about PPARs' critical role in liver metabolic regulation, and their involvement triggering the genesis of several liver diseases. Information is provided about their molecular characteristics, cell signal pathways, and the main pharmacological therapies that modulate their function, currently engaged in the clinic scenario, or in pharmacological development.

Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Interfere With the Acute Caffeine Supplementation Effects on Strength Endurance and Jumping Performance in Trained Individuals.

The long-standing caffeine habituation paradigm was never investigated in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance through a straightforward methodology. The authors examined if habitual caffeine consumption would influence the caffeine ergogenic effects on strength endurance and jumping performance as well as perceptual responses. Thirty-six strength-trained individuals were mathematically allocated into tertiles according to their habitual caffeine consumption: low (20 ± 11 mg/day), moderate (88 ± 33 mg/day), and high consumers (281 ± 167 mg/day). Then, in a double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced fashion, they performed a countermovement vertical jump test and a strength endurance test either after caffeine (6 mg/kg) and placebo supplementation or after no supplementation (control). Perceptual responses such as ratings of perceived exertion and pain were measured at the termination of the exercises. Acute caffeine supplementation improved countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .001) and total repetitions (p = .004), regardless of caffeine habituation. Accordingly, analysis of absolute change from the control session showed that caffeine promoted a significantly greater improvement in both countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .004) and total repetitions (p = .0001) compared with placebo. Caffeine did not affect the rating of perceived exertion and pain in any exercise tests, irrespective of tertiles (for all comparisons, p > .05 for both measures). Caffeine side effects were similar in low, moderate, and high caffeine consumers. These results show that habitual caffeine consumption does not influence the potential of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance, thus challenging recommendations to withdraw from the habitual caffeine consumption before supplementing with caffeine.

Liver Cancer: Therapeutic Challenges and the Importance of Experimental Models.

Liver cancer is one of the main causes of death related to cancer worldwide; its etiology is related with infections by C or B hepatitis virus, alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and iron overload, among other causes. Several kinds of primary liver cancer occur, but we will focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Numerous cellular signaling pathways are implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis, including YAP-HIPPO, Wnt-ß-catenin, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB); these in turn are considered novel therapeutic targets. In this review, the role of lipid metabolism regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the development of HCC will also be discussed. Moreover, recent evidence has been obtained regarding the participation of epigenetic changes such as acetylation and methylation of histones and DNA methylation in the development of HCC. In this review, we provide detailed and current information about these topics. Experimental models represent useful tools for studying the different stages of liver cancer and help to develop new pharmacologic treatments. Each model in vivo and in vitro has several characteristics and advantages to offer for the study of this disease. Finally, the main therapies approved for the treatment of HCC patients, first- and second-line therapies, are described in this review. We also describe a novel option, pirfenidone, which due to its pharmacological properties could be considered in the future as a therapeutic option for HCC treatment.

Zika virus infection in pregnant travellers and impact on childhood neurodevelopment in the first two years of life: A prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) represents a threat with consequences on maternal and children's health. We aimed to assess the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pregnant women returning from ZIKV affected areas, and the effects of maternal ZIKV infection on birth outcomes and children's health. METHODS: This was a hospital-based prospective observational study conducted at the Hospital Clínic of Barcelona and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain, from January 2016 to February 2020. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-five pregnant women who had travelled to ZIKV affected areas during pregnancy were recruited. Four women (2.1%) had a confirmed ZIKV infection, 40 women (20.5%) a probable infection, and 151 (77.4%) were negative for ZIKV. Among the ZIKV confirmed cases, a pregnant woman suffered a miscarriage, highly plausible to be associated with ZIKV infection. Brain cysts and microcalcifications were detected in 7% of fetuses or infants from women with confirmed or probable ZIKV infection. Neurodevelopmental delay in the language function was found in 33.3% out of the 21 children evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: These findings contribute to the understanding of ZIKV prevalence estimates, and the impact of maternal ZIKV infection on pregnancy outcomes and children's health. Results highlight the importance of long-term surveillance in pregnant travellers and their children.

Roles of Nrf2 in Liver Diseases: Molecular, Pharmacological, and Epigenetic Aspects.

Liver diseases represent a critical health problem with 2 million deaths worldwide per year, mainly due to cirrhosis and its complications. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of liver diseases. In order to maintain an adequate homeostasis, there must be a balance between free radicals and antioxidant mediators. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) comprise a defense mechanism against oxidative stress damage, and growing evidence considers this signaling pathway as a key pharmacological target for the treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we provide detailed and updated evidence regarding Nrf2 and its involvement in the development of the main liver diseases such as alcoholic liver damage, viral hepatitis, steatosis, steatohepatitis, cholestatic damage, and liver cancer. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of Nrf2 cellular signaling are elaborated, along with key and relevant antioxidant drugs, and mechanisms on how Keap1/Nrf2 modulation can positively affect the therapeutic response are described. Finally, exciting recent findings about epigenetic modifications and their link with regulation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling are outlined.

Pirfenidone Is an Agonistic Ligand for PPARα and Improves NASH by Activation of SIRT1/LKB1/pAMPK.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is recognized by hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. No studies have evaluated the prolonged-release pirfenidone (PR-PFD) properties on NASH features. The aim of this study is to evaluate how PR-PFD performs on metabolic functions, and provide insight on a mouse model of human NASH. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with either normo diet or high-fat/carbohydrate diet for 16 weeks and a subgroup also fed with PR-PFD (300 mg/kg/day). An insulin tolerance test was performed at the end of treatment. Histological analysis, determination of serum hormones, adipocytokines measurement, and evaluation of proteins by western blot was performed. Molecular docking, in silico site-directed mutagenesis, and in vitro experiments using HepG2 cultured cells were performed to validate PR-PFD binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), activation of PPAR-α promoter, and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein expression. Compared with the high-fat group, the PR-PFD-treated mice displayed less weight gain, cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein and triglycerides, and showed a significant reduction of hepatic macrosteatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, fibrosis, epididymal fat, and total adiposity. PR-PFD restored levels of insulin, glucagon, adiponectin, and resistin along with improved insulin resistance. Noteworthy, SIRT1-liver kinase B1-phospho-5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling and the PPAR-α/carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1/acyl-CoA oxidase 1 pathway were clearly induced in high fat + PR-PFD mice. In HepG2 cells incubated with palmitate, PR-PFD induced activation and nuclear translocation of both PPARα and SIRT1, which correlated with increased SIRT1 phosphorylated in serine 47, suggesting a positive feedback loop between the two proteins. These results were confirmed with both synthetic PPAR-α and SIRT1 activators and inhibitors. Finally, we found that PR-PFD is a true agonist/ligand for PPAR-α. Conclusions: PR-PFD provided an anti-steatogenic effect and protection for inflammation and fibrosis.

Microhardness, Color Stability and Microstructural Analysis of Prefabricated Composite Resin Veneers / Estudo da Microdureza, Estabilidade de cor e Microestrutura de Facetas Pré-Fabricadas de Resina Composta

The aim of the work was to determine Knoop microhardness (KH), color stability (ΔE00) and microstructure of prefabricated composite resin veneers (PCRVs). Two PCRVs systems (Componeer Brilliant New Generation, Coltene, Altstätten, Switzerland; and Direct Veneer, Edelweiss, Wolfurt, Austria) were tested. KH was measured at the buccal surface of the PCRVs. Color analyze was evaluated by a spectrophotometer and ΔE00 calculated using CIEDE2000 formula. Microstructure of the PCRVs was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data of KH and ΔE00 were subjected to One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test (α=0.05). Componeer (KH = 46) and Edelweiss (KH = 43) presented statistical similar hardness results (p>0.05). Componeer (ΔE00water= 0.1 and ΔE00coffee= 13.4) showed lower ΔE00 than Edelweiss (ΔE00water= 0.5 and ΔE00coffee= 18.7). SEM-images indicated similar microstructures of the PCRVs tested. Although PCRVs present similar microhardness and microstructure, Componeer showed higher color stability and lower extrinsic pigmentation to coffee in comparison to Edelweiss. Direct composite resin veneer treatment might be simplified with PCRVs. However, the high pigmentation observed in the PCRVs could generate aesthetic failures over the time. (AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a microdureza Knoop (KH), estabilidade de cor (ΔE00) e a microestrutura de facetas de resina composta pré-fabricadas. Os sistemas de facetas Componeer e Edelweiss foram testados. Para cada sistema, a microdureza foi avaliada na superfície vestibular das facetas. A análise da estabilidade de cor foi feita mediante o emprego de um espectrofotômetro e a alteração de cor foi calculada seguindo a fórmula determinada pelo CIEDE2000. A microestrutura dos sistemas foi observada e caracterizada a partir de um microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Os resultados de microdureza e alteração de cor foram submetidos a análise de variância de um fator complementados pelo teste de Tukey (α=0,05). Os sistemas de facetas pré-fabricadas de resina composta apresentaram valores estatisticamente similares de microdureza (p>0,05). O grupo Componeer apresentou uma alteração de cor inferior em relação ao grupo Edelweiss. Os dois sistemas apresentaram uma elevada pigmentação após imersão em solução com café. A microestrutura dos sistemas se mostrou similar em função da avaliação das imagens em microscopia. Apesar dos sistemas apresentarem microdureza e microestrutura similares, o sistema Componeer gerou menor alteração de cor com menor pigmentação a bebida corante empregada em comparação ao sistema Edelweiss. A técnica de facetas dentárias pode ser simplificada utilizando um sistema de facetas pré-fabricadas de resina composta. Todavia, a elevada pigmentação observada no presente estudo deve ser levada em consideração já que o tratamento com esse tipo faceta tende a ser um procedimento estético com durabilidade elevada. (AU)

Validation of the Bolino and Turnley's Impression Management Scale in a Mexican Sample / Validación de la Escala de Manejo de Impresiones de Bolino y Turnley en una Muestra Mexicana

Abstract Impression Management (IM) states that: 1) People know how others perceive them, 2) People attempt to control such perceptions. Bolino and Turnley (1999) developed an IM Scale based on Jones and Pittman's (1982) taxonomy of five strategies: Self-promotion, Ingratiation, Exemplification, Intimidation, and Supplication. The purpose of this study was to validate the IM Scale using a Mexican sample, evaluating reliability scores and dimensionality. A nomological network for IM was performed considering the Five-factor Personality traits, Social desirability, and Sense of control. Results prove adequate internal reliability and confirm the instrument's five factor structure. Our psychometric findings support the premise that IM may overlap with other psychological constructs, providing evidence of its construct validity.

Resumen El Manejo de Impresión (MI) se refiere a que: 1) Las personas generalmente saben cómo son percibidas por otras personas, 2) La gente intenta controlar dichas percepciones. Bolino y Turnley (1999) desarrollaron una Escala de MI con base en la taxonomía de Jones y Pittman (1982) de cinco estrategias: Autopromoción, Congraciamiento, Ejemplificación, Intimidación, y Súplica. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar la Escala de MI en una muestra mexicana, evaluando puntajes de consistencia interna y dimensionalidad. Se realizó una red nomológica para el MI considerando los Cinco Factores de Personalidad, Deseabilidad Social, y Control Percibido. Los resultados muestran una consistencia interna adecuada y confirman las cinco estrategias originalmente planteadas. Los hallazgos apoyan la premisa de que el MI incluye otros constructos psicológicos, dando evidencia adicional de su validez de constructo.

Food safety and quality of distribution of raw human milk from a University Hospital / Segurança alimentar e qualidade da distribuição do leite humano cru de um Hospital Universitário

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the quality of raw human milk distributed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital of the city of São Paulo. Methods A cross-sectional study with raw human milk samples from mothers who attended the Human Milk Collection Station of a University Hospital, analyzed between May 2016 and January 2017, excluding mothers of twins. The quality of the raw human milk was assessed by verifying the presence of dirt, the coloration of the milk, the titratable acidity using the Dornic method, and through its energy content. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for the analysis of the energy profile and the degree of Dornic acidity, according to the stage of the raw human milk and the gestational age of the child. Results The study was composed of 40 samples of 40 different women, with a mean age of 27 years, an average of 11.8 years of education, most of them were multiparous and with a partner. Regarding milk analysis, 55.0% was classified as colostrum, 27.5% as mature milk and 17.5% as transitional milk. All samples presented negative results for dirt and normal coloration. The mean milk acidity was 3.24º Dornic and most of the samples were classified as hypercaloric energy content. There was no association between the lactation stage and gestational age with the acidity value and energy content. Conclusion The quality of raw human milk distributed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the institution evaluated was considered adequate and the samples analyzed had a high energy content and excellent Dornic acidity.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade do leite humano cru distribuído para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de um Hospital Universitário do município de São Paulo. Métodos Estudo transversal com alíquotas de leite humano cru de mães que frequentaram o Posto de Coleta de Leite Humano de um Hospital Universitário, analisadas entre maio de 2016 a janeiro de 2017, sendo excluídas alíquotas de mães de gêmeos. Verificou-se a qualidade do Leite Humano Cru pela presença de sujidade, coloração, acidez titulável pelo Método Dornic e conteúdo energético. Empregou-se os testes Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney para as análises do perfil energético e do grau de acidez Dornic, segundo estágio do Leite Humano Cru e idade gestacional da criança. Resultados A pesquisa foi composta por 40 alíquotas de 40 mulheres diferentes, com média de idade de 27 anos, 11,8 anos de estudos, a maioria multíparas e com companheiro. Quanto à análise do leite, 55,0% foi classificado em colostro, 27,5% em leite maduro e 17,5% em leite de transição. A totalidade das alíquotas apresentou resultado negativo para a avaliação de sujidade e com coloração normal. A média da acidez do leite foi de 3,24º Dornic e a maioria das amostras foi classificada como perfil energético hipercalórico. Não foi observada associação entre o estágio de lactação e idade gestacional com o valor da acidez e conteúdo energético. Conclusão A qualidade do leite humano cru distribuído na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal da instituição avaliada foi considerada adequada sendo as amostras analisadas com alto conteúdo energético e grau de acidez Dornic excelente.

Effect of Ceramic Interposition and Post-activation Times on Knoop Hardness of Different Shades of Resin Cement

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate Knoop hardness of different shades of a resin cement light-cured directly or through ceramic discs, measured 15 min or 24 h after light exposure, and at different depths. Specimens of a commercial resin cement (Variolink Veneer) in seven shades, were fabricated in an elastomeric mold, covered with a mylar strip, a 0.7 mm thick ceramic disc (IPS e.max Press) was placed and the cement was light-activated for 20 s using a blue LED (Radii-Cal). The cured resin cement specimens were transversely wet-flattened to their middle portion and microhardness (Knoop) values were recorded at 15 min after light exposure and after deionized water storage at 37 ºC for 24 h. Five indentations were made in the cross-sectional area at 100 and 700 μm depths from the top surface. Ten specimens were made for each test conditions. Data were submitted to ANOVA split-plot design (shade, post-cure time, mode of activation and depth), followed by Tukey post hoc test (α=0.05). Significant differences for shade (p<0.0001), mode of activation (p<0.001), post-cure time (p<0.0001) and depth (p<0.0001) were detected. No significant interactions (p>0.05) were found, except for shade x post-cure time (p<0.0045) and mode of activation x post-cure time (p<0.0003). Resin cement shade has a significant effect on Knoop hardness. Indirect activation through a ceramic material reduced significantly Knoop hardness. Hardness Knoop significantly increased after 24 h in all cements shades compared to values obtained after 15 min. Resin cement depth significantly reduced Knoop hardness.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dureza Knoop de diferentes cores de um cimento resinoso fotoativado diretamente ou através da interposição de um disco de cerâmica, medindo 15 min ou 24 h após exposição à luz, em diferentes profundidades. Amostras do cimento resinoso (Variolink Veneer) em sete cores foram fabricados num molde de elastômero, coberto com tira de poliéster, seguido de um disco cerâmico (IPS e.max Press) com 0.7 mm de espessura e fotoativado por 20 s com o aparelho LED (IPS e.max Press). O cimento resinoso fotoativado foi transversalmente desgastado na porção média e os valores de microdureza Knoop foram obtidos após 15 min após exposição à luz e após armazenagem em água deionizada à 37 °C por 24 h. Cinco penetrações foram feitas na secção transversal à 100 e 700 μm da superfície de topo. Dez amostras foram confeccionadas para cada condição de teste. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância em esquema de parcelas subdivididas (cor, tempo pós-ativação, modo de ativação e profundidade), seguido pelo teste de Tukey post hoc (α=0,05). Diferença significante para a cor (p<0,0001), modo de ativação (p<0,001), tempo pós-ativação (p<0,0001) e profundidade (p<0,0001) foi detectada. Nenhuma interação significante foi encontrada (p>0,05), exceto para a interação cor x tempo pós-ativação (p<0,0045) e modo de ativação x tempo pós-ativação (p<0,0003). A cor do cimento resinoso teve significante efeito na dureza Knoop. A ativação indireta através do material cerâmico reduziu significativamente a dureza Knoop. A dureza Knoop aumentou significativamente após 24 h em todas as cores do cimento comparados aos valores obtidos após 15 min. A profundidade do cimento resinoso reduziu significativamente os valores de dureza Knoop.