Congenital ocular toxoplasmosis in consecutive siblings / Toxoplasmose ocular congênita em irmãos consecutivos

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii infection can cause ocular manifestations after acquired and congenital disease. We report two cases of symptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis with ocular involvement in non-twin siblings, with a 2-year interval between pregnancies. Vertical transmission of toxoplasmosis in successive pregnancies, which was once considered impossible, is now found to be plausible even in immunocompetent subjects.

RESUMO A infecção pelo Toxoplasma gondii pode causar manifestações oculares tanto após a sua forma congênita quanto a sua forma adquirida. Reportamos aqui dois casos de toxoplasmose congênita sintomática com envolvimento ocular em irmãos não gêmeos, com intervalo de 2 anos entre gestações. A transmissão vertical da toxoplasmose em gestações sucessivas, outrora considerada impossível, é um evento plausível mesmo em indivíduos imunocompetentes.

Mild controlled hypothermia for necrotizing enterocolitis treatment to preterm neonates: low technology technique description and safety analysis.

We performed a quality improvement project to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and published our results about the initiative in 2021. However, aspects on the safety of the cooling and how to do therapeutic hypothermia with low technology to preterm infants are not described in this previous reporter. Thus, we aim to describe the steps and management to apply hypothermia in preterm infants using low technology and present the safety aspects regarding the initiative. We performed a quality improvement project to NEC in a reference hospital for neonatology (intensive care unit). Forty-three preterm infants with NEC (modified Bell's stage II/III) were included: 19 in the control group (2015-2018) and 24 in the hypothermic group (2018-2020). The control group received standard treatments. The hypothermia group received standard treatment and underwent passive cooling (35.5 °C, used for 48 h after NEC diagnosis). We reported cooling safety to NEC, assessing hematological and gasometrical parameters, coagulation disorders, clinical instability, and neurological disorders. We described how to perform cooling to preterm infants using incubators' servo-control and the occurrence and management of dysthermia during the cooling. We turn-off the incubator and used the esophageal probe to monitor the temperature every 15 min; if the temperature dropped, the incubator was turned on with a rewarming speed of 0.5 °C/h. The participants' average weights and gestational ages were 1186 g and 32 weeks, respectively. There were no differences among hematological indices, serum parameters (sodium, potassium, creatinine, lactate, and bicarbonate), pH, pCO2, and pO2/FiO2 between the groups during treatment and after rewarming. We did not observe dysthermia, bradycardia, hemodynamic instability, apnea, seizure, bleeding, peri-intraventricular hemorrhage, or any alterations in ventilatory parameters due to the cooling technique in preterm babies. This simple technique was performed without intercurrences through a rigorous team evaluation, with a target cooling speed of 0.5 °C/h. The target temperature was successfully reached between the second and third hours of life with the incubator control in 21 children; ice bags were used in only three cases. The temperature was maintained at the expected level during the programmed cooling period. CONCLUSION: Mild controlled hypothermia for preterm infants with NEC is safe. The cooling of preterm infants could be performed through passive methods, using the servo-control of the incubators for temperature management. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Mild controlled hypothermia to NEC treatment is feasible and associated with a decrease in NEC surgery, short bowel, and death. • Mild controlled hypothermia to preterm is feasible and can be performed through low technology and passive cooling. WHAT IS NEW: • Mild controlled hypothermia to preterm is safe and does not associate with safety adverse effects during and after the cooling. • Preterm infants can be cooled through passive methods by just using the servo control of the incubator, presenting acceptable temperature variance, without dysthermia, achieving and remaining at the target temperature with a proper cooling speed. Mild controlled temperature for preterm infants does not need an additional cooling device.

Effect of Maternal Immunization With 10-Valent Pneumococcus Conjugate Vaccine (PCV-10), 23-Valent Pneumococcus Polysaccharide Vaccine, or Placebo on the Immunogenicity of PCV-10 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed Uninfected Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The effect of pneumococcal vaccination of mothers with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on infant responses to childhood vaccination has not been studied. We compared the immunogenicity of 10-valent pneumococcus conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) in HIV-exposed uninfected infants born to mothers who received PCV-10, 23-valent pneumococcus polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23), or placebo during pregnancy. METHODS: Antibody levels against 7 serotypes were measured at birth, before the first and second doses of PCV-10m and after completion of the 2-dose regimen in 347 infants, including 112 born to mothers who received PPV-23, 112 who received PCV-10, and 119 who received placebo during pregnancy. Seroprotection was defined by antibody levels ≥0.35 µg/mL. RESULTS: At birth and at 8 weeks of life, antibody levels were similar in infants born to PCV-10 or PPV-23 recipients and higher than in those born to placebo recipient. After the last dose of PCV-10, infants in the maternal PCV-10 group had significantly lower antibody levels against 5 serotypes than those in the maternal PPV-23 group and against 3 serotypes than those in the maternal placebo group, and they did not have higher antibody levels against any serotype. The seroprotection rate against 7 serotypes was 50% in infants in the maternal PCV-10 group, compared with 71% in both of the maternal PPV-23 and placebo groups (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of PCV-10 during pregnancy was associated with decreased antibody responses to PCV-10 and seroprotection rates in infants. Considering that PCV-10 and PPV-23 had similar immunogenicity in pregnant women with HIV and that administration of PPV-23 did not affect the immunogenicity of PCV-10 in infants, PPV-23 in pregnancy may be preferred over PCV-10.

Low technology, mild controlled hypothermia for necrotizing enterocolitis treatment: an initiative to improve healthcare to preterm neonates.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) treatment remains unchanged for years. Data suggest that mild controlled hypothermia could potentially improve NEC outcomes. Our units presented unfavourable outcomes on NEC. The aim was to assess our experience with low technology, mild controlled hypothermia on NEC outcomes, and improve preterm infants' healthcare. This was a single-center quality improvement study with retrospective cohort design at the neonatal intensive care unit in the university hospital. Forty-three preterm infants with NEC (Modified Bell's Stage II/III) were included: 19 in the control group (2015-2018) and 24 in the hypothermia group (2018-2020). The control group received standard treatment (fasting, abdominal decompression, and broad-spectrum antibiotics). The hypothermia group underwent cooling to 35.5 °C for 48 h after NEC diagnosis, along with conventional treatment. The primary outcomes are intestinal perforation, need for surgery, duration of parenteral nutrition, death, and extensive resection of the small intestine. There was no statistical difference in the NEC score. The hypothermia group required less surgery (aRR 0.40; 95% CI 0.19-0.85), presented less bowel perforation (aRR 0.39; 95% CI 0.18; 0.83), had a shorter duration of parenteral nutrition (aHR 5.28; 95% CI 1.88-14.89), did not need extensive intestinal resection, (0 vs 15.7%), and did not experience any deaths (0 vs 31.6%).Conclusions: In our experience, low technology, mild controlled hypothermia was feasible, not related to adverse effects, and effective treatment for NEC Modified Bell's Stage II/III. It avoided surgery, bowel perforation, and extensive intestinal resection; reduced mortality; and shortened parenteral nutrition duration. What is Known: • New approaches have been proposed to avoid enterocolitis incidence; however, the treatment of enterocolitis stage 2 has been the same for decades, and unfavourable outcomes remain despite conventional management. • Studies suggest that hypothermia can be an alternative to enterocolitis treatment. What is New: • Mild controlled hypothermia can be an additional practice to treat enterocolitis stage 2, is feasible, and is not related to adverse effects to preterm infants. • It can decrease surgery needs, duration of parenteral nutrition, and death and avoids extensive intestinal resection in preterm infants.

HCMV trimer- and pentamer-specific antibodies synergize for virus neutralization but do not correlate with congenital transmission.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes substantial disease in transplant patients and harms the development of the nervous system in babies infected in utero. Thus, there is a major focus on developing safe and effective HCMV vaccines. Evidence has been presented that a major target of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is the HCMV pentamer glycoprotein gH/gL/UL128-131. In some studies, most of the NAbs in animal or human sera were found to recognize the pentamer, which mediates HCMV entry into endothelial and epithelial cells. It was also reported that pentamer-specific antibodies correlate with protection against transmission from mothers to babies. One problem with the studies on pentamer-specific NAbs to date has been that the studies did not compare the pentamer to the other major form of gH/gL, the gH/gL/gO trimer, which is essential for entry into all cell types. Here, we demonstrate that both trimer and pentamer NAbs are frequently found in human transplant patients' and pregnant mothers' sera. Depletion of human sera with trimer caused reductions in NAbs similar to that observed following depletion with the pentamer. The trimer- and pentamer-specific antibodies acted in a synergistic fashion to neutralize HCMV and also to prevent virus cell-to-cell spread. Importantly, there was no correlation between the titers of trimer- and pentamer-specific NAbs and transmission of HCMV from mothers to babies. Therefore, both the trimer and pentamer are important targets of NAbs. Nevertheless, these antibodies do not protect against transmission of HCMV from mothers to babies.

Undervaccination of perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected children in Latin America and the Caribbean.

BACKGROUND: Perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) children may be at risk of undervaccination. Vaccination coverage rates among PHIV and HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children in Latin America and the Caribbean were compared. METHODS: All PHIV and HEU children born from 2002 to 2007 who were enrolled in a multisite observational study conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean were included in this analysis. Children were classified as up to date if they had received the recommended number of doses of each vaccine at the appropriate intervals by 12 and 24 months of age. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the data. Covariates potentially associated with a child's HIV status were considered in multivariable logistic regression modeling. RESULTS: Of 1156 eligible children, 768 (66.4%) were HEU and 388 (33.6%) were PHIV. HEU children were significantly (P < 0.01) more likely to be up to date by 12 and 24 months of age for all vaccines examined. Statistically significant differences persisted when the analyses were limited to children enrolled before 12 months of age. Controlling for birth weight, sex, primary caregiver education and any use of tobacco, alcohol or illegal drugs during pregnancy did not contribute significantly to the logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS: PHIV children were significantly less likely than HEU children to be up to date for their childhood vaccinations at 12 and 24 months of age, even when limited to children enrolled before 12 months of age. Strategies to increase vaccination rates in PHIV are needed.

Both human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-exposed, uninfected children living in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico have similar rates of low concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E.

Our objective was to describe the prevalence of low concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Latin American children and a comparison group of HIV-exposed, uninfected children. Our hypothesis was that the rates of low concentrations of these micronutrients would be higher in the HIV-infected group than those in the HIV-exposed, uninfected group. This was a cross-sectional substudy of a larger cohort study at clinical pediatric HIV centers in Latin America. Serum levels of micronutrients were measured in the first stored sample obtained after each child's first birthday by high-performance liquid chromatography. Low concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E were defined as serum levels below 0.70, 0.35, and 18.0 micromol/L, respectively. The population for this analysis was 336 children (124 HIV-infected, 212 HIV-exposed, uninfected) aged 1 year or older to younger than 4 years. Rates of low concentrations were 74% for retinol, 27% for beta-carotene, and 89% for vitamin E. These rates were not affected by HIV status. Among the HIV-infected children, those treated with antiretrovirals were less likely to have retinol deficiency, but no other HIV-related factors correlated with micronutrient low serum levels. Low concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin E are very common in children exposed to HIV living in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, regardless of HIV-infection status.

Infectious disease morbidity among young HIV-1-exposed but uninfected infants in Latin American and Caribbean countries: the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to describe the frequency, characteristics, and correlates of infectious disease morbidity during the first 6 months of life among HIV-1-exposed but uninfected infants. METHODS: The study population consisted of infants enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development International Site Development Initiative Perinatal Study who were HIV-1 uninfected and had follow-up data through the 6-month study visit. Definitive and presumed infections were recorded at study visits (birth, 6-12 weeks, and 6 months). RESULTS: Of 462 HIV-1-uninfected infants with 11,644 child-weeks of observation, 283 experienced > or = 1 infection. These 283 infants experienced 522 infections (1.8 infections per infant). The overall incidence rate of infections was 4.5 cases per 100 child-weeks of observation. Overall, the most common infections were skin or mucous membrane infections (1.9 cases per 100 child-weeks) and respiratory tract infections (1.7 cases per 100 child-weeks). Thirty-six percent of infants had > 1 respiratory tract infection (1.8 cases per 100 child-weeks). Incidence rates of upper and lower respiratory tract infections were similar (0.89 cases per 100 child-weeks and 0.9 cases per 100 child-weeks, respectively). Cutaneous and/or oral candidiasis occurred in 48 neonates (10.3%) and 92 older infants (19.3%). Early neonatal sepsis was diagnosed in 12 infants (26.0 cases per 1000 infants). Overall, 81 of 462 (17.5%) infants were hospitalized with an infection. Infants with lower respiratory tract infections were hospitalized frequently (40.7%). The occurrence of > or = 1 neonatal infection was associated with more-advanced maternal HIV-1 disease, tobacco use during pregnancy, infant anemia, and crowding. Lower maternal CD4+ cell counts, receipt of intrapartum antibiotic treatment, and country of residence were associated with postneonatal infections. CONCLUSIONS: Close monitoring of HIV-1-exposed infants, especially those who are anemic at birth or whose mothers have more-advanced HIV-1 disease or who smoked during pregnancy, remains important.

Particularidades imunológicas do pré-termo extremo: um desafio para a prevenção da sepse hospitalar / Immunological peculiarities of extremely preterm infants: a challenge for the prevention of nosocomial sepsis

OBJETIVO: Realizar revisão sobre os principais aspectos do desenvolvimento imunológico fetal, salientando a defesa de prematuros extremos contra patógenos bacterianos e descrevendo a situação atual de intervenções imunoterapêuticas para a prevenção de sepse hospitalar. FONTES DOS DADOS: Obtiveram-se, por meio de busca eletrônica, no banco de dados MEDLINE, artigos publicados nos últimos 15 anos referentes ao tema, e foram selecionados aqueles que trouxessem informações relevantes. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: A imunidade de prematuros extremos é deficiente devido à fragilidade da pele, à carência dos produtos de ativação do sistema complemento, ao menor pool de reserva de precursores de neutrófilos na medula óssea e à quimiotaxia, aderência, deformabilidade e atividade enzimática neutrofílicas reduzidas. Limitações adicionais são detectadas na citotoxicidade de células NK, na proliferação e produção de citocinas dos linfócitos T, na cooperação entre células T e B e na síntese de anticorpos pelos linfócitos B. Ainda não foram demonstrados benefícios definitivos de intervenções para incremento da função imunológica dessas crianças, tais como o uso de imunoglobulinas endovenosas e de fatores estimuladores de colônias mielóides. CONCLUSAO: Em conseqüência à imaturidade de diversos componentes da imunidade, prematuros extremos são altamente suscetíveis a infecções nosocomiais. As possibilidades ainda muito limitadas para a intervenção nesse sistema fazem com que o controle dos fatores extrínsecos sejam essenciais para a prevenção da sepse nosocomial nessas crianças.

Teste rápido para detecção da infecção pelo HIV-1 em gestantes / Rapid test to detect HIV-1 infection among pregnant women

Objetivos: avaliar os resultados do teste de diagnóstico rápido da infecção pelo HIV-1 disponibilizado pelo Ministério da Saúde, para identificação de gestantes contaminadas por este vírus. Métodos: avaliação prospectiva de 443 gestantes sem teste sorológico para HIV no pré-natal, atendidas no Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto -Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), entre fevereiro e junho de 2000. As amostras destas pacientes foram submetidas ao teste rápido imunocromatográfico, sendo comparadas com ELISA e confirmadas pela aglutinação. Resultados: dentre as 443 gestantes submetidas ao teste rápido (20,1 por cento dos partos no período), 16 apresentaram resultados positivos (3,6 por cento). Nenhuma amostra negativa pelo teste rápido foi positiva pelo ELISA. Entretanto, das 16 amostras positivas pelo teste rápido, duas foram negativas pelos testes confirmatórios. Logo, a sensibilidade do teste rápido foi de 100 por cento, especificidade 99,5 por cento, valor preditivo positivo 87,5 por cento e valor preditivo negativo 100 por cento. Conclusões: os resultados obtidos na avaliação do teste para o diagnóstico rápido da infecção pelo HIV-1 em gestantes revelaram sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos que o credenciam como recurso extremamente importante na indicação de medidas que reduzem a transmissão perinatal desse vírus.

Infecçäo perinatal por citomegalovirus: muito freqüente mas pouco diaagnosticada / Perinatal cytomegalovirus infection: commonly occurring but rarely diagnosed

Objetivo: Avaliar a freqüência da infecçäo d perinatal por citomegalovirus (CMV) em lactentes e descrever a sua apresentaçäo clínica. Casuística e métodos: Foram estudados, prospectivamente, 34 recém-nascidos até o quarto mês de vida. Colheram-se amostras de urina ao nascimento, com 15 dias e mensalmente, bem como amostras de sangue ao nascimento e ao terceiro mês de vida. O diagnóstico laboratorial de citomegalovirose foi realizado pela detecçäo dos CMV na urina por isolamento viral de culturas de células e por detecçäo de DNA viral através da reaçäo de amplificaçäo gênica catalisada pela polimerase (PCR). Em todas as crianças foi excluído o diagnóstico de citomegalovirose congênita. Resultados: A incidência da infecçäo perinatal foi de 38,2 por cento (13/34) e apenas três dessas crianças apresentaram manifestaçöes clínicas. Obsevou-se um caso com quadro respitatório e diarréia, e outros dois pacientes apresentaram esplenomegalia. Conclusöes: Obsevou-se uma elevada taxa de incidência de infecçäo perinatal por CMV. Das crianças infectadas, 23 por cento apresentaram sintomas. Esses resultados estimulam a que se faça a pesquisa dos CMV como parte da investigaçäo etiológica de pneumonites e esplenomegalia em lactentes jovens

Infecçäo congênita e perinatal por citomegalovírus: aspectos clínicos, epidemiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento / Congenital and perinatal cytomegalovirus infections: clinical aspects, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

Citomegalovírus (CMV) é considerado o agente mais comum de infecçäo congênita e perinatal em todas as regiöes do mundo. Esta revisäo visa apresentar os principais aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos, diagnósticos e de tratamento desta infecçäo em recém-nascidos e lactentes.

Prevalência e aspectos clínicos da infecçäo congênita por citomegalovirus / Prevalence and clinical aspects of congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência da infecçäo congênita por citomegalovirus (CMV), bem como avaliar o palel desse agente como causa de doença congênita r descrever as principais manifestaçöes clínicas dessa doença em crianças atendidas em hospital universitário de Ribeiräo Preto. Casuística e métodos: Para determinaçäo da prevalência da infecçäo congênita, foram estudados 189 recém-nascidos e suas mäes, constituindo um primeiro grupo de estudo. Para avaliaçäo da importância do CMV na etiologia da doença congênita e descriçäo das manifestaçöes clínicas da citomegalovirose congênita, foram incluídos outros 130 recém-nascidos e 74 lactentes com clínica sugestiva de infecçäo congênita, constituindo um segundo grupo. O diagnóstico laboratorial foi realizado pelo isolamento viral na urina em cultura de fibroblastos humanos, pela detecçäo do DNA viral na urina através da reaçäo de amplificaçäo gênica catalizada pela polimerase e pela reaçäo de imunofluorescência para pesquisa de IgM e IgG específicos anti-CMV. Resultados: A prelência da infecçäo congênita foi de 2,6 por cento e 95 por cento das mäes tinham IgG anti-CMV. Todas as crianças infectadas do primeiro grupo eram assintomáticas ao nascimento, porém em uma evidenciaram-se calcificaçöes intracranianas ao exame radiológico. No segundo grupo de estudo, CMV foi detectado na urina 12(5,9 por cento) das crianças com apresentaçäo clínica compatível com doença congênita. Destas, em 10 (83 por cento), o diagnóstico foi relaizado após o período neonatal. Os achados clínicos incluíram hepatoesplenomegalia (75 por cento), icterícia neonatal em hiperbilirrubinemia direta (42 por cento) e anormalidades neurológicas caracterizadas por microcefalia e calcificaçöes intracranianas (42 por cento). Conclusöes: Observou-se uma prevalência de infecçäo congênita por CMV similar à encontrada nos estudos realizados em populaçöes de soroprevalência elevada para CMV. Crianças com citomegalovirose assintomática podem ter acomentimento do SNC, clinicamente imperceptível ao nascimento, e crianças sintomáticas apresentam doença multissistêmica. O diagnóstico diferencial de qualquer recém-nascido com anormalidades, incluindo envolvimento hepático, hematopoético e neurológico, deve incluir pesquisa para citomegalovirose congênita. Os CMV mostraram ser agaentes importantes na etiologia dessas afecçöes, e a grande maioria das crianças sintomáticas foram identificadas após o período neonatal, dificultando um diagnóstico definitivo

Uso da reaçäo em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para o diagnóstico neonatal de infecçäo perinatal pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 (HIV) / Use of polimerase chain reaction for neonatal diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) perinatal infection

Com o objetivo de realizar diagnóstico precoce e confiável de infecçäo perinatal pelo HIV-1 no período neonatal, antes do aparecimento de sinais e sintomas de doença, avaliou-se a utilidade da técnica de reaçäo em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para o HIV-1 em 37 recém-nascidos (idade mediana de 5.5 dias) de mäes infectadas. Das trinta crianças acompanhadas (mediana de 25 meses), 9(30 por cento) eram infectadas. Entre os infectados, 5/9 (56 por cento) tiveram teste PCR neonatal (mediana de 5,5 dias) positivo e em 4/9 (44 por cento) o teste foi negativo. Em nenhuma das 21 crianças näo infectadas o teste foi positivo. Näo se observou associaçäo entre a positividade do teste PCR neonatal e o prognóstico. Apesar de näo identificar todos os casos no período neonatal, este teste é útil para o diagnóstico de infecçäo perinatal e talvez esteja identificando as criançs infectadas pelo HIV-1 durante a gestaçäo