Synthesis and Characterization of trans-Dichlorotetrakis(imidazole)cobalt(III) Chloride: A New Cobalt(III) Coordination Complex with Potential Prodrug Properties.

Numerous therapies for the treatment of cancer have been explored with increasing evidence that the use of metal-containing compounds could prove advantageous as anticancer therapeutics. Previous works on Ru(III) complexes suggest that structurally similar Co(III) complexes may provide good alternative, low-cost, effective prodrugs. Herein, a new complex, trans-[Co(imidazole)4Cl2]Cl (2), has been synthesized in high yields utilizing ligand exchange under refluxing conditions. The structure of 2 has been characterized by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C·NMR, ESI-MS, CV, and UV-Vis. The ability of 2 to become reduced in the presence of ascorbic acid was probed demonstrating the likely reduction of the Co(III) metal center to Co(II). In addition, preliminary cell line testing on 2 shows a lack of cytotoxicity.

Fitting neurological protein aggregation kinetic data via a 2-step, minimal/"Ockham's razor" model: the Finke-Watzky mechanism of nucleation followed by autocatalytic surface growth.

The aggregation of proteins has been hypothesized to be an underlying cause of many neurological disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases; protein aggregation is also important to normal life function in cases such as G to F-actin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and tubulin and flagella formation. For this reason, the underlying mechanism of protein aggregation, and accompanying kinetic models for protein nucleation and growth (growth also being called elongation, polymerization, or fibrillation in the literature), have been investigated for more than 50 years. As a way to concisely present the key prior literature in the protein aggregation area, Table 1 in the main text summarizes 23 papers by 10 groups of authors that provide 5 basic classes of mechanisms for protein aggregation over the period from 1959 to 2007. However, and despite this major prior effort, still lacking are both (i) anything approaching a consensus mechanism (or mechanisms), and (ii) a generally useful, and thus widely used, simplest/"Ockham's razor" kinetic model and associated equations that can be routinely employed to analyze a broader range of protein aggregation kinetic data. Herein we demonstrate that the 1997 Finke-Watzky (F-W) 2-step mechanism of slow continuous nucleation, A --> B (rate constant k1), followed by typically fast, autocatalytic surface growth, A + B --> 2B (rate constant k2), is able to quantitatively account for the kinetic curves from all 14 representative data sets of neurological protein aggregation found by a literature search (the prion literature was largely excluded for the purposes of this study in order provide some limit to the resultant literature that was covered). The F-W model is able to deconvolute the desired nucleation, k1, and growth, k2, rate constants from those 14 data sets obtained by four different physical methods, for three different proteins, and in nine different labs. The fits are generally good, and in many cases excellent, with R2 values >or=0.98 in all cases. As such, this contribution is the current record of the widest set of protein aggregation data best fit by what is also the simplest model offered to date. Also provided is the mathematical connection between the 1997 F-W 2-step mechanism and the 2000 3-step mechanism proposed by Saitô and co-workers. In particular, the kinetic equation for Saitô's 3-step mechanism is shown to be mathematically identical to the earlier, 1997 2-step F-W mechanism under the 3 simplifying assumptions Saitô and co-workers used to derive their kinetic equation. A list of the 3 main caveats/limitations of the F-W kinetic model is provided, followed by the main conclusions from this study as well as some needed future experiments.