Quality and antioxidant potential of goat's milk paneer prepared from different citrus juices and its whey.

The experiments reported in this research paper aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics, microbial quality and antioxidant potential of goat's milk paneer during storage (0-12 d, 4 ± 1°C). The juices from five different citrus fruits were used as coagulant (treatments) to make goat's milk paneer. The pH of all paneer samples decreased during storage whereas titratable acidity increased. Ash (%) fat (%) and protein (%) of paneer increased slightly during storage, whereas sensory perception decreased. The juices from all the citrus fruit varieties showed high contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids which ultimately influenced ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging activities. As the contents of different juices were also retained in the paneer matrix, so paneer coagulated with citrus juices also showed encouraging results in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power and radical scavenging activities. Amongst all the paneers, the most promising was that coagulated by kinnow juice. In addition, the whey obtained from paneer coagulated by citrus juices also showed appreciable quantities of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, thereby beneficially influencing ferric reducing antioxidant power andradical scavenging activities. It is concluded that citrus juices improve the sensorial quality and antioxidant potential of goat's milk paneer and its whey.

Investigation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant, hemolytic, and thrombolytic activities of Camellia sinensis, Thymus vulgaris, and Zanthoxylum armatum ethanolic and methanolic extracts.

Camellia sinensis is rich in antioxidants such as polyphenols; Thymus vulgaris contains bioactive compounds (flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins) and Zanthoxylum armatum is primarily composed of volatile oils, amides, alkaloids, flavonoids, lignan, and coumarin. The antibacterial, antifungal, biofilm inhibition, antioxidant, hemolytic, and thrombolytic activities of Camellia sinensis, Thymus vulgaris, and Zanthoxylum armatum ethanol and methanol extracts at different concentrations (30%, 50%, and 80%) were determined. The antioxidant activity and content were measured as free radical scavenging assay (DPPH), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC). Furthermore, hemolytic and thrombolytic analysis was carried out to determine toxicity. In antimicrobial assays, 80% methanol thyme extract showed highest (15.31 mm) antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, and 80% ethanol green tea extract showed optimal antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Ethanol 30% green tea extract resulted in highest (26.61 mm) antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. The maximum (54.73%) biofilm inhibition was resulted by methanol 50% thyme extract for Escherichia coli. In antioxidant activity and content, methanol 50% green tea extract had highest (80.82%) antioxidant activity, whereas, ethanol 80% green tea extract had maximum (1474.55 mg CE/g DW) TFC and methanol 80% green tea extract had maximum (593.05 mg GAE/g) TPC. In toxicological assays, methanol 30% green tea extract had highest (25.28%) thrombolytic activity, and ethanol 80% tejphal extract had maximum (18.24%) hemolytic activity. This study has highlighted the significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, hemolytic, and thrombolytic activities of Camellia sinensis, Thymus vulgaris, and Zanthoxylum armatum extracts that could be beneficial to treat various diseases (cancer, diabetes, and respiratory diseases) and may be utilized as functional ingredient in the preparation of functional foods and drinks.

Proteolysis and therapeutic potential of bioactive peptides derived from Cheddar cheese.

Cheddar cheese-derived bioactive peptides are considered a potential component of functional foods. A positive impact of bioactive peptides on diet-related chronic, non-communicable diseases, like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, has been observed. Bioactive peptides possess multifunctional therapeutic potentials, including antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory effects, anti-thrombotic, and phyto-pathological activities against various toxic compounds. Peptides can regulate human immune, gastrointestinal, hormonal, and neurological responses, which play an integral role in the deterrence and treatment of certain diseases like cancer, osteoporosis, hypertension, and other health disorders, as described in the present review. This review summarizes the categories of the Cheddar cheese-derived bioactive peptides, their general characteristics, physiological functions, and possible applications in healthcare.

Physicochemical, microbial, and functional attributes of processed Cheddar cheese fortified with olive oil-whey protein isolate emulsion.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) has triacylglycerols, phenolics, and other antioxidants in its composition playing significant roles in maintaining health and reducing the onset of diseases. This study aimed to analyze the quality, antioxidant, textural profile, and sensory properties of processed Cheddar cheese fortified with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (v/w) olive oil-whey protein isolate emulsion during 60 days of storage period. The results showed that processed cheese had significantly higher (p < .05) antioxidant activity, and total phenolic and flavonoids contents, whereas nonsignificant increase (p > .05) in moisture and acidity while decreasing tendencies in pH, fat, protein, and ash contents. Sensory analysis showed that processed Cheddar cheese with 5% emulsion had higher taste, aroma, texture/appearance, overall acceptability scores, and hardness. Conclusively, results indicated that olive oil-whey protein isolate emulsion could be beneficial for manufacturing and commercializing processed cheeses, analogs, or spreads with improved nutritional value and sensory characteristics.

Anti-inflammatory potential of stevia residue extract against uric acid-associated renal injury in mice.

Abnormal uric acid level result in the development of hyperuricemia and hallmark of various diseases, including renal injury, gout, cardiovascular disorders, and non-alcoholic fatty liver. This study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory potential of stevia residue extract (STR) against hyperuricemia-associated renal injury in mice. The results revealed that STR at dosages of 150 and 300 mg/kg bw and allopurinol markedly modulated serum uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine in hyperuricemic mice. Serum and renal cytokine levels (IL-18, IL-6, IL-1Β, and TNF-α) were also restored by STR treatments. Furthermore, mRNA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis revealed that STR ameliorates UA (uric acid)-associated renal inflammation, fibrosis, and EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) via MMPS (matrix metalloproteinases), inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 activation by the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway and modulating the JAK2-STAT3 and Nrf2 signaling pathways. In summary, the present study provided experimental evidence that STR is an ideal candidate for the treatment of hyperuricemia-mediated renal inflammation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The higher uric acid results in hyperuricemia and gout. The available options for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout are the use of allopurinol, and colchicine drugs, etc. These drugs possess several undesirable side effect. The polyphenolic compounds are abundantly present in plants, for example, stevia residue extract (STR) exert a positive effect on human health. From this study results, we can recommend that polyphenolic compounds enrich STR could be applied to develop treatment options for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.

Novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory mechanism of peptides from Macadamia integrifolia antimicrobial protein 2 (MiAMP2).

This work aimed to identify novel angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from Macadamia integrifolia antimicrobial protein 2 (MiAMP2). The MiAMP2 protein was hydrolyzed through in silico digestion, and the generated peptides were screened for ACE inhibitory activity. The in silico enzyme digestion results revealed that 18 unreported peptides were obtained using AHTPDB and BIOPEP-UWM, and none were thought to be toxic based on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADMET) prediction. PGPR, RPLY, MNPQR, and AAPR were predicted to exhibit good biological activity. The molecular docking results revealed that the four peptides tightly bound to the active pocket of ACE via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, among which RPLY and MNPQR bound to ACE more strongly. The in vitro assay results confirmed that RPLY and MNPQR peptides inhibited ACE via competitive manner. These results provide theoretical guidance for the development of novel foodborne antihypertensive peptides from Macadamia nut proteins. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study provides new insight on the inhibitory potential of Macadamia nut peptides against ACE, which may be further applied to the development of antihypertensive peptides in the medical industry.

Protective Mechanism of Edible Food Plants against Alcoholic Liver Disease with Special Mention to Polyphenolic Compounds.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one type of liver disease, causing a global healthcare problem and mortality. The liver undergoes tissue damage by chronic alcohol consumption because it is the main site for metabolism of ethanol. Chronic alcohol exposure progresses from alcoholic fatty liver (AFL) to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), which further lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular cancer. Therapeutic interventions to combat ALD are very limited such as use of corticosteroids. However, these therapeutic drugs are not effective for long-term usage. Therefore, additional effective and safe therapies to cope with ALD are urgently needed. Previous studies confirmed that edible food plants and their bioactive compounds exert a protective effect against ALD. In this review article, we summarized the hepatoprotective potential of edible food plants and their bioactive compounds. The underlying mechanism for the prevention of ALD by edible food plants was as follows: anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, lipid regulation, inhibition of apoptosis, gut microbiota composition modulation, and anti-fibrosis.

Synergistic effects of black ginseng and aged garlic extracts for the amelioration of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that can lead to carcinoma, cirrhosis, and death. Since no approved medications are available, dietary interventions that include bioactive compounds have been recommended. This study investigated the effects of black ginseng extracts (BGE) and aged black garlic extracts (AGE) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Micrograph of liver tissues of mice fed with BGE and AGE showed less lipid droplets. The BGE and AGE supplements individually and in combination lowered the marker enzymes, aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels indicating their hepatoprotective effects. Compared to the plants extracts alone, the combination of the extracts resulted in lower total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), which are risk markers for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diets with the combination of BGE and AGE supplements had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and lower malondialdehyde indicating the synergistic effects of the extracts. Irrespective of the diet type, all treated groups showed lower tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) values as compared to HFD, which indicated overall immunomodulatory effect of both extracts. Therefore, the innovative formulation formed by the combination of BGE and AGE can provide hepatoprotective effects via modulating glycometabolism, lipometabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in mice.