Skin cancers arising within tattoos: A systematic review.

Background: Tattooing is a widespread practice and has increased in popularity over time. Many lesions have been described in relation to tattoos, including malignant tumors. Objectives: The primary goal of this review is to determine whether the frequency of published cases of skin cancers within tattoos has been increasing over time. Methods: Our review is in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and reporting criteria. The databases MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase via Elsevier, and Scopus via Elsevier were searched from inception to February 23, 2023. No data or publication date limits were imposed. Results: Our review identified 160 cases of cutaneous tumors arising within tattoos. An increase in published cases over time was observed. Most reported tumors developed within red tattoo pigment (36.9%), with the largest contribution by squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma lesions. Limitations: There was a lack of consistency of information in published case reports which limited the scope of our analysis. Small sample size was also a limitation of this review. Conclusions: With the increased popularity of tattoos, it is helpful to continue reporting cases of cutaneous malignancies within tattoos. Awareness of the frequency and severity of tumors within tattoos may be communicated to the public.

Racial disparities in time to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in healthcare exist, yet few data are available on racial differences in time from admission to surgery. This study aimed to compare time from admission to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients. METHODS: Patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis from 2010 to 2020 were identified using NSQIP. Time to surgery and additional preoperative, operative, and postoperative variables were analyzed. RESULTS: In the univariate analysis, 19.4% of Black patients experienced a time to surgery >1 day compared with 13.4% of White patients (p < 0.0001). In the multivariable analysis, controlling for potential confounding factors, Black patients were found to be more likely than White patients to experience a time to surgery >1 day (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.17-1.30, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Further investigation is indicated to better define the nature and significance of gender, race, and other biases in surgical care. Surgeons should be aware that biases may adversely impact patient care and should strive to identify and proactively address them to promote health equity in surgery.

The Sloop family: Addressing rural health disparities through service and education.

Dr Mary T. Martin Sloop and Dr Eustace Henry Sloop shaped the landscape of healthcare and education for the small town of Crossnore in the mountains of Western North Carolina throughout the early- to mid-twentieth century. The duo of general practitioners founded the Crossnore School and the Garrett Memorial Hospital, later renamed Sloop Memorial Hospital before its closure in 1999. The Sloops provided medical care to an underserved Appalachian population and sought advice and assistance from key community stakeholders with every project they undertook, demonstrating their commitment to cultural assimilation. While the story of the Sloop family is one of success, patients in rural America are currently facing a dual crisis of healthcare access. Rural healthcare professional shortages contribute to difficulties establishing longitudinal relationships with primary care providers, which in turn decreases access to preventative medicine services. With over 106 rural hospitals closing since 2010, patients may face travel barriers to reach inpatient facilities with associated emergency services, and access to specialty services such as surgery is diminished. It is paramount to reflect on and learn from the stories of the past, highlighting the personal and professional fulfillment that can be found in embracing rurality through service and community integration.

Examining the role of wide excision margins in pediatric melanoma: A National Cancer Database analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although adult guidelines are often applied to children, age-specific surgical margins have not been defined for pediatric melanoma. PROCEDURE: Patients <20 years of age with invasive, cutaneous melanoma were identified using the 2004-2016 National Cancer Database and categorized as undergoing wide (>1 cm) or narrow (≤1 cm) excision. Unadjusted overall survival (OS) was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the effect of excision margin on OS after adjustment for available covariates. RESULTS: In total, 2081 patients met study criteria: 1338 (64.3%) patients underwent wide excision whereas 743 (35.7%) underwent narrow excision. Unadjusted OS was improved in the narrow-excision group (log-rank p = .01), which was consistent among patients with thicker (>1 mm) and thinner (≤1 mm) tumors. After adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics, we found no evidence of a difference in OS for patients who underwent narrow excision compared to patients who underwent wide excision (adjusted hazard ratio 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.32-1.01, p = .053). There was no interaction between excision margin width and Breslow depth (p = .85), indicating that the effect of excision margin width on OS does not differ based on Breslow depth. CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis, wide excision (>1 cm) does not appear to be associated with improved survival in children with melanoma regardless of tumor characteristics. Although further studies are needed to define optimal excision margins in pediatric melanoma, this study suggests that more narrow margins (≤1 cm) may be acceptable.

Racial Disparities in Surgery for Malignant Bowel Obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Operative management of patients with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) may provide effective palliation, but is associated with substantial risks. This study aimed to analyze racial and ethnic differences in surgical outcomes for patients with MBO. METHODS: This retrospective study, using National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) registry data from 2010 to 2019, compared differences in outcomes by race and ethnicity for 2762 patients undergoing surgery for MBO. Multivariable logistic regression controlled for relevant covariates. RESULTS: Black patients (n = 407) had higher rates of preoperative comorbidity and were more likely than White patients (n = 2081) to have major complications (28.5% vs 21.8%; p = 0.0031), overall complications (47.4% vs 40.4%; p = 0.0087), a longer median hospital stay (12 days; interquartile range [IQR, 8-19 days] vs 10 days [IQR, 7-17 days]; p = 0.0007), and unplanned readmission (17.1% vs 12.9%; p = 0.0266). Black patients had a similar mortality rate to that of White patients and were less frequently discharged to home (67.6% vs 73.0%; p = 0.0315). Differences in morbidity between Black patients and White patients persisted after controlling for potentially confounding variables. Hispanic patients had lower mortality than White patients (6.3% vs 13.1%; p = 0.0130) and a longer hospital stay (12 days [IQR, 8-18 days] vs 10 days [IQR, 7-17 days]; p = 0.0313). Outcomes did not differ between Asian patients and White patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated significant disparities for Black patients undergoing surgery for MBO. Understanding and addressing what drives these differences, including systemic inequalities such as access to care and racial biases, is essential to the achievement of more equitable, higher-quality patient care.

Ipilimumab and Radiation in Patients with High-risk Resected or Regionally Advanced Melanoma.

PURPOSE: In this prospective trial, we sought to assess the feasibility of concurrent administration of ipilimumab and radiation as adjuvant, neoadjuvant, or definitive therapy in patients with regionally advanced melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients in two cohorts were enrolled and received ipilimumab at 3 mg/kg every 3 weeks for four doses in conjunction with radiation; median dose was 4,000 cGy (interquartile range, 3,550-4,800 cGy). Patients in cohort 1 were treated adjuvantly; patients in cohort 2 were treated either neoadjuvantly or as definitive therapy. RESULTS: Adverse event profiles were consistent with those previously reported with checkpoint inhibition and radiation. For the neoadjuvant/definitive cohort, the objective response rate was 64% (80% confidence interval, 40%-83%), with 4 of 10 evaluable patients achieving a radiographic complete response. An additional 3 patients in this cohort had a partial response and went on to surgical resection. With 2 years of follow-up, the 6-, 12-, and 24-month relapse-free survival for the adjuvant cohort was 85%, 69%, and 62%, respectively. At 2 years, all patients in the neoadjuvant/definitive cohort and 10/13 patients in the adjuvant cohort were still alive. Correlative studies suggested that response in some patients were associated with specific CD4+ T-cell subsets. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, concurrent administration of ipilimumab and radiation was feasible, and resulted in a high response rate, converting some patients with unresectable disease into surgical candidates. Additional studies to investigate the combination of radiation and checkpoint inhibitor therapy are warranted.

The Legacy of Joseph A. Moylan, M.D.: "It's About Everyone Else".

The history of modern American surgery is marked by larger-than-life pioneers who have made transformative contributions to our field. These extraordinary individuals have been known primarily for their technical and clinical mastery, development of novel surgical procedures and techniques, extraordinary abilities in the education and training of surgeons, and/or innovative discoveries in biomedical science. While mastery in clinical surgery, education, and research have come to characterize the consummate academic surgeon, challenging social inequities of today now demand deeper engagement in another vital arena. This historical account is the story of a truly exceptional surgeon and visionary who spent much of his life leading that very charge. Early in his career, Dr. Joseph Moylan recognized and embraced this obligation to go beyond the walls of the hospital and out into the community to combat social factors leading to adverse outcomes for at-risk young men. His legacy itself represents a vehicle for empowering youth confronted with barriers to educational opportunities and experiences. Furthermore, recounting Joe's journey conveys the over-arching thesis that surgeons have the opportunity-and, indeed, are well positioned-to engage more deeply with their communities, to lead efforts to address social determinants at their roots and to create a pipeline of bright young scholars and potential future surgeons.

Characterization of Sentinel Lymph Node Immune Signatures and Implications for Risk Stratification for Adjuvant Therapy in Melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Although sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a standard procedure used to identify patients at risk for melanoma recurrence, it fails to risk-stratify certain patients accurately. Because processes in SLNs regulate anti-tumor immune responses, the authors hypothesized that SLN gene expression may be used for risk stratification. METHODS: The Nanostring nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel was used to quantify expression of 730 immune-related genes in 60 SLN specimens (31 positive [pSLNs], 29 negative [nSLNs]) from a retrospective melanoma cohort. A multivariate prediction model for recurrence-free survival (RFS) was created by applying stepwise variable selection to Cox regression models. Risk scores calculated on the basis of the model were used to stratify patients into low- and high-risk groups. The predictive power of the model was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 6.3 years, 20 patients (33.3%) experienced recurrence (pSLN, 45.2% [14/31] vs nSLN, 20.7% [6/29]; p = 0.0445). A fitted Cox regression model incorporating 12 genes accurately predicted RFS (C-index, 0.9919). Improved RFS was associated with increased expression of TIGIT (p = 0.0326), an immune checkpoint, and decreased expression of CXCL16 (p = 0.0273), a cytokine important in promoting dendritic and T cell interactions. Independent of SLN status, the model in this study was able to stratify patients into cohorts at high and low risk for recurrence (p < 0.001, log-rank). CONCLUSIONS: Expression profiles of the SLN gene are associated with melanoma recurrence and may be able to identify patients as high or low risk regardless of SLN status, potentially enhancing patient selection for adjuvant therapy.

The utility of initial staging PET-CT as a baseline scan for surveillance imaging in stage II and III melanoma.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the utility of whole-body PET-CT for the initial staging and subsequent surveillance imaging of patients with completely resected stage II and stage III melanoma. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective review of patients who received perioperative whole-body PET-CT from January 1, 2005 to December 1, 2019 within three months of initial melanoma diagnosis was performed. RESULTS: Of 258 total patients with completely resected melanoma who had a PET-CT within 3 months after their melanoma diagnosis, 113 had stage II and 145 had stage III melanoma. PET-CT detected distant metastasis in 3 (2.7%) of 113 stage II patients and 7 (4.8%) of 145 stage III patients. 179 of 258 patients had adequate follow-up time to determine whether they received surveillance cross-sectional imaging and whether they had a melanoma recurrence. 143 (79.9%) received subsequent surveillance imaging, 74 of whom developed a recurrence. In 64 (86.5%) of 74 cases, recurrence was detected by routine surveillance. 26 (34.2%) of 76 stage II and 65 (63.1%) of 103 stage III patients developed a recurrence. The median time to recurrence among the 179 patients for stage II and III was 16.3 and 13.0 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that baseline staging with whole-body PET-CT rarely provides information that changes initial management. Rather, the value of the initial PET-CT is as a baseline for subsequent surveillance scans. Therefore, it may be premature to discourage cross-sectional imaging for patients with stage II and III melanoma without supportive evidence or a reliable biomarker of recurrent disease.

Oncologic Outcomes After Isolated Limb Infusion for Advanced Melanoma: An International Comparison of the Procedure and Outcomes Between the United States and Australia.

BACKGROUND: Isolated limb infusion (ILI) is a minimally invasive procedure for delivering high-dose chemotherapy to extremities affected by locally advanced or in-transit melanoma. This study compared the outcomes of melanoma patients treated with ILI in the United States of America (USA) and Australia (AUS). METHODS: Patients with locally recurrent in-transit melanoma treated with ILI at USA or AUS centers between 1992 and 2018 were identified. Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were collected. Primary outcomes of treatment response, in-field progression-free survival (IPFS), distant progression-free survival (DPFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariable analysis evaluated whether availability of new systemic therapies affected outcomes. RESULTS: More ILIs were performed in AUS (n = 411, 60 %) than in the USA (n = 276, 40 %). In AUS, more ILIs were performed for stage 3B disease than in the USA (62 % vs 46 %; p < 0.001). The reported complete response rates were similar (AUS 30 % vs USA 29 %). Among the stage 3B patients, AUS patients had better IPFS (p = 0.001), whereas DPFS and OS were similar between the two countries. Among the stage 3C patients, the USA patients had better OS (p < 0.001), whereas IPFS and DPFS were similar. Availability of new systemic therapies did not affect IPFS or DPFS in either country. However, the USA patients who received ILI after ipilimumab approval in 2011 had significantly improved OS (hazard ratio, 0.62; p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: AUS patients were treated at an earlier disease stage than the USA patients with better IPFS for stage 3B disease. The USA patients treated after the availability of new systemic therapies had a better OS.

Higher BMI, But Not Sarcopenia, Is Associated With Pembrolizumab-related Toxicity in Patients With Advanced Melanoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To determine whether BMI and sarcopenia were related to treatment-limiting toxicity or efficacy of pembrolizumab treatment in melanoma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical records for melanoma patients undergoing pembrolizumab treatment at Duke University from January 2014 to September 2018 were reviewed. Pre-treatment measurements such as BMI were collected. Pre-treatment CT imaging was used to determine psoas muscle index (PMI). Patients in the lowest sex-specific tertile of PMI were sarcopenic. Logistic regression measured associations with treatment toxicity and response. Kaplan-Meier analysis assessed progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Among 156 patients, the overall objective response rate was 46.2% and 29 patients (18.6%) experienced treatment-limiting toxicity. Sarcopenia was not significantly associated with toxicity, response, or survival. However, obese patients (BMI >30) experienced higher rates of toxicity (p=0.0007). CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia did not appear to predict clinically relevant outcomes. Obesity, however, represents a readily available predictor of pembrolizumab toxicity.

Retreatment with talimogene laherparepvec for advanced melanoma.

Aim: Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is a genetically modified oncolytic herpesvirus approved for the treatment of unresectable, locoregionally advanced and recurrent melanoma. There is little relevant literature in the context of retreatment with T-VEC. Materials & methods: We reviewed four patients aged 71-87 years old with stage IIIB-IV melanoma at treatment who were rechallenged with T-VEC after experiencing recurrence of locoregional disease or prior treatment-limiting toxicity. Results: Cessation of initial treatment was due to one of the following reasons: severe adverse event (one case), mixed response (one case) or complete response (two cases). Three males and one female underwent T-VEC retreatment with a mean of 5.5 injection cycles. Three patients experienced a complete response to retreatment, while one experienced disease progression. Conclusion: Intralesional T-VEC may be effective and well-tolerated in patients who have completed prior T-VEC therapy.

Factors predicting toxicity and response following isolated limb infusion for melanoma: An international multi-centre study.

INTRODUCTION: Isolated limb infusion (ILI) is a minimally-invasive procedure for delivering high-dose regional chemotherapy to treat melanoma in-transit metastases confined to a limb. The aim of this international multi-centre study was to identify predictive factors for toxicity and response. METHODS: Data of 687 patients who underwent a first ILI for melanoma in-transit metastases confined to the limb between 1992 and 2018 were collected at five Australian and four US tertiary referral centres. RESULTS: After ILI, predictive factors for increased limb toxicity (Wieberdink grade III/IV limb toxicity, n = 192, 27.9%) were: female gender, younger age, procedures performed before 2005, lower limb procedures, higher melphalan dose, longer drug circulation and ischemia times, and increased tissue hypoxia. No patient experienced grade V toxicity (necessitating amputation). A complete response (n = 199, 28.9%) was associated with a lower stage of disease, lower burden of disease (BOD) and thinner Breslow thickness of the primary melanoma. Additionally, an overall response (combined complete and partial response, n = 441, 64.1%) was associated with female gender, Australian centres, procedures performed before 2005, lower limb procedures and lower actinomycin-D doses. On multivariate analysis, higher melphalan dose remained a predictive factor for toxicity, while lower stage of disease and lower BOD remained predictive factors for overall response. CONCLUSION: ILI is safe and effective to treat melanoma in-transit metastases. Predictive factors for toxicity and response identified in this study will allow improved patient selection and optimization of intra-operative parameters to increase response rates, while keeping toxicity low.

International Multicenter Experience of Isolated Limb Infusion for In-Transit Melanoma Metastases in Octogenarian and Nonagenarian Patients.

BACKGROUND: Isolated limb infusion (ILI) is used to treat in-transit melanoma metastases confined to an extremity. However, little is known about its safety and efficacy in octogenarians and nonagenarians (ON). PATIENTS AND METHODS: ON patients (≥ 80 years) who underwent a first ILI for American Joint Committee on Cancer seventh edition stage IIIB/IIIC melanoma between 1992 and 2018 at nine international centers were included and compared with younger patients (< 80 years). A cytotoxic drug combination of melphalan and actinomycin-D was used. RESULTS: Of the 687 patients undergoing a first ILI, 160 were ON patients (median age 84 years; range 80-100 years). Compared with the younger cohort (n = 527; median age 67 years; range 29-79 years), ON patients were more frequently female (70.0% vs. 56.9%; p = 0.003), had more stage IIIB disease (63.8 vs. 53.3%; p = 0.02), and underwent more upper limb ILIs (16.9% vs. 9.5%; p = 0.009). ON patients experienced similar Wieberdink limb toxicity grades III/IV (25.0% vs. 29.2%; p = 0.45). No toxicity-related limb amputations were performed. Overall response for ON patients was 67.3%, versus 64.6% for younger patients (p = 0.53). Median in-field progression-free survival was 9 months for both groups (p = 0.88). Median distant progression-free survival was 36 versus 23 months (p = 0.16), overall survival was 29 versus 40 months (p < 0.0001), and melanoma-specific survival was 46 versus 78 months (p = 0.0007) for ON patients compared with younger patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: ILI in ON patients is safe and effective with similar response and regional control rates compared with younger patients. However, overall and melanoma-specific survival are shorter.

Type of Organ Transplanted Impacts the Risk and Presentation of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Transplant Recipients.

OBJECTIVES: Transplant immunosuppression increases the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by 65- to 200-fold. Our objective was to investigate the impact of the type of organ transplanted on the risk and presentation of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective database of the Duke University Health System was queried to identify patients who underwent an organ transplant from 1996 to 2016. Data regarding transplant outcomes, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, immunosuppressive regimens, and survival were recorded. We used chi-square tests, analysis of variance, and unpaired t tests to compare the incidence and presentation of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma among organ types. RESULTS: Of 3652 renal, hepatic, and cardiothoracic transplant patients identified, 142 patients developed at least 1 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma varied by type of organ transplanted, with 46 of 1684 (2.7%) renal transplant patients developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, 33 of 804 (4.1%) hepatic transplant patients, and 63 of 1164 (5.4%) cardiothoracic transplant patients over the median follow-up time of 6.5 years. Incidence in the renal transplant versus the cardiothoracic transplant group was significantly different (P < .001). The time to presentation of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma varied significantly by group, with the renal cohort presenting at 3.8 years compared with at 2.4 years in the cardiothoracic group and 2.1 years in the hepatic group (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The type of organ transplanted confers a unique risk and presentation of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Correction to: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Completion Lymph Node Dissection for Melanoma.

The original version of this article, which published in Current Treatment Options in Oncology, Volume 19, Issue 11, November 2018, contained an error within the Conflict of Interest statements. It was originally stated that "Norma E. Farrow received support from an NIH T32 grant (T32-CA009111."

Efficacy of Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) Therapy in Patients with In-Transit Melanoma Metastasis Decreases with Increasing Lesion Size.

BACKGROUND: Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is the first injectable oncolytic viral therapy approved for in-transit melanoma metastasis, with a reported overall response rate (ORR) of 25% and complete response rate (CRR) of 10%. To ascertain the role of patient selection on outcomes in routine practice, we evaluated the impact of patient, lesion, and treatment factors on clinical response. METHODS: Medical records were extracted for patients with recurrent stage IIIB-IV melanoma completing T-VEC at Duke University Medical Center between 1 January 2016 and 1 September 2018. Kaplan-Meier analysis assessed time to response and survival, while logistic regression measured associations of clinicopathologic status, lesion burden, T-VEC dosing, and use of prior and concurrent therapy with ORR and CRR. RESULTS: Of 27 patients, an objective response was observed in 11 (40.7%), including one patient with partial response (3.7%) and 10 with complete response (37.0%). Time to complete response and overall response was a median 22 weeks (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0-41.9 weeks and 15.8-28.2 weeks, respectively), and median progression-free survival was 17 weeks (95% CI 0-36 weeks). Logistic regression demonstrated each millimeter increase in maximum lesion diameter predicted decreased ORR (odds ratio [OR] 0.866, 95% CI 0.753-0.995; p = 0.04). Stage IV disease (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.00-0.74; p = 0.031) and programmed death-1 inhibitor treatment (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.74; p = 0.028) also predicted reduced clinical response. CONCLUSIONS: This study corroborates recent data suggesting response rates to T-VEC may be higher than reported in clinical trials, arising in part from patient selection. T-VEC lesion diameter was persistently associated with clinical response and is a readily assessed predictor of successful T-VEC therapy.

Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes After Isolated Limb Infusion for Locoregionally Metastatic Melanoma: An International Multicenter Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Isolated limb infusion (ILI) is a minimally invasive procedure for delivering high-dose regional chemotherapy to patients with locally advanced or in-transit melanoma located on a limb. The current international multicenter study evaluated the perioperative and long-term oncologic outcomes for patients who underwent ILI for stage 3B or 3C melanoma. METHODS: Patients undergoing a first-time ILI for stage 3B or 3C melanoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] 7th ed) between 1992 and 2018 at five Australian and four United States of America (USA) tertiary referral centers were identified. The primary outcome measures included treatment response, in-field (IPFS) and distant progression-free survival (DPFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: A total of 687 first-time ILIs were performed (stage 3B: n = 383, 56%; stage 3C; n = 304, 44%). Significant limb toxicity (Wieberdink grade 4) developed in 27 patients (3.9%). No amputations (grade 5) were performed. The overall response rate was 64.1% (complete response [CR], 28.9%; partial response [PR], 35.2%). Stable disease (SD) occurred in 14.5% and progressive disease (PD) in 19.8% of the patients. The median follow-up period was 47 months, with a median OS of 38.2 months. When stratified by response, the patients with a CR or PR had a significantly longer median IPFS (21.9 vs 3.0 months; p < 0.0001), DPFS (53.6 vs 12.7 months; p < 0.0001), and OS (46.5 vs 24.4 months; p < 0.0001) than the nonresponders (SD + PD). CONCLUSION: This study is the largest to date reporting long-term outcomes of ILI for locoregionally metastatic melanoma. The findings demonstrate that ILI is effective and safe for patients with stage 3B or 3C melanoma confined to a limb. A favorable response to ILI is associated with significantly longer IFPS, DPFS, and OS.

Updates in adjuvant systemic therapy for melanoma.

There has been a rapid increase in adjuvant therapies approved for treatment following surgical resection of stages III/IV melanoma. We review current indications for adjuvant therapy, which currently includes a heterogenous group of stages III and IV patients with melanoma. We describe several pivotal clinical trials of systemic immune therapies, targeted immune therapies, and adjuvant vaccine strategies. Finally, we discuss the evidence for selecting the most appropriate treatment regimen(s) for the individual patient.