Perception of pregnant individuals, health providers and decision makers on interventions to cease substance consumption during pregnancy: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Despite multiple recommendations and strategies implemented at a national and international level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and cannabis use during pregnancy remains high in most countries. The objective of this study was to examine key stakeholders' perception of the treatment interventions adopted in Spain, to identify political, organizational and personal factors associated with successful implementation, and to propose strategies for improvement. METHODS: A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted in 2022. The target groups were: (1) clinical decision makers in the field of addiction science, (2) health professionals who carry out treatment interventions, and (3) pregnant individuals who use tobacco, alcohol or cannabis. Two focus groups and eight in-depth interviews were conducted, recorded, and transcribed. Exploratory analysis and inductive open coding was performed, codes were merged into categories, and subcategories were identified. RESULTS: The analysis resulted in 10 subcategories which were further merged into three main categories: (1) Degree of adoption and utility of treatment interventions implemented; (2) Needs and demands with respect to the organization of treatment interventions; and, (3) Personal barriers to and facilitators for treatment. Respondents reported that despite multiple national and regional cessation initiatives, treatment interventions were rarely adopted in clinical practice. Health care administrators demanded reliable records to quantify substance use for better planning of activities. Health care professionals advocated for additional time and training and both echoed the importance of integrating cessation interventions into routine prenatal care and creating in-house specialized units. The difficulty in quitting, lack of awareness of risk for foetus and child and the controversial advice were identified as barriers by pregnant individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous work, this study found that cessation strategies implemented by the health authorities are not effective if they are not accompanied by organizational and behavioral changes. The current study identifies a set of factors that could be pivotal in ensuring the success of treatment interventions targeting tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use among pregnant individuals.

Early life exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and eating behaviors at age 12 years.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal or early childhood secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure increases obesity risk. However, the potential mechanisms underlying this association are unclear, but obesogenic eating behaviors are one pathway that components of SHS could perturb. Our aim was to assess associations of prenatal and early childhood SHS exposure with adolescent eating behaviors. METHODS: Data came from a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort (N = 207, Cincinnati, OH). With multiple informant models, we estimated associations of prenatal (mean of 16 and 26 weeks of gestation maternal serum cotinine concentrations) and early childhood cotinine (average concentration across ages 12, 24, 36, and 48 months) with eating behaviors at age 12 years (Child Eating Behaviors Questionnaire). We tested whether associations differed by exposure periods and adolescent's sex. Models adjusted for maternal and child covariates. RESULTS: We found no statistically significant associations between cotinine measures and adolescent's eating behaviors. Yet, in females, prenatal cotinine was associated with greater food responsiveness (ß: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.38) and lower satiety responsiveness (ß: -0.14; 95% CI: -0.26, -0.02); in males, prenatal and postnatal cotinine was related to lower food responsiveness (prenatal: ß: -0.25; 95% CI: -0.04, -0.06; postnatal: ß: -0.36; 95% CI: -0.06, -0.11). No significant effect modification by sex or exposure window was found for other eating behaviors. CONCLUSION: Prenatal and early childhood SHS exposures were not related to adolescent's eating behavior in this cohort; however, biological sex may modify these associations.

Occupational exposure to endotoxins and small cell lung cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

The relationship of occupational exposure to endotoxins with different histologic subtypes of lung cancer has not been established. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to assess the effect of exposure to endotoxins on the development of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). A bibliographic search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases until December 2022, including all cohort and/or case-control studies that examined occupational exposure to endotoxins and SCLC. Risk of bias was assessed using the U.S. Office of Health Assessment and Translation tool. A random effects model was applied, publication bias were assessed, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted. Four papers were selected for meta-analysis purposes. A total of 144 incident cases of SCLC and 897 population or hospital controls were included. Occupational exposure to endotoxins was considered for textile/leather industry and agricultural sector workers exposed to endotoxins originating from wool, cotton, or leather dust. Except for one study, all investigations were classified as having a low probability of risk of biases. The results of the meta-analysis were not statistically significant (pooled OR: 0.86; 95% CI:0.69-1.08). In addition, neither between-study heterogeneity (I2=0%;p=0.92) nor publication bias was observed (p=0.49). The results of the sensitivity analysis, after including five studies that assessed the risk of SCLC among textile industry and crop/livestock farm workers (not specifically exposed to endotoxins), showed a negative statistically non-significant association and low between-study heterogeneity (pooled OR: 0.90; 95% CI:0.79-1.02; I2=22%;p=0.23). Subjects exposed to occupational exposure to endotoxins seem to exhibit a negative association with the development of SCLC, although the results are not conclusive.

Antibiotic consumption in the first months of life: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The factors and patterns associated with antibiotic consumption in infants are unclear. Our aim was to assess the cumulative incidence of antibiotic consumption from birth to 16 months and identify factors associated with antibiotic consumption among infants aged 4-16 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2016 in a sample of 18 882 women from Galicia, Spain, who had given birth to a live child between September 1, 2015 and August 31, 2016. We calculated the cumulative incidence of antibiotic consumption based on maternal reports regarding the infant's consumption from birth to 14 months obtained through interviews; we did not estimate consumption at ages 15 and 16 months due to the small sample size. To assess which factors were associated with antibiotic consumption, we carried out a nested case-control study matching cases and controls for birth month on a 1:1 ratio. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of antibiotic consumption among infants aged 0-14 months increased from 7.5% to 66.0%. The case-control study included data for 1852 cases and 1852 controls. Daycare attendance (OR: 3.8 [95% CI: 3.2-4.6]), having older siblings (OR: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.6-2.1]), health care visits to private clinics (OR: 1.6 [95% CI: 1.4-2.0]), and passive smoking (OR: 1.3 [95% CI: 1.1-1.6]) were associated with an increased probability of antibiotic consumption. Maternal age between 30-39 years or 40 years and over at the time of birth was associated with a decreased probability of antibiotic consumption (OR: 0.8 [95% CI, 0.7-1.0] and OR: 0.6 [95% CI: 0.5-0.8], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Some of the factors associated with antibiotic consumption in infants are modifiable and should be considered in the development of public health measures aimed at reducing antibiotic consumption.

Asbestos exposure and small cell lung cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Asbestos is a mineral that is carcinogenic to humans. Its use has been banned in many occidental countries yet it is still produced in the United States, and materials that contain asbestos remain in many occupational settings and indoor environments. Even though asbestos carcinogenicity is well known, there is scant literature on its specific effects regarding small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine SCLC risk among workers exposed to asbestos. A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify studies which reported occupational exposure to asbestos and SCLC-related deaths and/or incidence. We identified seven case-control studies that included 3,231 SCLC cases; four studies reported smoking-adjusted risks. A significantly increased risk of SCLC (pooled OR 1.89; 95% CI, 1.25-2.86) was observed on pooling studies on men (six studies) that displayed moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 46.0%). Overall, our synthesis suggests that occupational exposure to asbestos significantly increases the risk of SCLC on men.

Maternal smoking in pregnancy and blood pressure during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis.

Arterial hypertension during childhood or adolescence is rising, and smoking during pregnancy may constitute a modifiable risk factor. This study aims to evaluate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in childhood and adolescence. A bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases in March 2022. Meta-analysis was performed with the difference in mean-adjusted SBP/DBP of children and adolescents aged 3-17 years, according to maternal smoking/non-smoking in pregnancy. A random effects model was applied; a leave-one-out analysis and meta-analysis by subgroups were performed. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. Evidence levels were rated using the GRADE system. Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis; all of them evaluated the mean-adjusted SBP difference in children or adolescents (N = 73,448), and 6 also that of DBP (N = 31,459). Results showed that maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly increased SBP (ß = 0.31 mmHg 95% CI 0.14-0.49). A greater increase in mean-adjusted SBP was observed in those studies that completed the recruitment before 1990, were conducted in non-European countries, used standard mercury or manual sphygmomanometry, adjusted for birth weight, and were in the lowest quality subgroup. No significant association was found for DBP. The GRADE level of evidence was low for SBP and very low for DBP. CONCLUSION: Smoking in pregnancy might increase SBP in childhood and adolescence. Due to the low level of evidence, solid inferences cannot be drawn about the clinical relevance of these findings. WHAT IS KNOWN: • AHT is the leading cause of premature death among adults worldwide. • Deleterious effects derived from SHS exposure on children's health have been documented since early 1970. To date, there are contradictory results about the effects of prenatal SHS exposure on children's BP. WHAT IS NEW: • Smoking in pregnancy may increase SBP during childhood and adolescence. • Maternal smoking during pregnancy could have greater influence on their offspring's SBP than on DBP.

Pre- and postnatal exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and cardiometabolic risk at 12 years: Periods of susceptibility.

BACKGROUND: To identify periods of heightened susceptibility to the association of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure with cardiometabolic (CM) risk at age 12 years. METHODS: We used data from 212 adolescents from the HOME Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort in Cincinnati, OH. Using multiple informant models, we estimated associations of maternal serum cotinine (mean of concentrations at 16 and 26 weeks of pregnancy) and children's serum cotinine concentrations (mean of concentrations at ages 1, 2, 3, and 4 years) with a CM risk summary score constructed of five risk components measured at age 12 years. We determined if these associations differed for pre- and postnatal exposure periods, and adolescent's sex. RESULTS: We found some evidence that the cotinine-outcome associations differed by exposure period and sex. Postnatal, but not prenatal, cotinine was associated with higher CM risk scores and individual CM risk component values (interaction p-values = 0.04 to 0.35). Each 10-fold increase in postnatal cotinine was associated with 0.57 (95% CI: 0.32, 1.45), 0.09 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.31), 0.14 (-0.08, 0.35), 0.07 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.48), and 0.11 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.27) higher CM risk, HOMA-IR, TG to HDL-C ratio, leptin to adiponectin ratio, and visceral fat area. Postnatal cotinine was associated with higher visceral fat area among females but not males (sex × period × cotinine interaction p-value = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Serum cotinine concentrations during the postnatal period had greater influence on adolescent's CM risk compared to the prenatal period, and these associations may be sex-specific. This study reinforces the need for ongoing public health interventions to minimize children's exposure to SHS.

Lung cancer mortality attributable to residential radon: a systematic scoping review.

After smoking, residential radon is the second risk factor of lung cancer in general population and the first in never-smokers. Previous studies have analyzed radon attributable lung cancer mortality for some countries. We aim to identify, summarize, and critically analyze the available data regarding the mortality burden of lung cancer due to radon, performing a quality assessment of the papers included, and comparing the results from different countries. We performed a systematic scoping review using the main biomedical databases. We included original studies with attributable mortality data related to radon exposure. We selected studies according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. PRISMA 2020 methodology and PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews requirements were followed. Data were abstracted using a standardized data sheet and a tailored scale was used to assess quality. We selected 24 studies describing radon attributable mortality derived from 14 different countries. Overall, 13 studies used risk models based on cohorts of miners, 8 used risks from residential radon case-control studies and 3 used both risk model options. Radon geometric mean concentration ranged from 11 to 83 Becquerels per cubic meter (Bq/m3) and the population attributable fraction (PAF) ranged from 0.2 to 26%. Studies performed in radon prone areas obtained the highest attributable mortality. High-quality publications reported PAF ranging from 3 to 12% for residential risk sources and from 7 to 25% for miner risk sources. Radon PAF for lung cancer mortality varies widely between studies. A large part of the variation is due to differences in the risk source used and the conceptual description of radon exposure assumed. A common methodology should be described and used from now on to improve the communication of these results.

Smoking-attributable mortality in Spain: A systematic review. / Mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en España: Revisión sistemática.

Smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is an indicator that reflects the evolution of the tobacco epidemic at the population level. The objective of this study is to identify and to describe published studies that have estimated SAM in Spain. A search in PubMed and EMBASE databases was performed, limited to studies published until April 15th, 2021. Studies that estimated SAM in Spain or its constituent regions were included. Of the 146 studies identified, 22 met eligibility criteria. The first estimate of SAM in Spain dates from 1978 and the last from 2017. Twelve of the studies found estimated SAM at national level, 8 in regions, 1 in a province and 1 in a city. Most estimates were made for adults aged over 34, categorized as smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers. Observed mortality derived, in all studies, from official records, and relative risks mostly from Cancer Prevention Study II. In the period analyzed, a decrease in the burden of SAM was observed. In Spain, different SAM estimates are available globally, but they do not have regular periodicity, and such estimates are infrequently made by region. Due to variations in methodology and data sources, it is difficult to assess changes in SAM. Having global and regional periodic estimates would be necessary to correctly monitor the tobacco epidemic in Spain.

La mortalidad atribuida (MA) al consumo de tabaco es un indicador que refleja la evolución de la epidemia tabáquica a nivel poblacional. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar y describir los estudios publicados que hayan estimado MA al consumo de tabaco en España. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos de PubMed y EMBASE de los trabajos publicados hasta el 15/04/2021. Se incluyeron estudios que estimaron MA en España en su conjunto o en unidades territoriales. Se identificaron 146 estudios y 22 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. La primera estimación de MA en España data de 1978 y la última de 2017. En 12 estudios se estimó la MA a nivel nacional, 8 en comunidades autónomas, 1 a nivel provincial y 1 en una ciudad. La mayoría de estimaciones se realizaron en adultos mayores de 34 años categorizados como fumadores, exfumadores y nunca fumadores. La mortalidad observada derivó en todos los estudios de registros oficiales y los riesgos relativos mayoritariamente del Cancer Prevention Study II. En el periodo analizado se observó una disminución en la carga de MA en relación con la mortalidad total. En España se dispone de estimaciones de MA a nivel global, pero no tienen periodicidad regular y es infrecuente que se realicen en unidades territoriales. Debido a variaciones en la metodología y en las fuentes de datos es difícil evaluar de forma precisa cambios en la MA. Sería necesario disponer de estimaciones periódicas globales y regionales para monitorizar correctamente la epidemia tabáquica en España.

Pre- and postnatal exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and body composition at 12 years: periods of susceptibility.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to identify periods of heightened susceptibility to the effects of pre- and postnatal secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure on body composition at age 12 years. METHODS: The study used data from 217 children from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio. Using multiple informant models, the study estimated associations of maternal serum cotinine (16 and 26 weeks of pregnancy) and child serum cotinine concentrations (at age 12, 24, 36, and 48 months) with measures of body composition obtained with anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 12 years. We examined whether there were differences between these associations for pre- and postnatal exposure periods and potential effect measure modification by sex. RESULTS: Postnatal cotinine concentrations were associated with higher weight, BMI, body fat and lean mass, waist circumference, and visceral, android, and gynoid fat. Each 10-fold increase in postnatal cotinine was associated with 76% increased risk of overweight or obesity (95% CI: 1.13-2.75). Associations between prenatal concentrations and measures of body composition at 12 years were generally null. CONCLUSIONS: Postnatal exposure to SHS may increase adolescent adiposity and lean mass. Future studies should determine whether early-life exposures to SHS are associated with other cardiometabolic risk markers.

Serum cotinine cut-points for secondhand smoke exposure assessment in children under 5 years: A systemic review.

BACKGROUND: Serum cotinine has become the most widely used biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) over time in all ages. The aim of this study was to review the serum cotinine cut-points used to classify children under 5 years as exposed to SHS. METHODS: A systematic review performed in the Pubmed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE databases up to April 2021 was conducted using as key words "serum cotinine", "tobacco smoke pollution" (MeSH), "secondhand smoke", "environmental tobacco smoke" and "tobacco smoke exposure". Papers which assessed SHS exposure among children younger than 5 years old were included. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed. Analysis was pre-registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021251263). RESULTS: 247 articles were identified and 51 fulfilled inclusion criteria. The selected studies were published between 1985-2020. Most of them included adolescents and adults. Only three assessed postnatal exposure exclusively among children under 5 years. None of the selected studies proposed age-specific cut-points for children < 5 years old. Cut-point values to assess SHS exposure ranged from 0.015 to 100 ng/ml. The most commonly used cut-point was 0.05 ng/ml, derived from the assay limit of detection used by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). CONCLUSIONS: No studies have calculated serum cotinine age-specific cut-points to ascertained SHS exposure among children under 5 years old. Children's age-specific cut-points are warranted for health research and public health purposes aimed at accurately estimating the prevalence of SHS exposure and attributable burden of disease to such exposure, and at reinforcing 100% smoke-free policies worldwide, both in homes, private vehicles and public places.

Smoking-attributable mortality in the autonomous communities of Spain, 2017.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To estimate smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in the regions of Spain among people aged ≥ 35 years in 2017. METHODS: SAM was estimated using a prevalence dependent method based calculating the population attributable fraction. Observed mortality was derived from the National Statistics Institute. The prevalence of smoking by age and sex was based on the Spanish National Health Survey for 2011 and 2017 and the European Survey for 2014. Relative risks were reported from the follow-up of 5 North American cohorts. SAM and population attributable fraction were estimated for each region by age group, sex, and causes of death. Cause-specific and adjusted SAM rates were estimated. RESULTS: Smoking caused 53 825 deaths in the population aged ≥ 35 years (12.9% of all-cause mortality). SAM ranged from 10.8% of observed mortality in La Rioja to 15.3% in the Canary Islands. The differences remained after rates were adjusted by age. The highest adjusted SAM rates were observed in Extremadura in men and in the Canary Islands in women. Adjusted SAM rates in men were inversely correlated with those in women. The percentage of total SAM represented by cardiovascular diseases in each region ranged from 21.8% in Castile-La Mancha to 30.3% in Andalusia. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of SAM differed among regions. Conducting a detailed region-by-region analysis provides relevant information for health policies aiming to curb the impact of smoking.

Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure among children under 5 years old: questionnaires versus cotinine biomarkers: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Cotinine is the gold standard to estimate prevalence of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure, and assay limit of detection (LOD) cut-points are typically used regardless of age. Our aim was to compare the concordance between mother-reported SHS exposure and serum cotinine categorising children as exposed with the assay LOD or age-specific cut-points. DESIGN: Data from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort. SETTING: Hospital or participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS: 389 pregnant women aged 18 years and older, between 13 and 19 weeks of gestation, living in a five-county region of the Cincinnati, Ohio metropolitan area, and with follow-up on their children at birth and ages 12, 24, 36 and 48 months. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Children's serum cotinine, mother-reported active smoking and SHS exposure were available at birth and during follow-up visits. We used Cohen's kappa index to assess concordance between maternal self-report and child's serum cotinine concentrations. We estimated optimal age-specific cut-points, their sensitivity-specificity and positive-negative predictive values with receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: Self-reported exposure and cotinine data were available for 280 women who gave birth to singleton child. When applying the assay LOD (0.015 ng/mL), concordance between maternal report and serum cotinine, without accounting for age, was below 0.23 at all times. When using age-specific cut-points (12 months: 0.11 ng/mL; 24 months: 0.08 ng/mL; 36 months: 0.05 ng/mL and 48 months: 0.04 ng/mL), concordance improved, being low at 12 months (0.39), moderate at 24 and 36 months (0.47 and 0.43) and high at 48 months (0.62). CONCLUSIONS: Concordance between mother-reported SHS exposure among children under 5 years and serum cotinine improved considerably after applying the cohort-specific and age-specific cut-points. Future studies are necessary to verify these results.

Smoking-attributable mortality in South America: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Dating from the 1920s and linked to the increase in mortality among smokers, tobacco has become one of the most studied health risk factors. Tobacco-use series, whether for the general population or for specific groups, are unavailable for most South American countries, something that hinders the characterisation of this risk factor. OBJECTIVES: To identify and analyse studies that estimate smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in South America and provide an overview of the impact of smoking habit on mortality in the region. METHODS: Systematic review using PubMed, Embase, LILACS, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Google Scholar and Google, and including all papers published until June 2020 reporting studies in which SAM was estimated. RESULTS: The search yielded 140 papers, 17 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were SAM estimates for all South American countries, with Argentina having the most. The first estimate covered 1981 and the latest, 2013. The method most used was prevalence-based. Regardless of the country and point in time covered by the estimate, the highest figures were recorded for men in all cases. The burden of attributable vs observed mortality varied among countries, reaching a figure of 20.3% in Argentina in 1986. The highest SAM burden was registered for the group of cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS: SAM estimates are available for all South American countries but the respective study periods differ and the frequency of the estimates is unclear. For 4 countries, the only estimates available are drawn from reports, something that does not allow for a detailed assessment of the estimates obtained. To help with decision-making targeted at evaluating and enhancing the impact of smoking control policies, further studies are needed in order to update the impact of smoking on all countries across South America.

Mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil, 2016 / Mortality attributed to tobacco consumption in Brazil, 2016

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Actualizar la estimación de la mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil en población de 35 y más años. Métodos: Se aplicó un método dependiente de prevalencia, basado en la fracción atribuida poblacional. Este método estima la mortalidad atribuida a partir de la mortalidad observada en Brasil (fuente: Sistema de Información de Mortalidad del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil-2016); de las prevalencias de fumadores, exfumadores y nunca fumadores (Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Brasil-2013) y del exceso de riesgo de morir (riesgo relativo) que tienen los fumadores y exfumadores en comparación con los nunca fumadores (5 estudios de cohortes norteamericanos). Se presentan estimaciones de mortalidad atribuida globales, por sexo, grupo de edad (35-54; 55-64; 65-74 y 75 años en adelante) y 3 grupos de enfermedades: tumores malignos, enfermedades cardiometabólicas y respiratorias. Resultados: En 2016, el consumo de tabaco causó con 163.831 muertes en Brasil, el 67% (109.369) fue en hombres y cuatro de cada diez (62.791) sucedieron antes de los 65 años. El 42% de la mortalidad atribuida se asocia a enfermedades cardiometabólicas, seguidas de respiratorias (34%) y tumorales (24%), sin diferencias por sexo. Conclusión: El 14% de las muertes que sucedieron en Brasil durante 2016 en población de 35 y más años se atribuye al consumo de tabaco. Realizar de forma periódica estimaciones de MA es necesario para valorar y fortalecer las leyes de control de tabaquismo implantadas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To update the estimation of tobacco attributable mortality (AM) in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older. Methods: A prevalence-dependent analysis was applied based on the population attributed fraction. This method estimates the tobacco AM taking into account the mortality observed in Brazil (source: Brazilian Mortality Information System - 2016); the prevalence of smokers, former smokers, and never smokers (National Health Survey Brazil - 2013) and the excess of risk of death (relative risk) of smokers and former smokers in comparison to never smokers (derived from 5 North American cohorts). Estimates of overall AM are shown by gender, age group (35-54; 55-64; 65-74; and 75 years old and older) and 3 groups: malignant tumors, cardiometabolic diseases, and respiratory diseases. Results: In 2016, tobacco consumption caused 163,831 deaths in Brazil, 67% (109,369) were in men and four out of ten (62,791) occurred before the age of 65. Without differences by gender, 42% of the AM is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, followed by respiratory diseases (34%) and malignant tumors (24%). Conclusion: During 2016, 14% of the deaths occurred in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older were attributed to tobacco consumption. Periodic tobacco AM estimations are mandatory to assess and strengthen smoking control strategies and policies.

Mortality attributed to tobacco consumption in Brazil, 2016. / Mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil, 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To update the estimation of tobacco attributable mortality (AM) in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older. METHODS: A prevalence-dependent analysis was applied based on the population attributed fraction. This method estimates the tobacco AM taking into account the mortality observed in Brazil (source: Brazilian Mortality Information System - 2016); the prevalence of smokers, former smokers, and never smokers (National Health Survey Brazil - 2013) and the excess of risk of death (relative risk) of smokers and former smokers in comparison to never smokers (derived from 5 North American cohorts). Estimates of overall AM are shown by gender, age group (35-54; 55-64; 65-74; and 75 years old and older) and 3 groups: malignant tumors, cardiometabolic diseases, and respiratory diseases. RESULTS: In 2016, tobacco consumption caused 163,831 deaths in Brazil, 67% (109,369) were in men and four out of ten (62,791) occurred before the age of 65. Without differences by gender, 42% of the AM is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, followed by respiratory diseases (34%) and malignant tumors (24%). CONCLUSION: During 2016, 14% of the deaths occurred in the Brazilian population aged 35 years old and older were attributed to tobacco consumption. Periodic tobacco AM estimations are mandatory to assess and strengthen smoking control strategies and policies.

OBJETIVO: Actualizar la estimación de la mortalidad atribuida al consumo de tabaco en Brasil en población de 35 y más años. MÉTODOS: Se aplicó un método dependiente de prevalencia, basado en la fracción atribuida poblacional. Este método estima la mortalidad atribuida a partir de la mortalidad observada en Brasil (fuente: Sistema de Información de Mortalidad del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil-2016); de las prevalencias de fumadores, exfumadores y nunca fumadores (Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Brasil-2013) y del exceso de riesgo de morir (riesgo relativo) que tienen los fumadores y exfumadores en comparación con los nunca fumadores (5 estudios de cohortes norteamericanos). Se presentan estimaciones de mortalidad atribuida globales, por sexo, grupo de edad (35-54; 55-64; 65-74 y 75 años en adelante) y 3 grupos de enfermedades: tumores malignos, enfermedades cardiometabólicas y respiratorias. RESULTADOS: En 2016, el consumo de tabaco causó con 163.831 muertes en Brasil, el 67% (109.369) fue en hombres y cuatro de cada diez (62.791) sucedieron antes de los 65 años. El 42% de la mortalidad atribuida se asocia a enfermedades cardiometabólicas, seguidas de respiratorias (34%) y tumorales (24%), sin diferencias por sexo. CONCLUSIÓN: El 14% de las muertes que sucedieron en Brasil durante 2016 en población de 35 y más años se atribuye al consumo de tabaco. Realizar de forma periódica estimaciones de MA es necesario para valorar y fortalecer las leyes de control de tabaquismo implantadas.