How to Select the Optimal Candidates for Renal Mass Biopsy.

Surgical treatment of small renal masses (RMs) is still characterized by a non-negligible rate of benign histology, ultimately resulting in overtreatment. Since the risk of kidney cancer increases with age and the risk of malignancy usually increases with tumor size, we created a model based on patient age, RM size, and their interaction for predicting malignant histology. As male sex is associated with a higher risk of renal malignancy, we also stratified our analyses by sex. We used data for 2252 patients with cT1N0M0 disease (1551 male [69%], 701 female [31%]). On logistic regression, both age and RM size were predictors of malignant histology. For males, the odds ratio (OR) was 1.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78-2.80) for age and 2.04 (95% CI 1.69-2.47) for RM size; for females, the OR was 1.82 (95% CI 1.78-2.80) for age and 2.04 (95% CI 1.69-2.47) for RM size (all p ≤ 0.007), with a significant continuous-by-continuous interaction between them (p < 0.001) in both models. On decision curve analysis, the model demonstrated clinical utility for predicting malignancy at a probability of <55% for males and <60% for females. Individuals with lower probability should be considered for renal biopsy and those with higher probability for upfront surgery. The model was also more informative than RM size alone in predicting malignancy, which currently represents the only absolute criterion for active surveillance eligibility. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this study we analyzed the correlation between age and tumor size for predicting tumor malignancy. The aim in management is to balance the utility of performing a biopsy and the appropriateness of upfront surgery against the ultimate goal of decreasing overtreatment.

Applicability of COVID-19 Pandemic Recommendations for Urology Practice: Data from Three Major Italian Hot Spots (BreBeMi).

BACKGROUND: Lombardy has been the first and one of the most affected European regions during the first and second waves of the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on all urologic activities over a 17-wk period in the three largest public hospitals in Lombardy located in the worst hit area in Italy, and to assess the applicability of the authorities' recommendations provided for reorganising urology practice. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective analysis of all urologic activities performed at three major public hospitals in Lombardy (Brescia, Bergamo, and Milan), from January 1 to April 28, 2020, was performed. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Join-point regression was used to identify significant changes in trends for all urologic activities. Average weekly percentage changes (AWPCs) were estimated to summarise linear trends. Uro-oncologic surgeries performed during the pandemic were tabulated and stratified according to the first preliminary recommendations by Stensland et al (Stensland KD, Morgan TM, Moinzadeh A, et al. Considerations in the triage of urologic surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Urol 2020;77:663-6) and according to the level of priority recommended by European Association of Urology guidelines. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The trend for 2020 urologic activities decreased constantly from weeks 8-9 up to weeks 11-13 (AWPC range -41%, -29.9%; p < 0.001). One-third of uro-oncologic surgeries performed were treatments that could have been postponed, according to the preliminary urologic recommendations. High applicability to recommendations was observed for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients with intermediate/emergency level of priority, penile and testicular cancer patients, and upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma (UTUC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients with intermediate level of priority. Low applicability was observed for NMIBC patients with low/high level of priority, UTUC patients with high level of priority, prostate cancer patients with intermediate/high level of priority, and RCC patients with low level of priority. CONCLUSIONS: During COVID-19, we found a reduction in all urologic activities. High-priority surgeries and timing of treatment recommended by the authorities require adaptation according to hospital resources and local incidence. PATIENT SUMMARY: We assessed the urologic surgeries that were privileged during the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the three largest public hospitals in Lombardy, worst hit by the pandemic, to evaluate whether high-priority surgeries and timing of treatment recommended by the authorities are applicable. Pandemic recommendations provided by experts should be tailored according to hospital capacity and different levels of the pandemic.

The Impact of Surgical Strategy in Robot-assisted Partial Nephrectomy: Is It Beneficial to Treat Anterior Tumours with Transperitoneal Access and Posterior Tumours with Retroperitoneal Access?

Available comparison of transperitoneal robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (tRAPN) and retroperitoneal robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (rRAPN) does not consider tumour's location. The aim of this study was to compare perioperative morbidity, and functional and pathological outcomes after tRAPN and rRAPN, with the specific hypothesis that tRAPN for anterior tumours and rRAPN for posterior tumours might be a beneficial strategy. A large global collaborative dataset of 1169 cT1-2N0M0 patients was used. Propensity score matching, and logistic and linear regression analyses tested the effect of tRAPN versus rRAPN on perioperative outcomes. No differences were observed between rRAPN and tRAPN with respect to complications, operative time, length of stay, ischaemia time, median 1-yr estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and positive surgical margins (all p>0.05). Median estimated blood loss and postoperative eGFR were 50 versus100ml (p<0.0001) and 82 versus 78ml/min/1.73 m2 (p=0.04) after rRAPN and tRAPN, respectively. At interaction tests, no advantage was observed after tRAPN for anterior tumours and rRAPN for posterior tumours with respect to complications, warm ischaemia time, postoperative eGFR, and positive surgical margins (all p>0.05). The techniques of rRAPN and tRAPN offer equivalent perioperative morbidity, and functional and pathological outcomes, regardless of tumour's location. PATIENT SUMMARY: Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy can be performed with a transperitoneal or a retroperitoneal approach regardless of the specific position of the tumour, with equivalent outcomes for the patient.

Perioperative and oncologic outcomes of open radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy with liver mobilization and Pringle maneuver for Mayo III level tumor thrombus: single institution experience.

BACKGROUND: Scarce data are available regarding the technique and outcomes for patients with RCC and Mayo III caval thrombi. The aim of this study was to report surgical and oncological outcomes of RCC patients with Mayo III thrombi treated with radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy after liver mobilization (LM) and Pringle maneuver (PM). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of surgical technique, outcomes and cancer control in 19 patients undergoing LM and PM in a single tertiary care institution were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 78% of the patients had performance status ECOG 1 and 58% had a Comorbidity Index >2. Median surgical time was 305 minutes (IQR 264-440). Intraoperative complications were reported for 39% of patients and postoperative complications for 58% (only grade 1 and 2). Intensive Care Unit support was necessary in 16% of the cases. Median length of hospital stay was 9 days (IQR: 7-11). Thirty- and 90-day mortality were 5% and 15%. Two-year overall survival and cancer-specific survival were 60% and 62%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We reported surgical techniques, intra- and perioperative complications and follow-up in the largest cohort of RCC patients requiring LM and PM.

A Snapshot from the Department of Urology in Bergamo Evaluating the Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: Which Patients Are We Missing?

The province of Bergamo in Italy and in particular Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital was one of the first areas to be hit by the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and experience firsthand all the different phases of the crisis. We describe the timeline of the changes in overall urological workload during the outbreak period from lockdown to the slow reopening of activities. We sought to compare the 2020 hospital scenario with normality in the same period in 2019, highlighting the rationale behind decision-making when guidelines were not yet available. While we focus on the changes in surgical volumes for both elective (oncological and noncancer) and urgent cases, we have still to confront the risk of untreated and underdiagnosed patients. PATIENT SUMMARY: We present a snapshot of changes in urology during the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak in our hospital in Bergamo, Italy. The effect of medical lockdown on outcomes for untreated or underdiagnosed patients is still unknown.

Comparison of Initial Experience with Transrectal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cognitive Guided Micro-Ultrasound Biopsies versus Established Transperineal Robotic Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fusion Biopsies for Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: We compared cancer detection rates in patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging cognitive guided micro-ultrasound biopsy vs robotic ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging fusion biopsy for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 269 targeted biopsy procedures 222 men underwent robotic ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging fusion biopsy and 47 micro-ultrasound biopsy. Robotic ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging fusion biopsy was performed using the transperineal Artemis™ device while micro-ultrasound biopsy was performed transrectally with the high resolution ExactVu™ system. Random biopsies were performed in addition to targeted biopsy in both modalities. Prostate cancer detection rates and concordance between random and target biopsies were also assessed. RESULTS: Groups were comparable in terms of age, prostate specific antigen, prostate volume and magnetic resonance PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System) version 2 score. The micro-ultrasound biopsy group presented fewer biopsied cores in random and target approaches. In targeted biopsies micro-ultrasound biopsy cases presented higher detection of clinically significant disease (Gleason score greater than 6) than the robotic ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging fusion biopsy group (38% vs 23%, p=0.02). When considering prostate cancer detection regardless of Gleason score or prostate cancer detection by random+target biopsies, no difference was found between the groups. However, on a per core basis overall prostate cancer detection rates favored micro-ultrasound biopsy in random and targeted scenarios. In addition, the PRI-MUS (Prostate Risk Identification Using Micro-Ultrasound) score yielded by micro-ultrasound visualization was independently associated with improved cancer detection rates of clinically significant prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In our initial experience micro-ultrasound biopsy featured a higher clinically significant prostate cancer detection rate in target cores than robotic ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging fusion biopsy, which was associated with target features in micro-ultrasound (PRI-MUS score). These findings reinforce the role of micro-ultrasound technology in targeted biopsies.

Therapeutic approaches for lymph node involvement in prostate, bladder and kidney cancer.

Introduction: A considerable proportion of patients are still found with nodal involvement when considering prostate (PCa), bladder (BCa) and renal cancer (RCC). This scenario is often related to poorer oncological outcomes, but evidence supporting this correlation remain scarce or controversial. Areas covered: A review was conducted to provide updated evidence in the field of pathological nodal involvement in PCa, BCa, and RCC. Nodal-staging process, role of lymphadenectomy and available therapeutic strategies were covered. Expert opinion: Nodal staging mostly relies on CT scan. FDG-PET for BCa and RCC and PSMA-PET for PCa have shown promising results, although some issues like availability and cost-effectiveness still need to be addressed. For PCa, pre-operative nomograms have almost completely replaced the need for imaging with nodal staging purposes. Still, the gold standard remains lymphadenectomy. The oncological benefit of LND is still not clear for PCa and RCC but is related to a better oncological outcome for BCa. For PCa the use of androgen deprivation therapy combined with radiotherapy, particularly in men with high risk of local recurrence, is supported. For BCa, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy is suggested. In regards to RCC, the oncological benefit of adjuvant therapies is still unclear.

On-clamp versus off-clamp partial nephrectomy: Propensity score-matched comparison of long-term functional outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To compare long-term functional outcomes of off-clamp or on-clamp partial nephrectomy patients of two high-volume centers with cT1-2/N0 M0 renal tumors and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 mL/min. METHODS: A 3:1 propensity score-matched analysis was used to select two homogeneous cohorts to compare off-clamp versus on-clamp partial nephrectomy. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to compare the 2-8-year probabilities of estimated glomerular filtration rate modifications in both selected cohorts. The Kaplan-Meier method assessed the risk of developing a stage ≥3b chronic kidney disease during follow up. Multivariable analyses aimed to identify predictors of renal function deterioration. Perioperative complications and oncological outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Overall, 1073 patients were included (588 on-clamp and 485 off-clamp). After applying the propensity score-matched analysis, the two cohorts of 157 on-clamp and 472 off-clamp patients did not differ for all covariates, except for warm ischemia time and last estimated glomerular filtration rate. At joinpoint analysis, the off-clamp group showed higher probabilities of maintaining an unmodified estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.02). The probability of developing a stage ≥3b chronic kidney disease was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the on-clamp cohort. At multivariable analysis, estimated glomerular filtration rate at discharge and off-clamp approach were independent predictors of improved functional outcomes. Perioperative complications were comparable among the two cohorts (P = 0.67). There were not any statistically significant differences in terms of cancer-specific survival (P = 0.26) and overall survival (P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Off-clamp partial nephrectomy seems to offer a higher probability of maintaining 100% estimated glomerular filtration rate after surgery. In our cohort, patients undergoing on-clamp partial nephrectomy presented a 7.3-fold increased risk of developing a severe chronic kidney disease during follow up.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Focal Therapy Complications in Prostate Cancer: A Standardized Methodology.

Purpose: Today, up to one-third of newly diagnosed prostate cancer (PCa) cases may be suitable for focal treatment. The lack of data about the toxicity profiles of lesion-targeting therapies, however, has made it difficult to compare treatment modalities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate comprehensively the incidence, severity, and timing of onset of complications for PCa patients undergoing focal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and focal cryosurgical ablation of the prostate (CSAP). Materials and Methods: A total of 336 patients were included who underwent focal HIFU or focal CSAP as a primary treatment for PCa between January 2009 and December 2017. Mean follow-up was 11 months (standard deviation: 3.0). All complications were captured and graded according to severity, and classified by timing of onset. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of the most common side effects. Results: There were 98 complications in 79/210 patients (38%) undergoing focal HIFU and 34 complications in 27/126 patients (21%) undergoing focal CSAP. In terms of severity, 95% of the complications of focal HIFU and 91% of the complications of focal CSAP were minor. Most complications presented in the early postoperative period. On multivariate analysis, subtotal HIFU was associated with acute urinary retention (AUR), while a smaller prostate size and longer catheterization time with dysuria. In CSAP patients, longer catheterization time was associated with AUR and urethral sloughing. The main limitation is the nonrandomized and retrospective nature. Conclusions: Focal HIFU and focal CSAP provide a tolerable toxicity, with primarily minor complications presenting in the early postoperative period.

Biochemical recurrence-free conditional probability after radical prostatectomy: A dynamic prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the conditional biochemical recurrence-free probability and to develop a predictive model according to the disease-free interval for men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with minimally invasive radical prostatectomy. METHODS: The study population consisted of 3576 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and 2619 men treated with robotic radical prostatectomy in the past 15 years at Institute Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France. Biochemical recurrence was defined as serum prostate-specific antigen ≥0.2 ng/dL. Univariable and multivariable survival analyses were carried out to identify the prognostic factors for overall free-of-biochemical recurrence probability and conditional survival with respect to the years from surgery without recurrence. A detailed nomogram for the static and dynamic prognosis of biochemical recurrence was developed and internally validated. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 8.49 years (interquartile range 4.01-12.97), and 1148 (19%) patients experienced biochemical recurrence. Significant variables associated with biochemical recurrence in the multivariable model included preoperative prostate-specific antigen, positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension, pathological Gleason ≥4 + 3 and laparoscopic surgery (all P < 0.001). Conditional survival probability decreased with increasing time without biochemical recurrence from surgery. When stratified by prognosis factors, the 5- and 10-year conditional survival improved in all cases, especially in men with worse prognosis factors. The concordance index of the nomogram was 0.705. CONCLUSIONS: Conditional survival provides relevant information on how prognosis evolves over time. The risk of recurrence decreases with increasing number of years without disease. An easy-to-use nomogram for conditional survival estimates can be useful for patient counseling and also to optimize postoperative follow-up strategies.

The critical role of lymph node dissection in selecting high-risk nonmetastatic renal cancer candidates for adjuvant therapy after nephrectomy.

BACKGROUND: The role of lymph node dissection (LND) during nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is controversial. We looked at the clinical usefulness of performing LND to stratify the risk of patients with RCC and select candidates for systemic treatment after nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 730 patients with nonmetastatic RCC treated with nephrectomy and LND at a single center. We compared the accuracy and clinical usefulness of a base model including factors defining high-risk patients according to the S-TRAC trial [(pT3 and Grade≥2 and performance status score ≥1) or pT4] relative to the base model plus pN stage for the prediction of early progression after surgery. RESULTS: LN invasion resulted the most informative predictor of early progression (odds ratio: 6.39; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.26, 12.54; P < 0.0001). The accuracy was higher (P = 0.008) for the model implemented with pN (area under the curve: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.80) as compared to the base model (area under the curve: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.76). Performing LND to select patients for postoperative systemic treatment, resulted in a slightly higher net benefit as compared to a strategy defining risk on the base of factors other than pN. Patients with high-risk disease showed a large difference in the risk of progression according to pN-status (1-year risk: 58% [95% CI: 45, 72] for pN1; 31% [95% CI: 25, 38] for pN0; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Performing LND at the time of nephrectomy improves risk stratification, resulting into a small but nonnegligible clinical advantage for selecting high-risk patients for further treatment after surgery. Further trials should investigate whether high-risk pN1 patients would benefit from a different postoperative management.

Postoperative complications increase the risk of long-term chronic kidney disease after nephron-sparing surgery in patients with renal cancer and normal preoperative renal function.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether postoperative complications affect long-term functional outcomes of renal patients treated with nephron-sparing surgery (NSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an observational study, enrolling 596 patients with preoperative normal renal function treated with NSS for clinical T1abN0M0 renal masses. Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for chronic kidney disease (CKD) including as covariates age, comorbidity (scored according to the Charlson comorbidity index), hypertension, tumour size, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at discharge, and ischaemia time. RESULTS: A total of 137 patients (23%) developed postoperative complications. At a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 53 (26-91) months, CKD risk was 19% for patients with postoperative complications and 11% for those without complications. Patients experiencing postoperative complications (HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.26-2.86) were at increased risk of developing CKD during the follow-up at multivariable analysis, after accounting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Our data outline how postoperative complications might have a detrimental impact on postoperative renal function in patients submitted to NSS. Improper patient selection, increasing the risk of postoperative complications, could limit the benefit in terms of renal function brought by NSS.

The Association of Uromodulin Genotype with Renal Cancer Aggressiveness.

The aim of the study was to investigate the association of the uromodulin (UMOD) genotype with patient health status and with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) aggressiveness. The UMOD genotype at the top single nucleotide variant rs4293393 was determined in a cohort of 211 patients diagnosed with a renal mass and treated with surgery. Clinical data were prospectively collected. Due to the higher frequency of allele T relative to the lower frequency of allele C, recessive homozygous (CC), and heterozygous (TC) patients were grouped together and compared with homozygous (TT) patients. Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were used to compare clinical characteristics after stratification for the UMOD genotype. UMOD genotype frequencies resulted TT and TC-CC in 67% (n=141) and 33% (n=70) of the population, respectively. The rate of cM1 RCC at clinical staging was higher in patients with genotype TT relative to patients with genotype TC-CC (18% vs 1%, p=0.001). Similarly, the rate of pT3-pT4 (41% vs 25%, p=0.047) and lymphovascular invasion (29% vs 13%, p=0.02) RCC at final pathology were higher in patients with genotype TT relative to patients with genotype TC-CC. PATIENT SUMMARY: In patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma and treated with surgery, uromodulin homozygous genotype is associated with more aggressive renal cell carcinoma clinical and pathological characteristics.

The side and the location of the primary tumor does not affect the probability of lymph node invasion in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of side and location of the primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) on the risk of lymph node invasion (LNI) and/or nodal progression (NP) during follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 2485 patients with unilateral RCC, surgically treated in a single tertiary care referral center. Outcomes were LNI at surgery and/or NP during follow-up. We studied if RCC side (left vs. right) and location (upper vs. middle vs. hilar vs. lower area vs. more than one area) affected the probability of LNI and/or NP at follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, 43 and 15% of patients underwent lymph node dissection and had LNI at surgery, respectively. During follow-up, 2.2% of patients had NP. Higher rates of LNI and NP were observed for patients with primary tumor located in more than one anatomical kidney area relative to patients with tumor in a single area (upper 11% vs. middle 10% vs. hilar 0%, vs. lower 12% vs. more than one area 26%, p < 0.01). cM1, cN1, pT2/pT3/pT4 disease and Fuhrman grade 3/4 were independent predictors of the study outcome (all p ≤ 0.01). Neither the RCC side nor the location reached the independent predictor status (all p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with single-side and more than one anatomical kidney area affected by RCC have higher rate of LNI at surgery and/or NP at follow-up. Neither side nor location of primary RCC tumor is related to the risk of harboring LNI at surgery and/or developing NP at follow-up.

The Learning Curve for Robot-assisted Partial Nephrectomy: Impact of Surgical Experience on Perioperative Outcomes.

Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) outcomes might be importantly affected by increasing surgical experience (EXP). The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of EXP on warm ischemia time (WIT), presence of at least one Clavien-Dindo ≥2 postoperative complication (CD ≥ 2), and positive surgical margins (PSMs) to define the learning curve for RAPN. We evaluated 457 consecutive patients diagnosed with a cT1-T2 renal mass were evaluated. EXP was defined as the total number of RAPNs performed by each surgeon before each patient's operation. Median WIT was 14min and the rate of CD ≥ 2 and PSMs was 15% and 4%, respectively. At multivariable regression analyses adjusted for case mix, EXP resulted associated with shorter WIT (p<0.0001) and higher probability of CD ≥ 2-free postoperative course (p=0.001), but not with PSMs (p=0.7). The relationship between EXP and WIT emerged as nonlinear, with a steep slope reduction within the first 100 cases and a plateau observed after 150 cases. Conversely, the relationship between EXP and CD ≥ 2-free course resulted linear, without reaching a plateau, even after 300 cases. Patient summary: Perioperative outcomes after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) are importantly and individually affected by surgeon's experience. After 150 RAPNs, no further improvement is observed with respect to ischemia time, but the learning curve appears endless with respect to complications.

Predictive and prognostic effect of inflammatory lymphadenopathies in renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: A significant proportion of patients affected by renal cell carcinoma (RCC) shows a suspicious lymph node involvement (LNI) at preoperative imaging. We sought to evaluate the effect of lymphadenopathies (cN1) on survival in surgical RCC patients with no evidence of LNI at final pathology (pN0). METHODS: 719 patients underwent either radical or partial nephrectomy and lymph node dissection at a single tertiary care referral centre between 1987 and 2015. All patients had pathologically no LNI (pN0). Outcomes of the study were cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and other-cause mortality. Multivariable competing-risks regression models assessed the impact of inflammatory lymphadenopathies (cN1pN0) on mortality rates, after adjustment for clinical and pathological confounders. RESULTS: 114 (16%) and 605 (84%) patients (16%) were cN1pN0 and cN0pN0, respectively. cN1pN0 patients were more frequently diagnosed with larger tumours (8.4 vs. 6.5 cm), higher pathological tumour stage (pT3-4 in 71 vs. 36%), higher Fuhrman grade (G3-G4 in 64 vs. 31%), more frequently with necrosis (75 vs. 44%), and distant metastases (33 vs. 10%) (all p < 0.0001). At univariable analysis, inflammatory lymphadenopathies resulted associated with worse CSM (HR 2.45; p < 0.0001). However, at multivariable analysis, inflammatory lymphadenopathies were not an independent predictor of CSM (HR 0.81; p = 0.4). The presence of metastases at diagnosis was the most important factor affecting CSM (HR 6.54; p < 0.0001). This study is limited by its retrospective nature. CONCLUSIONS: In RCC patients, inflammatory lymphadenopathies (cN1pN0) are associated with unfavourable clinical and pathological characteristics. However, the presence of inflammatory lymphadenopathies does not affect RCC-specific mortality.

Hook Wire Placement Facilitates Laparoscopic Excision of Endophytic Renal Tumor in Partial Nephrectomy.

Introduction: Endophytic renal tumors that are completely intraparenchymal pose several challenges to surgeons, including in intraoperative tumor identification. Image-guided hook wires, which are now used in surgery, particularly in spinal surgery, thoracoscopic surgery, and breast surgery, allow for the precise localization of tumor sites. The hook wire facilitated the localization of the lesion and avoided cutting into the lesion directly. Case Presentation: A 55-year-old woman was referred to our hospital due to an incidentally discovered 16-mm intracortical right renal mass in the anterior medial position. A renal biopsy was performed, which confirmed renal cell carcinoma. A hook wire was placed in the tumor by an interventional radiologist under CT guidance. This was done before performing the partial nephrectomy on the same day. The hook wire was found intraoperatively, and the renal artery was clamped. The renal capsule was resected using scissors under warm ischemia (25 minutes). Histopathology confirmed clear-cell renal carcinoma with negative surgical margins, Classification TNM 2017: pT1a Nx. Conclusion: Use of a hook wire is an alternative method for localizing endophytic lesions in partial nephrectomy.

Pathological High-risk Renal Cell Carcinoma: Trends in Clinical Characteristics Over 25 Years.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been increasing mainly due to the increase in the incidental detection of small renal masses. The aim of this study was to verify whether the trend towards early diagnosis changed the clinical characteristics of pathologically-defined high-risk RCC patients over the last decades. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 741 patients with pathologically-confirmed high-risk RCC (pT1-4, and/or pN1 and/or Fuhrman grade 3-4 and/or all M1 patients) treated with radical (RN) or partial nephrectomy (PN) at a single tertiary referral center between 1987 and 2011 were included in the study. The temporal trends of pre-operative clinical and tumor characteristics were assessed relying on the lowess smoother weighted function with corresponding 95% confidence interval. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were evaluated using a log linear regression model. RESULTS: The median age of patients increased from 57.5 to 67.3 years between 1987 and 2011 (EAPC 4.9%, p=0.002). Body mass index and gender rates remained stable during the study period. A constant trend towards patients with one or more comorbidity was observed. Moreover, the proportion of asymptomatic patients at diagnosis and of clinical T1 increased by 41.1 and 19.8%, respectively (all p≤0.007). The clinical tumor size dropped from 8.4 to 6.2 cm (EAPC -1.2%, p=0.001). This trend was accompanied by a clinically-relevant increase by 15.3% in the rate of patients without clinical metastases (p=0.07). Conversely, the rate of clinical lymphadenopathies remained stable over time. Finally, the rate of PNs performed increased by 23.3% (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Over the years, pathologically-confirmed high-risk RCC patients are older, mostly asymptomatic, with smaller cancers, with a higher rate of tumors localized to the kidney and with a decreased rate of metastatic disease at diagnosis. These trends can explain the increasing number of PNs performed despite the presence of a high-risk cancer profile.

Is Robot-assisted Surgery Contraindicated in the Case of Partial Nephrectomy for Complex Tumours or Relevant Comorbidities? A Comparative Analysis of Morbidity, Renal Function, and Oncologic Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Available comparisons between open partial nephrectomy (OPN) and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) are scarce, incomplete, and affected by non-negligible risk of bias. OBJECTIVE: To compare RAPN and OPN. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was an observational study of 472 patients diagnosed with a cT1-2cN0cM0 renal mass and treated with RAPN or OPN assessed in two prospective institutional databases. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The study outcomes were morbidity, complications, warm ischaemia time, renal function, positive surgical margins, and oncologic outcomes. Propensity score matching for age at diagnosis, gender, Charlson comorbidity index, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), single kidney status, tumour size and side, total PADUA score, any individual PADUA score item, and year of surgery was used to account for baseline confounders. The effect of surgical approach was estimated using linear and logistic regressions for continuous and categorical outcomes. An interaction test was used for subgroup analyses. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Relative to OPN, RAPN was associated with lower rates for overall (21% vs 36%; p<0.0001) and major (3% vs 9%; p=0.03) complications. This benefit was consistent in patients with high PADUA scores, high CCI, large tumours, and low preoperative eGFR (all p>0.05, interaction test). No difference between the groups was observed for warm ischaemia time, postoperative and 1-yr eGFR, and positive surgical margins (all p>0.05). After median follow-up of 41 mo, there was no difference between the groups for the 5-yr rates of local recurrence-free, systemic progression-free, and disease-free survival (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: RAPN is associated with overall better perioperative morbidity and lower rates of complications, regardless of characteristics such as tumour complexity and patient comorbidity status. Functional and oncologic outcomes are equal after RARP and OPN. PATIENT SUMMARY: Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy is associated with a better morbidity profile than open partial nephrectomy (OPN) and provides the same cancer control and renal function preservation observed after OPN.