A solitary osteochondroma of the sixth cervical spine: A case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Osteochondromas, the most common benign tumors of the appendicular skeleton, are uncommonly found in the spine. Although the cervical spine is the most frequent location of spinal osteochondromas, the lower cervical spine is less commonly affected. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 16-year-old female adolescent who presented with a hard palpable mass over the nape of the neck more toward the right side associated with non-radiating pain for 3 years. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) revealed an expansile bone lesion arising from the sixth cervical spinous process (C6). En-bloc resection of the tumor was performed, which alleviated her symptoms. A histopathological examination revealed the presence of an osteochondroma without any features suggestive of malignancy. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Osteochondroma is a common benign bone tumor, mainly found in the appendicular skeleton, with rare occurrences in the spine. It can be solitary or associated with multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE). The cervical spine is the most affected area, and its symptoms vary depending on its location. Diagnosis involves imaging, and surgical excision is recommended for symptomatic cases to prevent neurological compromise, and recurrence, and to confirm the diagnosis by histopathology. CONCLUSION: Diagnosing rare conditions such as cervical osteochondroma requires a high level of clinical suspicion and the assistance of imaging techniques in patients exhibiting relevant symptoms. Optimal outcomes were achieved using en bloc resection.

Lupus nephritis: An experience of a tertiary care center in Nepal.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the common complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Timely treatment will decrease progression to chronic kidney disease. Treatment varies with different stages for which biopsy is needed. Controversies still exist regarding its requirement in management. This is a retrospective study from September 2014 to August 2016 in B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal among all patients with SLE and undergone renal biopsy. Of 92 patients, most were female 85 (92.4%) with a median age of 32 years. In this study, 80.4% had some clinical symptomatology. Of the clinical manifestations, 41.3% had polyarthritis, edema (20.7%), and malar rash (17.4%). Anti-nuclear antibody was positive in 80.4% and ds DNA in 70.7%. Renal biopsy showed more number of patients 27 (35%) had Stage IV LN, followed by Stage I, 19 (24%), and Stage II, 16 (20%) LN. Median urinary protein in Class I was 1.05 g, Class II (0.63 g), Class III (1.5 g), Class IV (2.44 g), Class V (3.99 g), and Class VI (4.7 g). Only Stage IV had Kappa of 0.269 {P = 0.003) showing agreement between proteinuria and histological staging which was statistically significant (P <0.005). However, overall Kappa analysis showed none to fair strength of agreement for different stages of LN (-0.014-0.269) with proteinuria. Kappa (k) analysis showed none to fair strength of agreement for different stages of LN and proteinuria. Hence, only proteinuria is not sufficient to replace the need of renal biopsy in LN.

Spectrum of complications in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: An experience of a tertiary care center in Nepal.

The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide. Renal replacement therapy is the lifesaving treatment modality in end-stage renal disease. Among various renal replacement modalities, hemodialysis (HD) is widely preferred one. Intradialytic complications are common and mostly inevitable. This study was conducted to determine pattern of intradialytic complications and its associated factors. This is a cross-sectional study conducted for six months duration among all CKD patients who were undergoing maintenance HD in B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. Of 228 patients, most were male 141 (61.8%) with median age 50 years (22-77). In this study, diabetic nephropathy (38.2%) was the most common etiology of CKD. Among 228 patients, complications were noted in 133 (58.3%) patients. Common complications were chills and rigor (44.3%), backache (30.7%), and hypotension (27.2%) in the study patients. Intradialytic complications were significantly associated with increasing age (P <0.001) and irregular HD (P <0.001). The common complications among CKD patient undergoing maintenance HD were chills, backache, and hypotension. Increasing age and irregular HD were significantly associated with intradialytic complications.