Treatment of Tinnitus with Intratympanic Injection of Dexamethasone Versus Oral Drugs.

Tinnitus is a symptom of cochlear dysfunction, which can disturb the patient emotionally and physically. As anxiety and tinnitus persist concurrently, certain benzodiazepines have been administered as possible tinnitus treatment options. In addition to pharmacological medications, certain studies have looked at the use of vitamins to treat tinnitus. Intratympanic steroids have been successfully used in various studies as well, for the treatment of tinnitus. A clinical based interventional study was taken up among the patients visiting the ENT OPD of a State Medical College and Hospital. 160 subjects were included in the study by convenient sampling method, taking the inclusion and the exclusion criteria into consideration. Out of them, 80 subjects were given an intratympanic injection of dexamethasone and rest 80 were given oral drugs like alprazolam and vitamin B complex. Among the patients who were treated with intratympanic dexamethasone, significant improvement was seen in 36 of them, with a p value of 0.00 as compared to those who were given oral drugs, in which only 10 showed improvement, with a p value of 0.32. The improvement of the symptoms is significantly related with the duration of the symptoms in our study. Patients presenting with severe SNHL was the commonest presentation but had the least improvement (29.6%). Patients presenting within one year of occurrence of the symptoms had maximum improvement. Intratympanic dexamethasone can be considered as a good alternative for improvement of symptoms of tinnitus.

Optimization of Oral Posaconazole Step Down Therapy in Management of Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis (ROCM): Outcome of an Institutional Protocol.

All cases of ROCM received antifungal for a prolong period in step down phase. There is no definite guidelines regarding duration. We have formulated and followed an institutional protocol with good results. To determine the outcome of an institutional protocol and required optimum duration of oral posaconazole therapy to cure ROCM in step down phase, 30 ROCM patients were followed up in step down phase. Oral posaconazole tablet was given for minimum 3, 4 & 1/2 and 6 months to stage-II, III & IV cases respectively, with a provision of extension for another 6 weeks in suspected active diseases. Nasal endoscopy, MRI, histopathology /culture of suspected tissue and hematologic investigations were done routinely to identify the residual active disease or recurrences at earliest. Outcome of this protocol proved excellent as all cases of ROCM were cured. Oral posaconazole step down therapy for a duration according to the stages of disease cured 18 cases (60%) of ROCM. Fourteen patients required extended duration of therapy as per provision of our treatment protocol. Only one patient needed re-debridement. The cases with deformities needed extended period of posaconazole therapy. No one needed posaconazole therapy for more than 7and1/2 months.

Betahistine as an add-on: The magic bullet for postoperative nausea, vomiting and dizziness after middle ear surgery?

PURPOSE: Patients undergoing middle ear surgery experience variable degrees of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) despite prophylaxis and treatment with ondansetron or other 5HT3 receptor antagonists. Furthermore vertigo or dizziness are not well controlled perioperatively. Role of betahistine was tested as an add-on to ondansetron in control of PONV and vertigo in middle ear surgery cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study, enrolling one hundred patients undergoing middle ear surgery under local anesthesia into two groups consisting of fifty (n = 50) patients each. Group A patients were given betahistine 16 mg plus ondansetron 8 mg and placebo plus ondansetron 8 mg were given to group B or placebo group, orally 3 hours before starting operation. The incidence of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness was noted during the intraoperative and postoperative 24 hours period. Chi-square test, unpaired 't' test, and Fisher's exact tests were performed for statistical analysis using SPSS version 16 and Open Epi version 2.3.1 softwares. RESULTS: Complete response was obtained in 90% patients in the betahistine group as compared to 66% in the placebo group. Vomiting in the intraoperative and postoperative period was noted in 4% and 8% cases, respectively, in the betahistine group as compared to 18% and 26%, respectively, in the placebo group. Overall, vertigo was 10% versus 32% in betahistine group and placebo group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Betahistine as an add-on to ondansetron can significantly attenuate PONV and perioperative vertigo, following middle ear surgeries.

Minimyringoplasty: repair of small central perforation of tympanic membrane by fat graft: a prospective study.

Ear lobule fat was used as graft material for the closure of small size central perforation of tympanic membrane. We describe this procedure as minimyringoplasty. This study was done over a period of 2 year on fifty properly selected cases. Closure of perforation was found in 92% of cases within 2-3 months of surgery. Hearing gain was 7 dB on an average and morbidity was insignificant in successful cases.

Bilateral superficial cervical plexus block with or without low-dose intravenous ketamine analgesia: effective, simple, safe, and cheap alternative to conventional general anesthesia for selected neck surgeries.

BACKGROUND: General anesthesia is commonly used for surgery in the neck region. Superficial cervical plexus block is adequate to produce anesthesia in the anterior and anterolateral aspects of the neck. Our aim was to observe the effectiveness of bilateral cervical plexus block for surgery in this region of the neck. METHODS: A total of 136 neck surgery cases were enrolled in this prospective uncontrolled study. All patients were administered ropivacaine 0.5% as a bilateral cervical plexus block. The incision line was infiltrated with lignocaine 1% and adrenaline 1:100,000. For thyroglossal cyst and thyroglossal fistula, an additional 1.5 mL of LA solution was deposited over the hyoid bone on both sides of the midline. Any anesthetic inadequacy was corrected using ketamine 25 mg intravenously and repeated if necessary. RESULTS: Of 37 patients with thyroglossal cyst, the block was sufficient in 36 patients, and one patient required ketamine. Block was adequate in 23 of 24 patients with thyroglossal fistula, and one patient required ketamine. Among the branchial cyst and branchial fistula cases, six of 16 patients required ketamine supplementation. Of three thyroidectomy patients, one required ketamine supplementation, and one was converted to conventional general anesthesia. For lymph node excision and lymph node biopsy patients, LA block was sufficient in all 31 cases. In the last group, one of 25 patients required ketamine supplementation. CONCLUSION: The overall success of bilateral cervical plexus block as a sole method of anesthesia in these selected neck surgeries was 91.9% and with low-dose ketamine supplementation it approached more than 99%. However, cervical plexus block was not a good method of anesthesia for thyroid surgery in this study. For the remainder of cases, bilateral cervical plexus block alone or in conjunction with ketamine appeared to be a cheap, safe, and effective alternative to conventional general anesthesia.

Foreign body aspiration: demographic trends and foreign bodies posing a risk.

This study was done to find out modern demographic trends of aspiration and different foreign bodies posing a risk. For this study, 94 patients with suspected foreign body aspiration (FBA) were selected. Detailed history, especially age, suspected Foreign body (FB) and mode of onset were noted and a thorough clinical examination was done. X-ray chest and neck, antero-posterior and lateral view was the only investigation done in all. Rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia was done in all the cases of suspected FBA for diagnostic cum therapeutic purpose. Among 94 patients 70.2% i.e. 66 were within 5 years of age and most were within 2-3 years of age. Rigid bronchoscopy was done in all the cases and foreign body was successfully retrieved in 78.7% of cases. Bronchoscopy was negative in the rest of the cases. The Most common site of lodgment was the right bronchus followed by the left bronchus, the trachea and other sites. Vegetables were the most common FBs as they were found in 26 cases. Whistles from small plastic toys were the single most common FB(15). Other foreign bodies were small plastic and metallic parts, safety pins, jewellery etc. Children under 5 years of age are at greatest risk of FBA. Different vegetables and whistles of low grade toys are the most commonly aspirated FB. Detailed history is most important for diagnosis. X-ray is not a reliable tool for diagnosis. Bronchoscopy should be done whenever a foreign body is suspected in the airway.

Oropharyngeal true teratoma.

Oropharyngeal teratoma in newborn is very rare. Here we report a case of oropharyngeal true teratoma where a 17-day-old female baby presented with a protruding mass from oropharynx with episodic respiratory distress and feeding difficulty complicated by aspiration pneumonia, and treated successfully with coordinated team approach.