Treatment of Catheter-Associated Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis Using Apixaban for Less Than Three Months in Two Patients With Aggressive B-cell Lymphoma Undergoing Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisolone Therapy.

The selection of anticoagulant therapy and appropriate duration of treatment for central venous (CV) catheter-associated internal jugular vein thrombosis in patients with malignant lymphoma remain unclear. Two cases of aggressive B-cell lymphomas treated with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone), in which apixaban administered for less than three months was effective against CV catheter-associated internal jugular vein thrombosis, are reported. In one case, the right internal jugular vein thrombosis developed after eight courses of R-CHOP; when apixaban was orally administered for 37 days after the CV catheter was removed, the thrombus completely dissolved and did not recur for 27 months. In the other case, right internal jugular vein thrombosis developed after four courses of R-CHOP; two additional courses of the R-CHOP were administered alongside oral apixaban administration without catheter removal. After 66 days of oral apixaban, the thrombus completely dissolved, the CV catheter was removed, and no recurrence was observed for 8.5 months.

Limitations of the L3 skeletal muscle index and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia evaluation in a case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Sarcopenia is an adverse prognostic factor for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. A case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma whose diagnosis, severity, and therapeutic effect of sarcopenia were difficult to determine owing to lymphoma cell infiltration into the psoas major and femoral bone marrow is reported. At presentation, the cross-sectional area of left psoas major at L3 was enlarged owing to lymphoma cell infiltration; thus, sarcopenia evaluation was impossible by L3 skeletal muscle index. The patient was bedridden; thus, sarcopenia evaluation was impossible by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus diagnostic criteria at presentation. At the terminal stage, she could not walk due to bilateral anterior thigh pain caused by lymphoma infiltration into femoral marrow; thus, sarcopenia evaluation was impossible by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus diagnostic criteria. Although the L3 skeletal muscle index and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus diagnostic criteria are representative sarcopenia evaluation systems, they cannot be used to evaluate sarcopenia in some diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients.

Stratified layer analysis reveals intrinsic leptin stimulates cryptal mesenchymal cells for controlling mucosal inflammation.

Mesenchymal cells in the crypt play indispensable roles in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis through their contribution to the preservation of stem cells. However, the acquisition properties of the production of stem cell niche factors by the mesenchymal cells have not been well elucidated, due to technical limitations regarding the isolation and subsequent molecular and cellular analyses of cryptal mesenchymal cells. To evaluate the function of mesenchymal cells located at the large intestinal crypt, we established a novel method through which cells are harvested according to the histologic layers of mouse colon, and we compared cellular properties between microenvironmental niches, the luminal mucosa and crypts. The gene expression pattern in the cryptal mesenchymal cells showed that receptors of the hormone/cytokine leptin were highly expressed, and we found a decrease in Wnt2b expression under conditions of leptin receptor deficiency, which also induced a delay in cryptal epithelial proliferation. Our novel stratified layer isolation strategies thus revealed new microenvironmental characteristics of colonic mesenchymal cells, including the intrinsic involvement of leptin in the control of mucosal homeostasis.

The role of biological system other than auditory air-conduction in the emergence of the hypersonic effect.

Although human beings cannot perceive elastic vibrations in the frequency range above 20 kHz, nonstationary sounds containing a wealth of inaudible high-frequency components (HFC) above the human audible range activate deep-lying brain structures, including the brainstem and thalamus and evoke various physiological, psychological, and behavioral responses. In the previous reports, we have called these phenomena collectively "the hypersonic effect." It remains unclear, however, if vibratory stimuli above the audible range are transduced and perceived solely via the conventional air-conducting auditory system or if other mechanisms also contribute to mediate transduction and perception. In the present study, we have examined the emergence of the hypersonic effect when inaudible HFC and audible low-frequency components (LFC) were presented selectively to the ears, the entrance of an air-conducting auditory system, or to the body surface including the head which might contain some unknown vibratory sensing mechanisms. We used two independent measurements based on differing principles; one physiological (alpha 2 frequency of spontaneous electroencephalogram [alpha-EEG]) and the other behavioral (the comfortable listening level [CLL]). Only when the listener's entire body surface was exposed to HFC, but not when HFC was presented exclusively to the air-conducting auditory system, did both the alpha-EEG and the CLL significantly increase compared to the presentation of LFC alone, that is to say, there was an evident emergence of the hypersonic effect. The present findings suggest that the conventional air-conducting auditory system alone does not bring about the hypersonic effect. We may need to consider the possible involvement of a biological system distinct from the conventional air-conducting auditory nervous system in sensing and transducing high-frequency elastic vibration above the human audible range.

Three-dimensional molecular-field analyses of octopaminergic agonists for the cockroach neuronal octopamine receptor.

The quantitative structure-activity relationship of a set of 40 octopaminergic agonists against receptor 2 in cockroach nervous tissue, was analyzed using molecular-field analysis (MFA). MFA on the study set of those compounds evaluated effectively the energy between a probe and a molecular model at a series of points defined by a rectangular grid. Contour surfaces for the molecular fields were presented and the results provided useful information in the characterization and differentiation of octopaminergic receptor.

Octopaminergic agonists for the cockroach neuronal octopamine receptor.

The compounds 1-(2,6-diethylphenyl)imidazolidine-2-thione and 2-(2,6-diethylphenyl)imidazolidine showed the almost same activity as octopamine in stimulating adenylate cyclase of cockroach thoracic nervous system among 70 octopamine agonists, suggesting that only these compounds are full octopamine agonists and other compounds are partial octopamine agonists. The quantitative structure-activity relationship of a set of 22 octopamine agonists against receptor 2 in cockroach nervous tissue, was analyzed using receptor surface modeling. Three-dimensional energetics descriptors were calculated from receptor surface model/ligand interaction and these three-dimensional descriptors were used in quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis. A receptor surface model was generated using some subset of the most active structures and the results provided useful information in the characterization and differentiation of octopaminergic receptor.

Three-dimensional common-feature hypotheses for octopamine agonist arylethanolamines.

Three-dimensional pharmacophore hypotheses were built from a set of 12 octopamine (OA) agonist arylethanolamines (AEAs). Among the 10 common-featured models generated by program catalyst/HipHop, a hypothesis including a hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) and a hydrogen-bond acceptor lipid (HBA1) features was considered to be important in evaluating the OA activity. OA mapped well onto all the HBD and HBA1 features of the hypothesis. On the other hand, for some inactive compounds, their lack of affinity is primarily due to their inability to achieve an energetically favorable conformation shared by the active compounds. Taken together, structures of a 4-OH-Ph, alpha-OH, and a primary amine are important for OA activities. The present studies on OA agonists demonstrate that an HBD and an HBA1 sites located on the molecule seem to be essential for OA activity.

Three-dimensional common-feature hypotheses for octopamine agonist 2-(arylimino)imidazolidines.

Three-dimensional pharmacophore hypotheses were built from a set of 10 octopamine (OA) agonist 2-(Arylimino)imidazolidines (AIIs), 2-(Arylimino)thiazolidines (AITs) and 2-(Arylimino)oxazolidines (AIOs). Among the 10 common-featured models generated by program Catalyst/HipHop, a hypothesis including a ring aromatic (RA), a positive ionizable (PI) and three hydrophobic aliphatic (HpAl) features was considered to be important in evaluating the OA-agonist activity. Active OA agonist 2,6-Et2 AII mapped well onto all the RA, PI and HpAl features of the hypothesis. On the other hand, less active compounds were shown to be difficult to achieve the energetically favorable conformation which is found in the active molecules in order to fit the 3-D common-feature pharmacophore models. Taken together, 2,6-Et2-Ph and foramidine structures are important as OA agonists. The present studies on OA agonists demonstrate that a RA, a PI and three HpAl sites located on the molecule seem to be essential for OA-agonist activity.