Early risk factors for conduct problem trajectories from childhood to adolescence: the 2004 Pelotas (BRAZIL) Birth Cohort.

Conduct problems are associated with an increased risk of a wide range of physical, mental, and social problems. However, there is still uncertainty about how early risk factors differentiate different developmental patterns of conduct problems and whether findings replicate across diverse social contexts. We aimed to identify developmental trajectories of conduct problems, and test early risk factors, in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort in Brazil. Conduct problems were measured at ages 4, 6, 11, and 15 years from caregiver reports on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Conduct problem trajectories were estimated using group-based semi-parametric modeling (n = 3938). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between early risk factors and conduct problem trajectories. We identified four trajectories: three with elevated conduct problems, including early-onset persistent (n = 150; 3.8%), adolescence-onset (n = 286; 17.3%), and childhood-limited (n = 697; 17.7%), and one with low conduct problems (n = 2805; 71.2%). The three elevated conduct problem trajectories were associated with a wide range of sociodemographic risk factors, prenatal smoking, maternal mental health, harsh parenting, childhood trauma, and child neurodevelopmental risk factors. Early-onset persistent conduct problems were particularly associated with trauma, living without a father figure, and attention difficulties. The four trajectories of conduct problems from ages 4 to 15 years in this Brazilian cohort have similar longitudinal patterns to those identified in high-income countries. The results confirm previous longitudinal research and developmental taxonomic theories on the etiology of conduct problems in a Brazilian sample.

Risk factors for executive function impairment in adolescence: an analysis of data from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort study

Objective: To investigate risk factors associated with impaired attention-related executive functions (EFs) at age 11 and working memory at age 15. Methods: Data from participants of the population-based 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort at ages 11 (n=3,582) and 15 (n=1,950) were analyzed. The study measured attentional control, cognitive flexibility, and selective attention using the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch). Spatial working memory was assessed by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Logistic regression was employed to explore the relationship between perinatal and childhood exposures and EF impairment. Results: Low maternal education had a significant negative impact on EFs. At age 11, it was associated with decreased attentional control (OR = 3.04; 95%CI 2.09-4.43), and at age 15, it was linked to impaired spatial working memory (OR = 2.21; 95%CI 1.58-3.09). Additional risk factors included low household income, black or brown maternal skin color, high parity, prematurity, low birth weight, and multiple siblings. Breastfeeding, regardless of duration, was found to be a protective factor against impaired cognitive flexibility (OR = 0.38; 95%CI 0.22-0.65). Conclusion: This study underscores the lasting impact of perinatal exposures on EF development. Policies that mitigate the negative effects of risk factors and promote EF development, especially among vulnerable populations, are needed.

Prevalence of adolescent risk behaviors at 11 and 15 years of age: data from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the following risk behaviors: experimentation with cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, alcohol, substances, delinquent behavior, and sex at age 15, stratified by sex and socioeconomic position. We also investigated the prevalence of cigarette and alcohol experimentation at age 11 and the persistence and cumulative incidence of these behaviors between 11 and 15 years of age. Methods: In this cohort study, we included 3,491 11-year-olds and 1,949 15-year-olds from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort. All outcomes were identified via confidential questionnaires and were analyzed as binary variables. Results: At age 11, there was a higher prevalence of cigarette experimentation among boys. At age 15, there was a higher prevalence of experimentation with alcohol, cigarettes, and substances among girls; experimentation with cigarettes and sex were more prevalent among those in a low socioeconomic position. We found a high cumulative incidence of alcohol experimentation, as well as persistent alcohol experimentation, in both boys and girls. Conclusions: Further research should clarify causal paths of the high prevalence of risk behaviors during adolescence and its increase among girls.

Prevalence of adolescent risk behaviors at 11 and 15 years of age: data from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the following risk behaviors: experimentation with cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, alcohol, substances, delinquent behavior, and sex at age 15, stratified by sex and socioeconomic position. We also investigated the prevalence of cigarette and alcohol experimentation at age 11 and the persistence and cumulative incidence of these behaviors between 11 and 15 years of age. METHODS: In this cohort study, we included 3,491 11-year-olds and 1,949 15-year-olds from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort. All outcomes were identified via confidential questionnaires and were analyzed as binary variables. RESULTS: At age 11, there was a higher prevalence of cigarette experimentation among boys. At age 15, there was a higher prevalence of experimentation with alcohol, cigarettes, and substances among girls; experimentation with cigarettes and sex were more prevalent among those in a low socioeconomic position. We found a high cumulative incidence of alcohol experimentation, as well as persistent alcohol experimentation, in both boys and girls. CONCLUSION: Further research should clarify causal paths of the high prevalence of risk behaviors during adolescence and its increase among girls.

Prevalence of self-reported lifetime medical diagnosis of depression in Brazil: analysis of data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of and factors associated with the lifetime medical diagnosis of depression in Brazil. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Analysis of data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey. PARTICIPANTS: 90 846 individuals aged ≥15 years were included. OUTCOME MEASURE: The self-reported medical diagnosis of depression at some point in one's life was the main outcome. Prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% CIs were calculated by Poisson regression with robust variance. The independent variables included the geographical area of residence, sociodemographic characteristics, current smoking status, alcohol abuse, daily screen time, and the presence of physical disorders and mental health comorbidities. RESULTS: The self-reported lifetime prevalence of medical diagnosis of depression was 9.9% (95% CI 9.5% to 10.2%). The probability of having received a medical diagnosis of depression was higher among urban residents (PR 1.23; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.35); females (2.75; 2.52 to 2.99); those aged 20-29 years (1.17; 0.91 to 1.51), 30-39 years (1.73; 1.36 to 2.19), 40-49 years (2.30; 1.81 to 2.91), 50-59 years (2.32; 1.84 to 2.93) and 60-69 years (2.27; 1.78 to 2.90) compared with those under 20 years; white-skinned people (0.69 (0.61 to 0.78) for black-skinned people and 0.74 (0.69 to 0.80) for indigenous, yellow and brown-skinned people compared with white-skinned people); those with fewer years of education (1.33(1.12 to 1.58) among those with 9-11 years, 1.14 (0.96 to 1.34) among those with 1-8 years and 1.29 (1.11 to 1.50) among those with 0 years compared with those with ≥12 years of education); those who were separated/divorced (1.43; 1.29 to 1.59), widowed (1.06; 0.95 to 1.19) and single (1.01; 0.93 to 1.10) compared with married people; smokers (1.26; 1.14 to 1.38); heavy screen users (1.31; 1.16 to 1.48) compared with those whose usage was <6 hours/day; those with a medical diagnosis of a physical disorder (1.80; 1.67 to 1.97); and individuals with a medical diagnosis of a mental health comorbidity (5.05; 4.68 to 5.46). CONCLUSION: This nationwide population-based study of self-reported lifetime medical diagnosis of depression in Brazil showed that the prevalence was almost 10%. Considering the current Brazilian population, this prevalence corresponds to more than 2 million people who have been diagnosed with depression at some point in their lives.

Avaliação do Programa Criança Feliz: um estudo randomizado em 30 municípios brasileiros / Evaluation of the Happy Child Program: a randomized study in 30 Brazilian municipalities

Resumo O Programa Criança Feliz (PCF) atinge 1,4 milhão de crianças brasileiras menores de três anos com visitas domiciliares visando o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Com base em modelo conceitual, avaliou-se implementação e impacto do PCF em estudo randomizado, em 30 municípios. Ao todo 3.242 crianças foram alocadas para o grupo intervenção (GI) ou controle (GC), sendo 80,0% acompanhadas prospectivamente durante três anos. O desenvolvimento foi avaliado pelo Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ3). Análises por intenção de tratar mostraram escores médios de 203,3 no GI e 201,3 no GC. Análises adicionais com variáveis instrumentais e emparelhamento por escores de propensão tampouco mostraram efeito, uma vez que o número de contatos recebidos não esteve associado aos escores ASQ3. Tampouco foi observado impacto sobre estimulação, interações responsivas ou atributos psicológicos das crianças. As visitas foram interrompidas durante 12 meses devido à COVID-19, sendo substituídas por contatos virtuais. O estudo de implementação revelou baixa cobertura no GI, contaminação do GC, deficiências na gestão e baixa qualidade das visitas em muitos municípios. O estudo não demonstrou impacto do PCF implementado sob condições de rotina e fornece elementos para seu aprimoramento.

Abstract The Happy Child Program (Programa Criança Feliz - PCF, in Portuguese) reaches 1.4 million Brazilian children under three years of age with home visits aimed at promoting neuropsychomotor development. Based on a conceptual model, PCF implementation and impact were evaluated in a randomized study in 30 municipalities. A total of 3,242 children were allocated to the intervention (IG) or control (CG) group, 80.0% of whom were prospectively followed up from late 2018 to late 2021. Development was assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ3). During the three-year study period, visits were replaced by virtual contacts for an average of 12 months due to COVID-19. At the endline survey, intent-to-treat analyses showed mean scores of 203.3 in the IG and 201.3 in the CG. Additional analyses using instrumental variables and propensity scores matching also showed no effect, since the number of contacts with the program was not associated with ASQ3 scores. No impact was observed on stimulation, responsive interactions or psychological attributes of children. The implementation study revealed low coverage in the IG, contamination of the CG, deficiencies in management and low quality of visits in many municipalities. The study did not demonstrate an impact of PCF implemented under routine conditions, but provides elements for its improvement.

Associação entre temperamento e o uso de práticas da medicina alternativa e complementar / Association between temperament and the use of complementary and alternative medicine practices / Asociación entre temperamento y uso de prácticas de medicina alternativa y complementaria

Trata-se de um estudo brasileiro, transversal, mediado pela Internet com o objetivo de descrever como diferenças temperamentais associam-se ao uso de oito práticas de medicina alternativa e complementar (MAC): ioga, meditação, reiki, acupuntura, massagem, tai chi chuan, homeopatia e floral. A amostra foi composta por 22.415 indivíduos, sendo 69,5% mulheres, com idade média de 28,8 anos (DP = 9,1). As práticas mais utilizadas foram massagem e ioga e as variáveis sexo, idade, renda e diagnóstico psicopatológico ao longo da vida associaram-se a todas as práticas, exceto com tai chi chuan. Análise inferencial se baseou em modelo de regressão logística e os resultados foram calculados com base na razão de chances com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Observou-se que manifestações adaptativas de traços e de tipos psicológicos, associaram-se a maiores chances de praticar MAC. Resultados sugerem que perfis com maior regulação emocional tendem a utilizar mais frequentemente MAC e, possivelmente, obter benefícios. (AU)

The present study is a cross-sectional web-based survey conducted in Brazil aiming to describe how individual differences in temperament traits and types could predict the use of the following eight categories of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): yoga, meditation, reiki, acupuncture, massage, tai chi chuan, homeopathy, and flower remedies. The sample consisted of 22,415 individuals, 69.5% of whom were women, with a mean age of 28.8 years (SD= 9.1). The most commonly used practices were massage and yoga and the variables sex, age, income, and psychopathological diagnosis throughout life were associated with all practices, except tai chi chuan. The inferential analysis relied on logistic regressions and results were calculated based on the odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Adaptive manifestations of psychological traits and types were associated with greater use of complementary and alternative medicine practices. Results suggested that profiles with greater emotional regulation tend to use CAM more frequently and possibly obtain benefits. (AU)

Se trata de un estudio brasileño, transversal, mediado por Internet, con el objetivo de describir cómo las diferencias temperamentales se asocian con el uso de ocho prácticas de medicina alternativa y complementaria (MAC): yoga, meditación, reiki, acupuntura, masaje, tai chi chuan, homeopatía y floral. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 22.415 individuos, de los cuales 69,5 % eran mujeres, con una edad media de 28,8 años (DS= 9,1). Las prácticas más utilizadas fueron el masaje y el yoga, y las variables sexo, edad, renta y diagnóstico psicopatológico a lo largo de la vida se asociaron a todas las prácticas, excepto al tai chi chuan. El análisis inferencial se basó en un modelo de regresión logística y los resultados se calcularon con base en la odds ratio con un intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Se observó que las manifestaciones adaptativas de rasgos y tipos psicológicos se asociaron con mayores posibilidades de practicar MAC. Los resultados sugieren que los perfiles con mayor regulación emocional tienden a usar MAC con mayor frecuencia y, posiblemente, obtienen beneficios. (AU)

Fatores associados ao desenvolvimento infantil em crianças brasileiras: linha de base da avaliação do impacto do Programa Criança Feliz / Factors associated infant development in Brazilian children: baseline of the impact assessment of the Happy Child Program / Factores asociados al desarrollo infantil en niños brasileños: base de referencia para la evaluación del impacto del Programa Niño Feliz

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos, familiares e individuais associados ao desenvolvimento infantil no primeiro ano de vida, entre famílias em vulnerabilidade social. Trata-se de uma análise transversal, com dados da linha de base de um ensaio randomizado. O estudo incluiu 3.242 crianças < 12 meses de idade, residentes em 30 municípios de cinco regiões do Brasil. A escolha de estados e municípios foi intencional, tendo como base a implementação do Programa Criança Feliz. A amostra foi selecionada a partir de crianças elegíveis para o Programa Criança Feliz, cujo objetivo é promover a estimulação e o desenvolvimento infantil. O Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) foi utilizado para avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil. Um modelo de análise multinível em três níveis (estado, município e indivíduos), usando teste de Wald para heterogeneidade e tendência linear, estimou a média do ASQ-3 e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Análises foram ajustadas para potenciais confundidores. Foram analisadas informações de 3.061 (94,4%) crianças com dados disponíveis para ASQ-3. Escores de desenvolvimento infantil (total e em todos os domínios) foram cerca de 12% menores em crianças nascidas pré-termo e com restrição do crescimento intrauterino (pequenas para idade gestacional). Observou-se menores escores em filhos de mães com baixa escolaridade, com sintomas de depressão, com duas ou mais crianças menores de sete anos residindo no domicílio e que não relataram autopercepção de apoio/ajuda durante a gestação. Conclui-se que características potencialmente modificáveis (escolaridade, depressão materna e prematuridade/restrição do crescimento intrauterino) apresentaram maior impacto na redução do escore de desenvolvimento em todos os domínios avaliados.

Abstract: The study aimed to assess socioeconomic, family, and individual factors associated with infant development (i.e., in the first year of life) among families with social vulnerability. This was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized trial. The study included 3,242 children < 12 months of age living in 30 municipalities from five regions of Brazil. The choice of states and municipalities was intentional, based on the implementation of the Brazilian Happy Child Program. The sample was selected among eligible children for the Brazilian Happy Child Program, and the objective was the promotion of infant development. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to assess infant development. A three-level analytical model (state, municipality, and individuals), using the Wald test for heterogeneity and linear trend, estimated the mean ASQ-3 and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Information was analyzed for 3,061 (94.4%) children with available data for ASQ-3. Infant development scores (total and in all the domains) were some 12% lower in preterm children and those with intrauterine growth restriction (small for gestational age). Lower scores were seen in children of mothers with low schooling, depressive symptoms, two or more children under seven years of age living in the household, and who did not report self-perceived support or help during the pregnancy. In conclusion, potentially modifiable characteristics (schooling, maternal depression, and prematurity/intrauterine growth restriction) showed greater impact on reducing the infant development score in all the target domains.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar los factores socioeconómicos, familiares e individuales, asociados al desarrollo infantil en el primer año de vida, entre familias con vulnerabilidad social. Se trata de un análisis transversal, con datos de la base de referencia de un ensayo aleatorio. El estudio incluyó a 3.242 niños < 12 meses de edad, residentes en 30 municipios de cinco regiones de Brasil. La elección de estados y municipios fue intencional, considerando como base la implementación del Programa Niño Feliz. La muestra se seleccionó a partir de niños elegibles para el Programa Niño Feliz, cuyo objetivo es promover la estimulación y el desarrollo infantil. Se utilizó el Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) para la evaluación del desarrollo infantil. Un modelo de análisis multinivel en tres niveles (estado, municipio e individuos), usando el test de Wald para la heterogeneidad y tendencia lineal, estimó la media del ASQ-3 y el intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Los análisis se ajustaron para potenciales factores de confusión. Se analizó información de 3.061 (94,4%) niños con datos disponibles para ASQ-3. Las puntuaciones de desarrollo infantil (total y en todos los dominios) fueron cerca de un 12% menores en niños nacidos pretérmino y con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (pequeños para la edad gestacional). Se observaron menores puntuaciones en hijos de madres con baja escolaridad, con síntomas de depresión, con dos o más niños menores de siete años residiendo en el domicilio y que no informaron autopercepción de apoyo/ayuda durante la gestación. Se concluye que las características potencialmente modificables (escolaridad, depresión materna y prematuridad/restricción del crecimiento intrauterino) presentaron un mayor impacto en la reducción de la puntuación de desarrollo en todos los dominios evaluados.

Post-partum depression: a cross-sectional study of women enrolled in a conditional cash transfer program in 30 Brazilian cities.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate factors associated with symptoms of postpartum depression in mothers from families in social vulnerability. METHODS: Information was used from the baseline of a randomized trial to assess a child development program that enrolled 3,242 children < 12 months of age from beneficiary families of the Bolsa Família Program residing in 30 municipalities (counties) in six states of Brazil. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was applied to the mothers, and depression was defined as score ≥10. Information on the mother (schooling, age, parity, marital status, skin color, smoking, number of prenatal appointments, and planning of the pregnancy), family (paternal schooling, household crowding, support from the child's father and the family during the pregnancy, and number of children under 7 years living in the household), and infant (sex, gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score, and child's age at the time of the interview) was collected. Prevalence rates for depressive symptoms were calculated with crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), using hierarchical logistic regression, in a multilevel model. RESULTS: The analysis included 3,174 mothers with information on EPDS. The interviews were conducted on average 7.9 months (standard deviation= 2.9) after childbirth. Overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was 26.5% (25.0-28.1%). In the adjusted analysis, higher parity was associated with higher odds of postpartum depression (p <0.001). Women with ≥3 previous deliveries showed an odds 84% higher of presenting depressive symptoms (OR= 1.84; 1.43-2.35) than primiparae. Higher maternal and paternal schooling, presence of husband or partner, and having received support from the child's father and the family during the pregnancy were protective factors against postpartum depression. CONCLUSION: The study showed high prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms. Promotion of parental education, alongside with the promotion of support to the woman during pregnancy by the child's father and by the family, as well as family planning leading to birth spacing are measures that may help to prevent postpartum depressive symptoms.

Impacto do distanciamento social nas notificações de violência contra crianças e adolescentes no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Impact of social distancing on reports of violence against children and adolescents in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Impacto del confinamiento en las notificaciones de violencia contra niños y adolescentes en Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as taxas de notificações de violência infanto-juvenil no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 2015 a 2020 e as alterações em suas tendências por períodos devido à pandemia do novo coronavírus (COVID-19). É um estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados secundários obtidos pelo Portal Bi Saúde no painel de Violência Interpessoal/Suicídio. Foram coletadas as notificações de violência em indivíduos de 0 a 19 anos, nos meses de março e abril de cada ano, estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária, raça/cor e tipo de violência. Utilizou-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten para a análise de tendência temporal. Das 7.718 notificações analisadas, observou-se uma queda de 54% no ano de 2020 comparado com o mesmo período em 2019. A análise de tendência até 2019 indicou aumento nas taxas de notificações (2,04, IC95%: 1,01; 3,07, p = 0,002), porém, com a inclusão do ano de 2020 à série temporal, o direcionamento na tendência das taxas de notificações inverteu-se para negativo, perdendo a significância estatística (-0,39, IC95%: -1,16; 2,14, p = 0,632). Conclui-se que o distanciamento social devido à pandemia reduziu as taxas de notificações de violência contra crianças e adolescentes devido à subnotificação, exigindo estratégias que melhorem a identificação dos casos suspeitos de violência durante a pandemia. Ressalta-se a necessidade de planejamento e ações intersetoriais (como saúde, proteção social, justiça e segurança pública) rápidas e específicas com o objetivo da garantia dos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes.

This study aimed to analyze the rates of reports of violence against children and adolescents in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 2015 to 2020, and the changes in trends by period due to the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). This is an ecological time series study with secondary data obtained from the Bi Saúde Portal in the panel on Interpersonal Violence and Suicide. The study collected reports on violence in individuals 0 to 19 years of age in the months of March and April each year, stratified by sex, age bracket, race/color, and type of violence. Prais-Winsten regression was used to analyze the time trend. Of the 7,718 reports analyzed, there was a drop of 54% in the year 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. The analysis of the trend until 2019 indicated an increase in the reporting rates (2.04, 95%CI: 1.01; 3.07, p = 0.002), but with the inclusion of the year 2020 in the time series, the direction of the trends in reporting rates was reversed to negative, losing statistical significance (-0.39, 95%CI: -1.16; 2.14, p = 0.632). The study concludes that social distancing due to the pandemic reduced the reporting rates of violence against children and adolescents due to underreporting, thus requiring strategies to improve the identification of suspected cases of violence during the pandemic. This highlights the need for inter-sector planning and rapid and specific actions (health, social protection, justice, and public security) in order to guarantee the rights of children and adolescents.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las tasas de notificaciones de violencia infanto-juvenil, en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 2015 a 2020, y las alteraciones en sus tendencias por períodos, debido a la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19). Es un estudio ecológico de series temporales con datos secundarios, obtenidos mediante el Portal Bi Saúde, en la sección de Violencia Interpersonal/Suicidio. Se recogieron las notificaciones de violencia en individuos de 0 a 19 años, durante los meses de marzo y abril de cada año, estratificadas por sexo, franja de edad, raza/color y tipo de violencia. Se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten para el análisis de tendencia temporal. De las 7.718 notificaciones analizadas, se observó una caída de un 54% en el año 2020, comparado con el mismo período en 2019. El análisis de tendencia hasta 2019 indicó un aumento en las tasas de notificaciones (2,04, IC95%: 1,01; 3,07, p = 0,002), no obstante, con la inclusión del año de 2020 en la serie temporal, la dirección en la tendencia de las tasas de notificaciones se invirtió en negativo, perdiendo la significación estadística (-0,39, IC95%: -1,16; 2,14, p = 0,632). Se concluye que el confinamiento social, debido a la pandemia, redujo las tasas de notificaciones de violencia contra niños y adolescentes, a causa de la subnotificación, lo que exige estrategias que mejoren la identificación de los casos sospechosos de violencia durante la pandemia. Se resalta la necesidad de planificación y acciones intersectoriales como: salud, protección social, justicia y seguridad pública, rápidas y específicas, con el objetivo de garantizar los derechos de los niños y adolescentes.

Cobertura vacinal em crianças de até 2 anos de idade beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família, Brasil / Cobertura de vacunación de niños hasta 2 años, beneficiarios del Programa Bolsa Familia, Brasil / Vaccination coverage in children up to 2 years old, receiving financial support from the Family Income Transfer Program, Brazil

Objetivo: Avaliar a cobertura vacinal, conforme o calendário do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, entre crianças beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família, Brasil, segundo nível socioeconômico da família e características maternas. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 3.242 crianças menores de 12 meses de vida entre agosto de 2018 e abril de 2019, sendo 3.008 delas reavaliadas entre setembro de 2019 e janeiro de 2020. As análises foram realizadas utilizando-se modelos multiníveis (nível 3, Unidade da Federação; nível 2, município; nível 1, crianças). Resultados: A cobertura vacinal foi 2,5 vezes maior no primeiro (61,0% - IC95% 59,3;62,6%), comparado ao segundo acompanhamento (24,8% - IC95% 22,8;25,9%) (p<0,001). No primeiro acompanhamento, a cobertura foi maior no quintil mais rico (67,9%) e entre as crianças cujas mães tinham ≥9 anos de escolaridade (63,3%). No segundo acompanhamento, não houve diferenças. As maiores coberturas ocorreram entre 0,5-2,5 (93,5%) e 12,5-15,5 meses (34,4%), respectivamente primeiro e segundo acompanhamentos. Conclusão: Encontrou-se baixa cobertura, tanto no primeiro quanto no segundo ano de vida.

Objetivo: Evaluar la cobertura de vacunación según el Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones, entre los niños beneficiarios del Programa Bolsa Familia, Brasil, según el nivel socioeconómico familiar y características maternas. Métodos: Analizamos 3.242 niños menores de 12 meses entre agosto/2018 y abril/2019 y se reevaluaron 3.008 entre septiembre/2019 y enero/2020. Se utilizaron modelos multinivel (nivel 3, estado; nivel 2, municipio; nivel 1, niños). Resultados: La cobertura fue 2,5 veces mayor en el primer seguimiento (61,0% - IC95% 59,3;62,6%) que en el segundo (24,8% - IC95% 22,8;25,9%) (p<0,001). En el primer seguimiento, la cobertura fue mayor en el quintil más rico (67,9%) y entre aquellos cuyas madres tenían ≥9 años de escolaridad (63,3%). En el segundo seguimiento no hubo diferencias. La mayor cobertura ocurrió entre los 0,5-2,5 (93,5%) y 12,5-15,5 meses (34,4%), respectivamente, en el primero y el segundo seguimiento. Conclusión: Se encontró baja cobertura en el primero y en el segundo año de vida.

Objective: To assess vaccination coverage, based on the National Immunization Program schedule, among children receiving financial support from the Family Income Transfer Program, Brazil, according to the family socioeconomic status and maternal characteristics. Methods: 3,242 children under 12 months old were assessed between August/2018 and April/2019, of whom 3,008 were reassessed between September/2019 and January/2020. The analyses were performed using multilevel models (level 3, Federative Unit; level 2, municipality; level 1, children). Results: Vaccination coverage was 2.5 fold higher in the first follow-up (61.0% - 95% CI 59.3;62.6%), compared to the second follow-up (24,8% - IC95% 22,8;25,9%) (p<0,001). In the first follow-up, coverage was higher in the richest quintile (67.9%) and in children whose mothers had ≥9 years of schooling (63.3%). In the second follow-up, there were no differences. The highest coverage occurred between 0.5-2.5 (93.5%) and 12.5-15.5 months (34.4%), respectively, first and second follow-ups. Conclusion: Low coverage was found, both in the first and second year of life.

Continuity of psychiatric disorders between 6 and 11 years of age in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort

Objective: To investigate the incidence and homotypic and heterotypic continuity of psychiatric disorders between ages 6 and 11. Methods: In 2004, all live births in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, were recorded (n=4,231). Psychiatric disorders were assessed by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). SDQ subscale scores (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer relationship problems) were categorized as normal or abnormal. To examine associations between problems over time, odds ratios were computed using logistic regression. Results: Any SDQ difficulty was observed in 350 children (10.4%, 95%CI 9.4-11.5) at age 6 and 476 (14.2%, 95%CI 13.0-15.4) at age 11, with a higher prevalence among boys at both ages. Between ages 6 and 11, there was a 50 and a 45% increase in the prevalence of emotional and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms, respectively. Among those who had any SDQ difficulty at age 6, that status persisted in 81% at age 11. We found homotypic continuity of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer relationship problems. Conclusions: Our results indicate an increasing incidence of psychiatric disorders in this age group, with rates of disorders and continuity patterns similar to those observed in other studies.

Prevalence and risk factors of psychiatric disorders in early adolescence: 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in early adolescence, to examine the distribution of psychiatric disorders by maternal and child characteristics and to evaluate the occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of all live births in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, in 2004 (n = 4231). A total of 3562 subjects were evaluated at 11 years of age. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment. Crude and adjusted logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for any psychiatric disorder. RESULTS: According to DSM-5 criteria, the overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 13.2% (n = 471), 15.6% among the boys and 10.7% among the girls. The most common disorders were anxiety disorders (4.3%), any attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (4.0%) and any conduct/oppositional disorder (2.8%). Low maternal education, smoking during pregnancy, the presence of moods symptoms during pregnancy or maternal chronic and severe depressive symptoms in the first years of the adolescent´s life, male gender, 5-min Apgar score < 7 at birth and preterm birth were associated with higher odds of any psychiatric disorder at age 11. Psychiatric comorbidities were observed in 107 subjects (22.7%), of whom 73, 24, and 10 had two, three, and four psychiatric diagnoses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results underscore the importance of psychiatric disorders as a prevalent condition in early adolescence, which has a direct impact on the planning of public policies and specific mental health care services in this age group.

Effect of childhood nutrition counselling on intelligence in adolescence: a 15-year follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to assess the effects of an early childhood nutrition counselling intervention on intelligence (as measured by the intelligence quotient (IQ)) at age 15-16 years. DESIGN: A single-blind, cluster-randomised trial. SETTING: In 1998, in Southern Brazil, mothers of children aged 18 months or younger were enrolled in a nutrition counselling intervention (n 424). Counselling included encouragement and promotion of exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months of age and continued breast-feeding supplemented by protein-, lipid- and carbohydrate-rich foods after age 6 months up to age 2 years. The control group received routine feeding advice. In 2013, the fourth round of follow-up of these individuals, at the age of 15-16 years, was undertaken. IQ was assessed using the short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). Mental disorders (evaluated using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA)) and self-reported school failure, smoking and alcohol use were also investigated. Adjusted analyses were conducted using a multilevel model in accordance with the sampling process. SUBJECTS: Adolescents, mean (sd) age of 15·4 (0·5) years (n 339). RESULTS: Mean (sd) total IQ score was lower in the intervention group than the control group (93·4 (11·4) and 95·8 (11·2), respectively) but the association did not persist after adjustment. The prevalence of any mental disorders was similar between intervention and control groups (23·1 and 23·5 %, respectively). There were no differences between groups regarding school failure, smoking and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition counselling intervention in early childhood had no effect on intelligence measured during adolescence.

Tendências de consumo abusivo de álcool nas capitais brasileiras entre os anos de 2006 a 2013: análise das informações do VIGITEL / Trends in alcohol abuse in Brazilian state capitals from 2006 to 2013: an analysis of data from the VIGITEL survey / Tendencias de consumo abusivo de alcohol en las capitales brasileñas entre los años de 2006 a 2013: análisis de la información del VIGITEL

Objetivou-se avaliar a tendência do consumo abusivo de álcool no Brasil entre 2006 e 2013 segundo características demográficas, socioeconômicas e regionais. Trata-se da análise de estudos transversais (VIGITEL - Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico) que avaliaram a população adulta (≥ 18 anos) brasileira residente nas capitais do país. A amostragem foi probabilística, realizada em dois estágios (linha telefônica e morador adulto). Considerou-se consumo abusivo de álcool a ingestão de ≥ 5 (homem) ou ≥ 4 (mulher) doses de álcool em uma única ocasião, ao menos uma vez nos 30 dias anteriores à entrevista. A análise de tendência foi obtida usando-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten. A prevalência de consumo abusivo de álcool foi de 15,6% em 2006 e 16,4% em 2013, com tendência estacionária para toda amostra (p = 0,334) e para ambos os sexos. A tendência foi crescente entre os idosos e aqueles com 30-39 anos em ambos os sexos e para as mulheres da Região Sudeste. Tendência estacionária foi observada entre os diferentes grupos de escolaridade. Não foram observadas tendências decrescentes no período avaliado.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend in alcohol abuse in Brazil from 2006 to 2013 according to demographic, socioeconomic, and regional characteristics. This was an analysis of cross-sectional studies (VIGITEL, the Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases through Telephone Interview) that evaluated the Brazilian adult population (≥ 18 years) in the country's state capitals. Sampling was two-stage probabilistic (telephone line and adult resident). Alcohol abuse was defined as ≥ 5 drinks for men and ≥ 4 drinks for women on a single occasion, at least once in the 30 days prior to the interview. Trend analysis was obtained using Prais-Winsten regression. Prevalence of alcohol abuse was 15.6% in 2006 and 16.4% in 2013, with a stationary trend in the entire sample (p = 0.334) and in both sexes. There was an upward trend in the elderly and in the 30-39-year age bracket in both sexes and in women in the Southeast Region of the country. A stationary trend was observed in different groups according to schooling. No downward trends were observed during the period analyzed.

Se tuvo como objetivo evaluar la tendencia del consumo abusivo de alcohol en Brasil entre 2006 y 2013, según las características demográficas, socioeconómicas y regionales. Se trata de un análisis de estudios transversales (VIGITEL -Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas por Encuesta Telefónica) que evaluaron a la población adulta (≥ 18 años) brasileña, residente en las capitales de diferentes estados del país. La muestra fue probabilística, realizada en dos fases (línea telefónica y residente adulto). Se consideró consumo abusivo de alcohol la ingestión de ≥ 5 (hombre) o ≥ 4 (mujer) dosis de alcohol en una única ocasión, al menos una vez durante los últimos 30 días anteriores a la entrevista. El análisis de tendencia se obtuvo usando la regresión de Prais-Winsten. La prevalencia de consumo abusivo de alcohol fue de un 15,6% en 2006 y un 16,4% en 2013, con una tendencia estacionaria para toda la muestra (p = 0,334) y para ambos sexos. La tendencia fue creciente entre los ancianos y aquellos con 30-39 años en ambos sexos y para las mujeres de la región sudeste. La tendencia estacionaria se observó entre los diferentes grupos de escolaridad. No se observaron tendencias decrecientes durante el período evaluado.

Suporte ventilatório ao nascer e associação com doenças respiratórias aos seis anos: Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2004 / Soporte ventilatorio en el período neonatal y enfermedades respiratorias en los seis primeros años de vida: Cohorte de Nacimientos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2004 / Neonatal ventilatory support and respiratory diseases in children up to six years of age: the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort study

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a associação entre suporte ventilatório no período neonatal e doenças respiratórias até os seis anos de idade. Estudo de coorte de nascimentos de base populacional. A exposição principal foi o suporte ventilatório ao nascimento, definido como o uso de pressão contínua positiva nasal (CPAPn) e/ou ventilação mecânica (VM) por mais de três horas, desde o momento da hospitalização ao nascimento até os 28 dias. Os desfechos foram chiado no peito nos últimos 12 meses, diagnóstico médico de asma alguma vez na vida e episódio de pneumonia ocorrido até os seis anos de idade. Foram realizadas análises brutas e ajustadas para potenciais variáveis de confusão, usando regressão de Poisson. Foram analisadas 3.624 crianças. O uso de CPAPn e VM ou unicamente VM esteve associado com maior frequência de diagnóstico médico de asma, mesmo após ajuste para características maternas e das crianças (RP = 2,24; IC95%: 1,27-3,99). Os resultados do presente estudo alertam para as complicações respiratórias, em médio prazo, decorrentes do suporte ventilatório realizado no período neonatal.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre el soporte ventilatorio durante el período neonatal y las enfermedades respiratorias durante los seis primeros años de vida. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte de nacimiento con base poblacional. La exposición principal, soporte ventilatorio al nacimiento, fue definida como el uso de presión positiva nasal (CPAPn) y/o ventilación mecánica (VM) durante más de tres horas, desde la hospitalización al nacimiento, hasta los 28 días de vida. Los resultados analizados fueron: broncoespasmo en los últimos doce meses, diagnóstico médico de asma - realizado alguna vez en la vida- y episodio de neumonía ocurrido hasta los seis años de edad. Se realizaron análisis brutos y ajustados para potenciales variables de confusión, usando la regresión de Poisson. Fueron estudiados 3.624 niños. El uso de soporte ventilatorio estuvo asociado con una mayor frecuencia de diagnóstico médico de asma, incluso tras ajustar las características maternas y de los niños (RP = 2,24; IC95%: 1,27-3,99). Los resultados alertan sobre las complicaciones respiratorias a medio plazo tras el soporte ventilatorio realizado en el período neonatal.

The study's objective was to evaluate the association between neonatal ventilatory support and the subsequent occurrence of respiratory diseases in children up to six years of age. This was a population-based birth cohort study. The main exposure was ventilatory support at birth, defined as the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and/or mechanical ventilation (MV) for more than three hours from the time of hospitalization at birth until the first 28 days of life. Outcomes were: chest wheezing in the twelve months prior to the follow-up interview, medical diagnosis of asthma any time in the child´s life, and occurrence of pneumonia up to six years of age. Crude and adjusted analyses for potential confounding variables were performed using Poisson regression. 3,624 children were analyzed. NCPAP plus MV or MV alone was associated with higher frequency of medical diagnosis of asthma, even after adjusting for maternal and child characteristics (PR = 2.24; 95%CI: 1.27-3.99). The results highlight medium-term respiratory complications associated with neonatal ventilatory support.

Sintomas depressivos em idosos residentes em áreas de abrangência das Unidades Básicas de Saúde da zona urbana de Bagé, RS / Depressive symptoms in elderly living in areas covered by Primary Health Care Units in urban area of ​​​ ​Bagé, RS

OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e os fatores associados na população idosa. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra de 1.593 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais da zona urbana de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, em 2008. Os dados foram coletados em entrevistas domiciliares. A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi avaliada através da Escala de Depressão Geriátrica. A análise foi realizada utilizando modelo de regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta de variância. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi de 18,0%, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de 16,1 - 19,9. A maioria da amostra foi composta por mulheres (62,8%). A média de idade foi 70 anos, com desvio padrão de 8,24; 25,1% dos idosos tinham entre 60 e 64 anos e 31,2% tinham 75 anos ou mais. Na análise ajustada, os sintomas depressivos foram estatisticamente associados (valor p < 0,05) aos idosos do sexo feminino, cor da pele amarela, parda ou indígena, menor classificação econômica, aposentados, com histórico de problemas cardíacos, com incapacidade para atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária, pior autopercepção de saúde e insatisfação em sua vida em geral. A variável idade, situação conjugal, escolaridade, hipertensão e diabetes autorreferidas não apresentaram associação com sintomas depressivos após ajustes para fatores de confusão. CONCLUSÃO: A alta prevalência de sintomas depressivos na população requer investimento em ações de prevenção, atentando para a necessidade de práticas que promovam o envelhecimento ativo com a manutenção da atividade funcional, contribuindo para a melhoria da autopercepção de saúde e de satisfação com a vida. .

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors in elderly. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of population-based sample of 1,593 individuals aged 60 years or more in the urban area of Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2008. Data were collected in household interviews. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale. The analysis was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance estimation. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 18.0%, with the 95% confidence interval 16.1 - 19.9. The majority of the sample consisted of women (62.8%). The mean age was 70 years, with a 8.24 standard deviation (SD); 25.1% of seniors aged 60 to 64 years and 31.2% were 75 years or older. In the adjusted analysis, depressive symptoms were significantly associated (p value < 0.05) with the elderly female, yellow, brown or indigenous descendancy, lower economic status, retired, with history of heart problems, incapacity to basic and instrumental activities of daily living, worse self-rated health and dissatisfaction with life in general. Age, marital status, education, self-reported hypertension and diabetes were not associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of depressive symptoms in the population requires investment in preventive actions, noting the need for practices that promote active aging with the maintenance of functional activity, improving self-rated health and life satisfaction. .

Sensibilidade e especificidade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos da população geral / Sensitivity and specificity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among adults from the general population / Sensibilidad y especificidad del Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos de la población general

Com o objetivo de estudar a validade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) no rastreio de episódio depressivo maior na população geral, conduziu-se um estudo de base populacional em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os domicílios foram sorteados por amostragem em múltiplos estágios, sendo os adultos (> 20 anos) convidados a participar. O padrão ouro foi a entrevista diagnóstica estruturada Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) aplicada por psiquiatras e psicólogos. Tanto o PHQ-9 quanto o MINI foram aplicados no domicílio. Em um total de 447 participantes (191 homens e 256 mulheres) a análise contínua identificou o ponto de corte > 9 como de máxima sensibilidade (77,5%; 61,5-89,2) e especificidade (86,7%; 83,0-89,9). Usando o algoritmo do teste, houve diminuição da sensibilidade para 42,5% (27,0-59,1), enquanto que a especificidade aumentou para 95,3% (92,8-97,2). O PHQ-9 mostrou-se apropriado para rastreamento de episódio depressivo maior. Pela maior sensibilidade, o PHQ-9 pontuado de forma contínua mostrou-se mais adequado do que o algoritmo para rastreamento de episódio depressivo maior na comunidade.

This population-based study focused on the validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening major depressive episodes in the general population in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Households were selected by multi-stage sampling, and adults (> 20 years) were invited to participate. The gold standard was the structured diagnostic Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), applied by psychiatrists and psychologists. Both the PHQ-9 and the MINI were applied in the subjects' homes. In a total of 447 participants (191 men and 256 women), the continuous analysis identified > 9 as the cutoff point with the highest sensitivity (77.5%; 61.5-89.2) and specificity (86.7%; 83.0- 89.9). Use of the test's algorithm decreased the sensitivity to 42.5% (27.0-59.1), while the specificity increased to 95.3% (92.8-97.2). The PHQ-9 proved appropriate for screening major depressive episodes. For greater sensitivity, the continuously scored PHQ-9 proved more adequate than the algorithm for screening major depressive episodes in the community.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la validez del Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9) en la detección de un episodio depresivo mayor en la población general, se llevó a cabo un estudio de base poblacional en la ciudad de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los hogares se seleccionaron al azar a través de muestreo multietápico, siendo solo invitados a participar los adultos (> 20 años). El padrón de primer orden fue la Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI), aplicada por psiquiatras y psicólogos. Ambos instrumentos fueron aplicados en la casa del participante. De un total de 447 participantes (191 hombres y 256 mujeres), el análisis continuo mostró un punto de corte > 9 como el de máxima sensibilidad (77,5%; 61,5-89,2) y especificidad (86,7%; 83,0-89,9) para la identificación de un episodio depresivo mayor. Al utilizar el algoritmo del test, la sensibilidad disminuyó a un 42,5% (27,0-59,1), mientras que la especificidad aumento a un 95,3% (92,8-97,2). El PHQ-9 mostró ser adecuado para el cribado de un episodio depresivo mayor. Debido a la sensibilidad más alta, el PHQ-9 marcado como una variable continua fue más adecuado que el algoritmo para la detección de episodio depresivo mayor en la comunidad.

Major depressive episode among Brazilian adults: a cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that there is extensive scientific research on depression very few population-based studies have been conducted in Brazilian cities. METHODS: A sampling design of two-stage conglomerates with probability proportional to size. All adults aged 20 or more living in the selected households were invited to participate in the study. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) with a cutoff ≥9. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 2925 respondents. The prevalence of depression in the sample studied was 20.4% (95% CI 18.9;21.8). After adjustment for confounding factors according to a conceptual analysis model the following variables were associated with a higher prevalence of depression: female gender; younger age; white skin color; lower socioeconomic condition; lower education; smoking; being single or separated; being unemployed; and reporting a heart condition. Alcohol use, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were not found to be associated with depression. LIMITATIONS: The difference in the proportion of males among losses and refusals compared to that in the sample analyzed. Another limitation is reverse causality bias that is a problem inherent to cross-sectional studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the relevance of depression as a prevalent condition among adults. It also provided evidence of the factors associated with depression, and that some are potentially modifiable risk factors may have implications for policy and health service planning.