Duration of antimicrobial therapy after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for thoracic empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusion: A single-center study.

BACKGROUND: There are no evidence-based reports on the proper duration of antimicrobial therapy following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery debridement (VATS-D) in thoracic empyema (TE) or complicated parapneumonic effusion (PPE). This study aimed to investigate the optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy after VATS-D. METHODS: Between January 2011 and December 2019, 33 patients corresponding to American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) category 3 or 4 undergoing VATS-D were included. The times until the body temperature (BT) was confirmed to be less than 37.5 °C and 37.0 °C, white blood cell count (WBC) less than 10,000/µl, segmented neutrophils (seg) less than 80%, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level less than 25% of the preoperative value were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The median time from the onset of TE/PPE to surgery was 13 days. The median durations of preoperative and postoperative antibiotic use were five and seven days, respectively. Major complications occurred in four cases (three and one cases of respiratory failure and cerebral infarction, respectively). The median postoperative hospital stay was 14 days. Recurrence or progression to chronic empyema was seen in four cases. The median numbers of days until the conditions were met were three days for BT < 37.5 °C, six days for BT < 37.0 °C, four days for WBC<10,000, seven days for seg<80% and seven days for CRP<25%. CONCLUSIONS: The proper duration of antimicrobial therapy after VATS-D for TE/PPE is approximately three to seven days. Urgent VATS-D may shorten the total antibiotic usage.

Appropriate Antibiotic Selection during the in-hospital Waiting Period for Surgery for Appendicitis.

Objectives: Acute appendicitis is a common disease that often requires emergency surgery. However, recently, not all cases are treated as an urgent operation, but surgery may be delayed to when medical resources are abundant to perform the operation safely. In such cases, preoperative antibiotics are administered during the waiting period. Though the choice is empiric, an appropriate choice is needed to avoid emergency surgery. Guidelines for the choice of antibiotics recognized as international standards cannot be applied in Asia due to the high rate of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) producers or fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal antibiotic during the in-hospital waiting period for patients with appendicitis scheduled for surgery. Methods: Bacterial culture results and antibiotic susceptibility were retrospectively examined in 106 cases who underwent surgery for appendicitis. Results: Bacterial cultures were positive in 53 cases (50%). Twenty-six strains of E. coli were identified. Of these, four (15%) were ESBL producers, and seven (27%) were fluoroquinolone resistant. Twenty-two strains of anaerobic bacteria were identified. Carbapenems and tazobactam/piperacillin were effective for all. The rates of susceptibility to clindamycin (CLDM) and cefmetazole (CMZ) were 59% and 82%, respectively. Conclusions: In Japan, from the point of view of reducing carbapenem use, CMZ must be considered a first-choice drug during the in-hospital waiting period for appendectomy.

Impact of chronological age on efficacy and safety of fluoropyrimidine plus bevacizumab in older non-frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a combined analysis of individual data from two phase II studies of patients aged >75 years.

OBJECTIVE: Many clinical trials for older patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have been conducted, and fluoropyrimidine and bevacizumab are standard treatments. However, the relationship between age and the efficacy and safety of this treatment is unclear in older metastatic colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: Individual data from two phase II studies on older (≥75 years), non-frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with uracil-tegafur/leucovorin or S-1 combined with bevacizumab were collected. Patient characteristics were evaluated with multiple regression analyses for survival outcomes, using the Cox proportional hazard model and linear regression analyses for the worst grade of adverse events. RESULTS: We enrolled 102 patients with a median age of 80 years (range, 75-88 years). Of the 70 patients who died, seven (10%) died of causes unrelated to disease or treatment. The study treatment was discontinued due to adverse events in 19 patients (18.6%), with 63% aged ≥85 years. The adverse event that most commonly resulted in treatment discontinuation was grade 2 fatigue (21%). Chronological age was not associated with progression-free survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03; P = 0.40) or overall survival (Hazard ratio, 1.02; P = 0.65). Age was weakly associated with non-hematologic adverse events (regression coefficient [R], 0.27; P = 0.007), especially fatigue (R, 0.23; P = 0.02) and nausea (R, 0.19; P = 0.06), but not with hematologic (R, 0.05; P = 0.43) or bevacizumab-related (R, -0.06; P = 0.56) adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of fluoropyrimidine plus bevacizumab was age-independent in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer aged ≥75 years, and attention should be paid to non-hematologic adverse events as age increases.

Tumor Screening, Incidence, and Treatment for Patients with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities.

BACKGROUND: The increasing age of patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) has become a serious concern. Few studies have investigated tumor treatment in this population. METHODS: Tumor treatments for 12 SMID patients were examined. RESULTS: Blood tests and ultrasonography were useful for screening. With regard to treatment, surgery for SMID patients was performed in the same manner as for patients without SMID, and the results were generally satisfactory, without major complications. Typically, cancer was diagnosed at an advanced stage, and many metachronous double cancers were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment yielded satisfactory results for patients with SMID and their families. Future studies should examine the clinical significance of screening and tumor operative method for patients with SMID.

A case of thoracic endometriosis-related pneumothorax in a menopausal woman.

Thoracic endometriosis-related pneumothorax (TERP) or thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES) usually occurs in women of childbearing age and affects the right thorax. Menopausal and left-sided cases are rare. A case of left-sided TERP in a postmenopausal woman after adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer is reported. A 51-year-old woman underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery for recurrent left pneumothorax. Immunohistological examination of the resected specimen from the apical bleb and a diaphragmatic blueberry spot demonstrated thoracic endometriosis. Even in the case of a left-sided pneumothorax in a menopausal woman, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of TERP.

Phase II study of S-1 on alternate days plus bevacizumab in patients aged ≥ 75 years with metastatic colorectal cancer (J-SAVER).

BACKGROUND: Alternate-day administration of S-1 is thought to reduce toxicities. This phase II study evaluated S-1 on alternate days combined with bevacizumab as first-line treatment for elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had histologically proven colorectal adenocarcinoma, measurable metastatic lesions, age ≥ 75 years, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤ 1, no previous chemotherapy, and refused oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing regimens. Patients received 40 mg, 50 mg, or 60 mg (body surface area ≤ 1.25 m2, > 1.25 to ≤ 1.50 m2, or > 1.50 m2, respectively) of S-1 twice orally on Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday every week. Bevacizumab (7.5 mg/kg) was administered every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival. RESULTS: Of 54 enrolled patients, 50 patients were evaluated for efficacy and 53 for safety. The median age was 79 years (range 75-88 years). The median progression-free survival was 8.1 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.7-9.5 months). The median overall survival was 23.1 months (95% CI 17.4-28.8 months). The response rate was 44% (95% CI 30.2-57.8%), and the disease control rate was 88% (95% CI 79.0-97.0%). Grade 3 or higher hematologic, non-hematologic, and bevacizumab-related adverse events occurred in 9%, 11%, and 25% of patients, respectively. The most common grade 3 and 4 treatment-related adverse events were hypertension (11%), nausea (6%), fatigue (6%), anemia (6%), and proteinuria (6%). Only 6 patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events. CONCLUSION: S-1 on alternate days combined with bevacizumab showed better tolerability and comparable survival compared with the results of similar studies.

Two Young Women with Left-sided Pneumothorax Due to Thoracic Endometriosis.

Pneumothorax associated with thoracic endometriosis (TE) generally occurs in women around 30 years old and it usually affects the right pleural cavity. We herein report two cases of TE associated with left-sided pneumothorax in young women. The prevalence of TE in younger patients may be underestimated if these cases are treated as spontaneous pneumothorax. Pneumothorax occurring in younger patients has not been reported to show laterality. TE-related or catamenial pneumothorax in young women must therefore represent a different clinical entity from the condition seen in older patients.

Postcardiac injury syndrome following vascular interventional radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Postcardiac injury syndrome (PCIS) occurs following a pericardial or myocardial injury. On the other hand, PCIS following cardiac catheter intervention is rare and can be difficult to diagnose because of its delayed onset. A 24-year-old man underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and suffered from general fatigue and left-sided pleural effusion three months after the procedure. His symptoms and effusion were effectively treated within a month by administrating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, seven months later, he developed left-sided chest pain and low-grade fever. Computed tomography showed a thickening of the parietal pleura and reccurence of the pleural effusion. Pleural biopsy by video-assisted thoracoscopy demonstrated chronic pleuritis with a non-necrotizing granulomatous reaction. Given the previous RFA, and in the absence of infection or malignant disease, he was diagnosed with PCIS and treated with colchicine.

Feasibility of tailored, selective and effective anticancer chemotherapy by direct injection of docetaxel-loaded immunoliposomes into Her2/neu positive gastric tumor xenografts.

We assessed the effects of direct injection of docetaxel-loaded immuno-(trastuzumab)-liposomes (IDL) on a xenograft mouse tumor model to determine potential clinical applications of intratumoral tailored chemotherapy against Her2/neu-overexpressing gastric cancer. The NCI-N87 Her2/neu overexpressing gastric cancer cell line xenograft mouse model was treated with IDL or docetaxel-loaded liposomes (DL). The ratio of the tumor volume of the treatment:control was determined. In addition, docetaxel pharmacokinetics in tumors were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the cell viability and cell cycle distribution of Her2/neu positive cells were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The IDL group showed a significantly higher distribution of docetaxel in the N87 xenograft tumor tissues and superior antitumor efficacy compared to crude administration of docetaxel and/or trastuzumab and DL. The number of viable Her2/neu positive cells decreased following treatment with either free trastuzumab or IDL. On day 7 after treatment, a decrease in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was observed in the DL and IDL groups compared to the control group. No local adverse effects were observed. These results suggest that intratumoral administration of IDL maintains a high concentration of docetaxel within the tumor leading to a safe and effective regional cancer therapeutic strategy. In addition to the inherent cytotoxic effect of trastuzumab, conjugation of trastuzumab to a liposome further enhanced the retention of docetaxel within the tumors. These data suggest that immuno-liposome mediated delivery of drugs is a promising new therapeutic option for patients with advanced gastric cancer that overexpress Her2/neu.