Effects of glass-ceramic produced by the sol-gel route in macrophages recruitment and polarization into bone tissue regeneration.

Effective bone substitute biomaterials remain an important challenge in patients with large bone defects. Glass ceramics produced by different synthesis routes may result in changes in the material physicochemical properties and consequently affect the success or failure of the bone healing response. To investigate the differences in the orchestration of the inflammatory and healing process in bone grafting and repair using different glass-ceramic routes production. Thirty male Wistar rats underwent surgical unilateral parietal defects filled with silicate glass-ceramic produced by distinct routes: BS - particulate glass-ceramic produced via the fusion/solidification route, and BG - particulate glass-ceramic produced via the sol-gel route. After 7, 14, and 21 days from biomaterial grafting, parietal bones were removed to be analyzed under H&E and Massons' Trichome staining, and immunohistochemistry for CD206, iNOS, and TGF-ß. Our findings demonstrated that the density of lymphocytes and plasma cells was significantly higher in the BS group at 45, and 7 days compared to the BG group, respectively. Furthermore, a significant increase of foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) in the BG group at day 7, compared to BS was found, demonstrating early efficient recruitment of FBGCs against sol-gel-derived glass-ceramic particulate (BS group). According to macrophage profiles, CD206+ macrophages enhanced at the final periods of both groups, being significantly higher at 45 days of BS compared to the BG group. On the other hand, the density of transformation growth factor beta (TGF-ß) positive cells on 21 days were the highest in BG, and the lowest in the BS group, demonstrating a differential synergy among groups. Noteworthy, TGF-ß+ cells were significantly higher at 21 days of BG compared to the BS group. Glass-ceramic biomaterials can act differently in the biological process of bone remodeling due to their route production, being the sol-gel route more efficient to activate M2 macrophages and specific FBGCs compared to the traditional route. Altogether, these features lead to a better understanding of the effectiveness of inflammatory response for biomaterial degradation and provide new insights for further preclinical and clinical studies involved in bone healing.

Inflammatory response and macrophage polarization using different physicochemical biomaterials for oral and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Knowledge about the action of immune system in the recognition of biomaterials has been extremely helpful when it comes about understanding host response and biomaterials' fate in human body. This study aimed to investigate inflammatory response and macrophage polarization during bone healing process of rat's calvaria critical defects using different bone materials in order to evaluate their influence on bone repair and on the quality of the newly formed bone tissue. Eighty male albinus Wistar rats underwent surgical procedure for the confectioning of a 5-mm diameter bone defect in their right parietal bone, and divided in four groups (n = 20 each), according the biomaterial: AG - Control, particulate intramembranous autogenous bone graft, HA/TCP - particulate biphasic calcium phosphate with HA/TCP (60/40), DBB - particulate deproteinized bovine bone, VC - particulate bioactive vitroceramic. After 3, 7, 21, and 45 days, the specimens were removed and prepared for microcomputed tomography (microCT), light and polarized microscopy, immunohistochemical analysis, and histomorphometry. No significant differences were detected considering percentage of leukocytes among the groups and periods, as well as in relation to immunolabeling for inflammatory (M1) and reparative (M2) macrophages. However, immunolabeling for bone marker indicated a delayed osteoblast differentiation in VC group, resulting in a decrease in mineralized bone matrix parameters in this group, revealed by microCT. In addition, AG and HA/TCP presented a satisfactory bone collagenous content. Despite the distinct origins and physicochemical properties of the tested biomaterials, they presented similar immune-inflammatory responses in the present experimental model, influencing bone-related proteins and bone quality, which must be considered according to their use.

Apresentação clínica atípica de Carcinoma Espinocelular em lábio inferior / Atypical clinical presentation of squamous cell carcinoma in the lower lip

O carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) é a neoplasia maligna que mais acomete a cavidade bucal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso com apresentação clínica atípica de CEC em lábio inferior num paciente HIV positivo. Paciente do gênero masculino, leucoderma, 59 anos, portador do vírus HIV, apresentava queixa de ardência no lábio inferior. Na história pregressa, relatou ter sido submetido à biópsia incisional do lábio inferior com o diagnóstico de displasia epitelial leve. Ao exame físico intrabucal apresentava o lábio inferior com um quadro compatível de queilite actínica. Na sua região central do lábio, ele se queixava de formigamento e dor do tipo "fisgada". Após duas semanas de acompanhamento, o paciente relatou piora na dor. Foi feita uma biópsia incisional da região afetada. O exame anatomopatológico foi compatível com CEC. O paciente foi encaminhado para a equipe de cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço e foi feita uma vermelhenectomia do lábio inferior. Após quatro meses, o paciente revelou ausência de sintomas e aspecto clínico normal. Pacientes HIV positivos podem apresentar maior predisposição às neoplasias malignas, diante do seu quadro de imunossupressão. O presente caso enfatiza a atenção ao exame de boca de pacientes portadores do HIV, bem como valoriza a queixa do paciente, a qual já revelava alterações sensoriais da região afetada. Vale ressaltar que os aspectos clínicos de um CEC geralmente são de uma úlcera assintomática, tendo o presente caso uma apresentação clínica atípica.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that most affects the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to present a case with a clinical presentation of SCC on the lower lip in an HIV positive patient. A 59-year-old male patient, leucoderma, with HIV virus, complained of burning sensation in the lower lip. In the previous history, he reported having undergone an incisional biopsy of the lower lip with the diagnosis of mild epithelial dysplasia. On intra-oral physical examination, he presented her lower lip with a compatible picture of actinic cheilitis. In his central area of the lip, he complained of tingling and "hooked" pain. After two weeks of follow-up, the patient reported worsening in pain. An incisional biopsy of the affected region was performed. The anatomopathological examination was compatible with SCC. The patient was referred to the head and neck surgery team and a lower lip vermelhenectomy was performed. After four months, the patient showed no symptoms and a normal clinical appearance. HIV positive patients may be more prone to malignant neoplasms, given their immunosuppression. The present case emphasizes the attention to the oral examination of patients with the HIV, as well as values the patient's complaint, which already revealed sensory changes in the affected region. It is worth mentioning that the clinical aspects of a SCC are usually asymptomatic ulcers, with the present case having an atypical clinical presentation.

Fechamento de comunicação buco-sinusal utilizando o corpo adiposo bucal: Relato de Caso Clínico / Closure of oroantral communications using buccal fat pad: technique report

Introdução: As comunicações buco-sinusais (CBS) são complicações cirúrgicas relativamente frequentes na prática odontológica, relacionadas à extração dos molares superiores. As CBS permitem a passagem de alimentos e outras substâncias para o interior do seio maxilar, propiciando, assim, quadros infecciosos conhecidos como Sinusites. O tratamento das CBS é desafiador. Objetivo: Relatar um caso clínico de fístula bucossinusal tratada pela técnica de fechamento com o corpo adiposo bucal. Relato de caso: paciente do gênero masculino, 59 anos, leucoderma, sem alterações de ordem sistêmica, compareceu ao ambulatório de Pós-graduação da Universidade do Sagrado Coração relatando como queixa principal o fato de "sair líquidos pelo nariz" durante alimentação e havia iniciado após realizar exodontia de raiz residual do dente 16. O mesmo relatou que após a exodontia foi realizada uma tentativa de fechamento da fístula buco-sinusal através do reposicionamento do retalho vestibular e não foi obtido sucesso. Após 45 dias de condicionamento da mucosa do seio maxilar através de irrigações com soro fisiológico e clorexidina a 0,12% foi proposto ao paciente e realizado o fechamento da fístula buco-sinusal através da utilização do corpo adiposo bucal. Conclusão: atualmente para se alcançar o alto índice de sucesso no fechamento de comunicações busco-sinusais utilizamos esta técnica descrita, por ser um procedimento simples e que porprociona resultados satisfatórios ao paciente.

Introduction: Bucosinusal communications are relatively frequent surgical complications in dental practice. Although several conditions are related to this type of communication, the exodontia of upper posterior teeth presents as the main etiological factor. They are diagnosed through fistulas, which communicate the buccal and sinus cavities, thus allowing the passage of food and other substances into the maxillary sinus, thus providing infectious pictures known as Sinusites. Objective: through the report of a clinical case of buccosalusal fistula, we will focus on the success of the closure of buccomasinal communication with Bichat Adipose Body. Technique report: male patient, 59 years old, leucoderma, with no systemic alterations, who attended the University of the Sacred Heart Postgraduation outpatient clinic reporting as a main complaint the fact of "getting fluids through the nose" during feeding and that this had started after performing a residual root exodon of element 16. It also reported that after the exodontia, an attempt was made to close the buccosinusal fistula through the repositioning of the vestibular flap and no success was achieved. After 45 days of conditioning the maxillary sinus mucosa through irrigations with saline solution and 0.12% chlorhexidine, the patient was proposed and the buccosinusal fistula was closed using the Bichat Adipose Body. Conclusion: Today, in order to achieve the high success rate in the closure of buscossinusal communications, we use the Bichat Adipose Body, because it is a simple procedure and provides satisfactory results for the patient.

Atypical Intracranial Compound Simil Odontoma.

Odontoma is the most common mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumour-like malformation which affects maxillary bones. Clinically, Odontomas present as lesions of benign behavior, causing little or no deformity, are asymptomatic, with self-limited growth and usually detected on routine radiographs. Radiographically, they are radiopaque lesions, well-demarcated surrounded by a thin soft tissue capsule. Compound odontomas consist of numerous tooth-like structures, whereas in complex odontomas it consists of a disorganized mass of calcified tissue. The aim of this article was to report an atypical case of intracranial compound odontoma, in the middle cranial fossa, reaching the sphenoidal sinus, which has been followed for 10 years.

Distinct healing pattern of maxillary sinus augmentation using the vitroceramic Biosilicate®: Study in rabbits.

OBJECTIVES: To follow healing process of augmented maxillary sinus in rabbits analyzing the histological pattern of bone tissue formation, along with the osteogenic activity and vascularization using a bioactive vitroceramic in comparison to deproteinized bovine bone associated or not with autogenous bone graft. DESIGN: Forty five male adult New Zealand rabbits, 5 months of age, mean weight of 4 Kg, underwent bilateral sinus augmentation surgeries to be divided in five groups: G - (Control) particulate autogenous bone graft (AG), BO - deproteinized bovine bone, BO+G - deproteinized bovine bone + AG, BSi -vitroceramic, and BSi + G - vitroceramic +AG. After 15, 45 and 90 days, all animals were euthanized for specimen's removal to be analyzed under light microscopy, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry for Runx2 and VEGF labeling. RESULTS: G, BO and BO+G groups healed uneventfully, allowing the formation of mature remodeling bone at day 90, regarding the association of AG with the biomaterial. On the other hand, BSi and BSi + G groups showed an important cellular reaction and granulation/fibrous tissue formation from the first to the last period of observation. Runx-2 and VEGF immunolabeling were coherent with this result. However, histomorphometry did not reveal significant differences considering new bone formation. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstructed maxillary sinuses using Biosilicate® permitted satisfactory new bone formation in comparison to the deproteinized bovine bone and AG. However, the presence of granulation/fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells associated to the degrading biomaterial indicate that further studies should be careful performed considering the immunological aspect of this new biomaterial.

Aged rats under zoledronic acid therapy and oral surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Aging brings a number of health conditions that can compromise the healing process in elderly individuals, significantly when it comes to bone tissue. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of zoledronic acid (ZL) therapy on socket healing of aged male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar male rats, 20 months old, underwent surgical procedures for the extraction of the upper right incisor and were divided into two groups according to the treatment: Control (C) - intravenous (IV) 0.9% saline, ZL - 0.035 mg/kg of IV zoledronic acid, both every 15 days. At the fifth dose of both substances, tooth extractions were performed and the animals were euthanized after 14 and 28 days. RESULTS: IV administration of ZL caused OPG-RANKL system imbalance, resulting in deficient bone formation and remodeling and alteration of osteoclast morphology, as well as maintaining persistent inflammation during the healing period. CONCLUSIONS: IV administration of ZL delayed extracted dental socket healing of aged rats, but not enough to cause osteonecrosis, raising a question about different responses to IV BP therapy considering animal age.

Surgical management of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: literature review.

PURPOSE: Surgical management of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) has been performed in an attempt to increase healing rates of the affected cases. This literature review aimed to identify clinical studies of surgical management of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) in order to assess their surgical treatment modalities, outcome and the follow-up. METHODS: A search in the PubMed (Medline) database using specific terms and/or phrases as "bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis" or "jaw osteonecrosis", and "surgical treatment" or "surgical management" was conducted in order to identify clinical trials and cases of surgical treatment of BRONJ. The review search covered the time period from 2004 to 2014. All studies identified in the search were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Relevant information was recorded according to the following items: author, year, number of patients, BRONJ clinical stage, surgical treatment modality, clinical success, and follow-up. RESULTS: The initial database search yielded 345 titles. After filtering, 67 abstracts were selected culminating in 67 full text articles. A variety of surgical approach was found in this review: debridement, sequestrectomy bone resection, and bone reconstruction. Adjunctive therapies included hyperbaric oxygen, laser therapy, growth factors, and ozone. CONCLUSION: Although there are many indexed studies about BRONJ, well-documented reports concerning surgical therapeutically techniques are scarce, resulting from a lack of well-established protocols. Considerable differences were found regarding sample size, surgical treatment modalities and outcomes. Clinical studies with larger number of patients and longer follow-up are required to provide best information for each surgical treatment modality and its outcomes.

Cenário atual da profilaxia antibiótica em implantodontia: revisão de literatura e protocolo de atuação / Current scenario of antibiotic prophylaxis in implant dentistry: literature review and protocol performance

Os implantes osseointegráveis representam um segmento importante no cenário moderno da odontologia com grande previsibilidade nos tratamentos reabilitadores. Entretanto, a implantodontia também esta sujeita a falhas e complicações. A instalação de um processo infeccioso nas proximidades do implante é considerada uma das principais causas de insucesso, o uso da profilaxia antibiótica sistêmica é invocado para a prevenção destas situações. O objetivo deste artigo foi revisar a literatura sobre o uso de antibióticos em procedimentos cirúrgicos na implantodontia, procurando assim atualizar os profissionais da área e sugerir um criterioso protocolo para o emprego destes medicamentos dentro da especialidade. A literatura científica recente apresenta diversos estudos com metodologias variadas proporcionando uma discussão e um amplo debate sobre o tema, e ainda o assunto possui controvérsia. Os estudos clínicos randomizados procuram avaliar de maneira mais efetiva o real efeito da prescrição de antibióticos em procedimentos cirúrgicos na implantodontia. Baseado nos estudos da literatura, os antibióticos devem ser empregados com muito critério e responsabilidade. Foi possível concluir baseado na literatura científica atual, que a profilaxia antibiótica previamente a instalação de implantes osseointegráveis pode reduzir o índice de perda dos implantes e complicações no pós-operatório.

The dental implants represent an important segment in the modern setting of dentistry with great predictability in rehabilitation treatments. However, implant dentistry is also subject to failure and complications. The installation of an infectious process near of the implant is considered the main causes of failure, use of systemic antibiotic therapy is invoked for preventing these situations. The purpose of this article was to review the literature on the use of antibiotics in surgical procedures in implantology, thus seeking to update professionals and suggest a careful protocol for the use of these drugs within the specialty. The recent scientific literature presents several studies with varied methodologies providing a discussion and a broad debate on the subject, and yet it has controversy. Clinical randomized studies trying to assess more effectively the real effect of prescribing antibiotics in surgical procedures in implantology. Based on published studies, antibiotics should be used with great care and responsibility. It was concluded based on the current scientific literature that antibiotic prophylaxis prior to installation of dental implants can reduce the rate of loss of implants and postoperative complications.

Alopécia areata associada à infecção odontogênica e dentes inclusos: relato de caso / Alopecia areata associated with odontogenic infection and unerupted teeth: a case report

A etiologia da Alopécia Areata é multifatorial, porém apresenta-se com algumas controvérsias e sem o conhecimento claro dos fatores determinantes para o seu aparecimento. A correlação existente entre este tipo de enfermidade e as alterações presentes na cavidade bucal, com especial ênfase em focos de infecções e dentes inclusos, ainda se encontra sem comprovação científica, sendo raros os seus relatos na literatura. Os autores relatam um caso clínico, onde estas alterações foram relacionadas com a Alopécia Areata.

Alopecia Areata’s etiology is multifactorial; however there is some controversy and the determining factors for its manifestation are not known. The existing correlation between this type of infirmity and the alterations present in the buccal cavity, with special emphasis on infection foci and impacted teeth, have still not been scientifically proven, and reports on them in the literature are rare. The authors report a clinical case where these alterations were related to Alopecia Areata.

Neopronto®: um novo protocolo para reabilitação oral com implantes em carga imediata na mandíbula. Relato de caso / NeopronloTM: a new protocol for oral rehabilitation in mandible with immediate loading implants. Case report

A evolução e o aprimoramento das técnicas de reabilitação oral têm permitido melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes em um curto período. A Implantodontia está consagrada no que diz respeito à qualidade das reabilitações porém, nos dias de hoje, a exigência do paciente está voltada também para b tempo de tratamento. O desenvolvimento de novas técnicas e materiais, como os procedimentos reabilitadores com implantes osseointegrados submetidos à carga imediata, permite a reversão imediata do edentu/ismo. Este trabalho é baseado em uma conexão rígida das fixações no momento da cirurgia, componente cirúrgico e protético pré-fabricados e, ainda, a utilização de resinas para a cimentação das infra-estruturas metálicas parafusadas aos intermediários, permitindo passividade. Dessa maneira, neste trabalho é relatado um caso clínico com novo protocolo de procedimentos cirúrgicos e protéticos, denominado Neopronto@, para instalação de implantes osseointegrados na região anterior de mandíbula em sistema de carga imediata com período de 10 horas para resolução [mal do tratamento e controle clínico e radiográfico de 14 meses.