Characteristics and prognostic analysis of patients with detected KRAS mutations in resected lung adenocarcinomas by peptide nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (PNA-LNA PCR) clamp method.

Background: Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) gene mutations are a type of driver mutation discovered in the 1980s, but for a long time no molecular targeted drugs were available for them. Recently, sotorasib was developed as a molecular targeted drug for KRAS mutations. It is therefore necessary to identify the characteristics of patients with KRAS mutations. Methods: This was the single-institution retrospective study. Surgically resected tumors from lung adenocarcinoma patients were collected at a single institution from June 2016 to September 2019. Peptide nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (PNA-LNA PCR) clamp analysis of KRAS G12X mutations was compared with analysis by therascreen KRAS RGQ kit. The association between KRAS mutation status and patient characteristics and prognosis was assessed. Results: Among 499 lung adenocarcinomas, KRAS mutations were evaluated in 197 cases, excluding stage IV lung cancer and tumors with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations. KRAS G12X mutations were detected in 59 cases (29.9%). The highest frequency by gene mutation subtype was G12V in 23 cases (39.0%), followed by G12C in 16 cases (27.1%), G12D in 12 cases (20.3%), G12S in 4 cases (6.8%) and G12A in 2 cases. For the G12C mutation, the PNA-LNA PCR clamp and therascreen methods were consistent, but for the G12D and G12S mutations, the PNA-LNA PCR clamp method showed higher detection rates. In operable tumors, G12C mutations were more frequent in males, smokers, and patients with high expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and had no correlation with prognosis. Conclusions: By the PNA-LNA PCR clamp method, G12C mutation of surgical specimens was detected successfully. The PNA-LNA PCR clamp method is expected to be applied to the detection of druggable G12C mutations.

Monitoring of Plasma EGFR Mutations during Osimertinib Treatment for NSCLC Patients with Acquired T790M Mutation.

BACKGROUND: Osimertinib was first approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients who have developed the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation after treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We routinely evaluated the plasma of NSCLC patients with the T790M mutation to more rapidly detect an increase in disease activity and resistance to treatment. METHODS: Eligible patients received osimertinib after resistance to the first- or second-generation of EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC harboring T790M mutation detectable in tumor tissue or plasma. Plasma samples were collected every 8 weeks during osimertinib treatment. The plasma analysis was performed using an improved PNA-LNA PCR clamp method. We tested samples for a resistance mechanism, including EGFR-activating, T790M, and C797S mutations, and assessed the association between the mutations and osimertinib treatment. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients enrolled in the study, 58 were eligible for this analysis. In plasma collected before osimertinib treatment, activating mutations were detected in 47 of 58 patients (81.0%) and T790M was detected in 44 patients (75.9%). Activating mutations were cleared in 60.9% (28/46) and T790M was cleared in 93.0% (40/43). Of these, 71.4% (20/28) of activating mutations and 87.5% (35/40) of T790M mutation were cleared within 8 weeks of treatment. The total response rate (RR) was 53.4% (31/58). The median duration of treatment was 259 days, with a trend toward longer treatment duration in patients who experienced the clearance of activating mutations with osimertinib. At the time of disease progression during osimertinib treatment, C797S was detected in 3 of 37 patients (8.1%). CONCLUSION: Plasma EGFR mutation analysis was effective in predicting the effect of osimertinib treatment.

A randomized trial to evaluate the preventive effect of lafutidine on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel for lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) has a significant impact on the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy and patients' quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess the preventive effect of lafutidine on CIPN. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy with lafutidine 10 mg twice daily (lafutidine group) or without lafutidine (control group). Peripheral neuropathy in both groups was assessed with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0 and two patient-based questionnaires, the Patient Neurotoxicity Questionnaire (PNQ) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group-Neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-Ntx). The primary outcome was the incidence of grade 2 or higher peripheral neuropathy in CTCAE version 5.0. The target number of cases was set at approximately 40. RESULTS: In total, 18 patients were screened, and 16 patients were assigned to the lafutidine group (n=9) or control group (n=7) between January 2021 and January 2023. Due to poor recruitment, the target number of cases was not reached. Grade 2 or higher neuralgia was 22.2% in the lafutidine group and 14.3% in the control group. Grade 2 or higher peripheral sensory neuropathy was 100% in the lafutidine group and 71.4% in the control group (P=0.175). Grade 3 or higher peripheral neuropathy was not detected in either group. There was no significant difference in PNQ scores between the two groups. Median FACT/GOG-Ntx scores after the fourth cycle tended to be lower in the lafutidine group than in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in progression free survival (PFS) between the two groups. There were no adverse events due to lafutidine administration. CONCLUSIONS: Although the preventive effect of lafutidine on CIPN could not be demonstrated statistically, lafutidine FACT/GOG-Ntx scores showed a trend toward decreased neurotoxicity as chemotherapy proceeded. More reliable studies using lafutidine on the prevention of CIPN should be conducted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, identifier: jRCTs021200031.

High level of C-reactive protein as a predictive factor for immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study.

Background: Several risk factors for the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been reported, of which include high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). In this study, we aim to evaluate CRP levels before ICIs treatments as potential predictive biomarkers of irAEs incidence rate and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Between December 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019, we retrospectively collected all adult patients with NSCLC who received at least one dose of an ICI targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis at the Iwate Medical University Hospital in Japan. In this study the patients were categorized into low and high groups with a cut-off value of 10 mg/L as the baseline level of CRP before the ICI treatment. The primary endpoint was relationship between CRP levels at baseline and incidence of irAEs. The secondary endpoints were the relationship of progression-free survival (PFS) and OS. Results: A total of 101 irAEs, and 25 severe irAEs were observed. The incidence of the most irAEs was higher in the high CRP group compared to the low CRP group (54.4% vs. 34.5%, respectively, P=0.003). The most frequent irAEs were skin rush (28.8%), followed by pneumonitis (19.2%), hypothyroidism (15.4%), and hepatotoxicity (9.6%). The most common grade 3 or 4 irAEs was pneumonitis (7.9%), which tended to be more frequent in the high CRP group. In multivariate analysis, patients with high CRP levels had an adjusted OR of 2.41 and were associated with an increased risk of developing irAEs (95% CI: 1.16-4.43, P=0.020). The high CRP group was related with shorter PFS compared to the low CRP group (2.2 vs. 3.3 months, respectively, P=0.006). The high CRP group were also related with shorter OS compared to the low CRP group (8.9 vs. 39.1 months, respectively, P<0.001). Conclusions: The results suggest that higher level of pretreatment CRP is involved in the development of irAE and poor prognosis. Identification of patients at high risk of irAEs would be of great help. Future multicenter prospective studies are needed to expand on this study.

Detection of multiple druggable mutations of lung cancer from cytology specimens by MINtS: An advanced medicine A trial.

Most multigene mutation tests require tissue specimens. However, cytological specimens are easily obtained in the clinical practice and provide high-quality DNA and RNA. We aimed to establish a test that utilizes cytological specimens and performed a multi-institutional study to investigate the performance of MINtS, a test based on next-generation sequencing. A standard procedure for specimen isolation was defined. The specimens were considered suitable for the test if >100 ng DNA and >50 ng RNA could be extracted from them. In total, 500 specimens from 19 institutions were investigated. MINtS detected druggable mutations in 63% (136 of 222) of adenocarcinomas. Discordant results between MINtS and the companion diagnostics were observed in 14 of 310 specimens for the EGFR gene, and 6 of 339 specimens for the ALK fusion genes. Confirmation by other companion diagnostics for the EGFR mutations or the clinical response to an ALK inhibitor all supported the results obtained by MINtS. MINtS along with the isolation procedure presented in the current study will be a platform to establish multigene mutation tests that utilize cytological specimens. UMIN000040415.

A Case of Mediastinal Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in a Chronic Dialysis Patient Diagnosed by Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA).

A 54-year-old woman on dialysis due to chronic renal failure had a fever lasting 2 weeks and was referred to a hospital. Non-enhanced CT and blood tests showed no remarkable findings. She was hospitalized and received an antibacterial drug. Although she was discharged after the fever subsided, she was hospitalized again due to a fever a few days later. A contrast-enhanced CT revealed mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and she was transferred to our hospital for a bronchoscopy. Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for subcarinal lymph nodes was performed in our hospital. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test of the obtained specimen was positive for mycobacterium tuberculosis, and histologically, caseous granulomas were found in the specimen. She was diagnosed with mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis, and HREZ (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide) treatment was started. The fever subsided immediately, and she was discharged from our hospital 2 weeks after the initiation of treatment. Thereafter, she received treatment as an outpatient. Since the use of a contrast medium was complicated by dialysis, a non-enhanced CT was performed at first, and it was difficult to make a diagnosis from this. We report this as an informative case that could be diagnosed with EBUS-TBNA, which was easily performed on a patient weakened by prolonged fever and dialysis.

Bevacizumab plus erlotinib versus erlotinib alone in Japanese patients with advanced, metastatic, EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NEJ026): overall survival analysis of an open-label, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab is a promising candidate for combination treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (eg, erlotinib), which could improve outcomes for patients with metastatic EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have previously shown in NEJ026, a phase 3 trial, that the combination of bevacizumab plus erlotinib significantly prolonged progression-free survival compared with erlotinib alone in these patients. In further analyses, we aimed to examine the effects of bevacizumab-erlotinib on overall survival, time from enrolment to progressive disease during second-line treatment or death, and quality of life. METHODS: This open-label, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial (NEJ026) was done in 69 hospitals and medical, community-based centres across Japan. Eligible patients had stage IIIB, stage IV, or postoperative recurrent, EGFR-mutant (exon 19 deletion or exon 21 Leu858Arg point mutation) NSCLC, had not previously received systemic chemotherapy, and were randomly assigned (1:1) by a computer-generated randomisation sequence and minimisation to receive either 150 mg oral erlotinib once daily plus 15 mg/kg intravenous bevacizumab once every 21 days, or 150 mg oral erlotinib once daily, until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Randomisation was stratified according to sex, smoking status, EGFR mutation subtype, and clinical disease stage. All participants, investigators, and study personnel (including those assessing outcomes) were unmasked to treatment allocation. We report the secondary outcomes of overall survival and quality of life (the period from enrolment to confirmation of a minimally important difference on the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire [EORTC QLQ]-C30), and the exploratory outcome of time from enrolment to progressive disease during second-line treatment or death. Overall survival and the exploratory outcome were analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population, which comprised all randomly assigned patients who received at least one dose of the study drug and had response evaluations. Quality of life was analysed in patients in the modified intention-to-treat population who had completed the quality of life questionnaires. The trial is registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000017069, and the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, jRCTs031180056, and is currently closed. FINDINGS: Between June 3, 2015, and Aug 31, 2016, 228 patients were enrolled. 112 patients who received bevacizumab-erlotinib and 112 who received erlotinib only were included in the modified intention-to-treat population. At data cutoff (Nov 30, 2019) and a median follow-up of 39·2 months (IQR 23·9-43·5), the median overall survival was 50·7 months (95% CI 37·3-not estimable [NE]) in the bevacizumab-erlotinib group and 46·2 months (38·2-NE) in the erlotinib-only group (hazard ratio [HR] 1·007, 95% CI 0·681-1·490; p=0·97). In analysis of the exploratory outcome, after a median follow-up of 23·9 months (IQR 14·2-39·1), the median time from enrolment to progressive disease during second-line treatment or death was 28·6 months (95% CI 22·1-35·9) in the bevacizumab-erlotinib group and 24·3 months (20·4-29·1) in the erlotinib-only group (HR 0·773, 95% CI 0·562-1·065). The median time between enrolment and confirmation of a minimally important difference on the EORTC QLQ-C30 was 6·0 months (95% CI 5·2-11·3) in the bevacizumab-erlotinib group and 8·3 months (5·7-13·9) in the erlotinib-only group (p=0·47). INTERPRETATION: The addition of bevacizumab to erlotinib did not prolong survival in patients with metastatic EGFR-mutant NSCLC, but both treatment groups had relatively long survival durations. Why the addition of bevacizumab to erlotinib did not affect overall survival is unclear, but it is possible that the beneficial effects of combination therapy were not seen because overall survival was influenced by treatment regimens used after disease progression. FUNDING: Chugai Pharmaceutical.

Combination treatment with bevacizumab plus erlotinib for meningeal carcinomatosis of afatinib-resistant EGFR mutated lung cancer without T790M mutation: a case report.

Meningeal carcinomatosis in lung cancer is known to have a very poor prognosis. Here we report a case in which bevacizumab plus erlotinib (BE) was effective against meningeal carcinomatosis from afatinib-resistant EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer. A 61-year-old man started afatinib, a 2nd generation molecular targeting drug, as first-line treatment for lung adenocarcinoma cT1bN0M1a stage IVA harboring EGFR exon19 deletion mutation. This treatment shrank the tumor and allowed sustained control of tumor growth. After 19 months from the start of treatment, head MRI revealed brain metastasis in the cerebellum and meningeal carcinomatosis with loss of appetite and slurred speech, in response to which whole-brain irradiation was performed. Head MRI 1 month after whole-brain irradiation showed no change in the disseminated lesions of the cerebellum. In Japan, osimertinib treatment after failure of EGFR-TKI treatments requires the T790M mutation in the tumor, blood or body fluid, so BE treatment was started as second-line treatment. Brain MRI showed improvement in cerebellar disseminated lesions 1 month after the start of BE treatment. BE treatment controlled intrapulmonary metastases, pleural disseminated lesions and meningeal carcinomatosis for 6 months. BE treatment as second-line treatment should be considered as an option for meningeal carcinomatosis of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) -resistant EGFR mutated lung cancer.

Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors after EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have become the gold standard for EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed for the treatment of several malignancies, including lung cancer. However, it is known that ICIs have poorer efficacy in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. METHODS: We collected data for patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC receiving monotherapy with ICIs after EGFR-TKIs between December 2015 and March 2020 in three institutions, and retrospectively analyzed the association between patient characteristics and efficacy of ICIs. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were included in this study. We defined responders as patients undergoing 90 days or longer of ICI treatment. Comparing characteristics between responders and non-responders, more tumors with L858R EGFR mutation were observed in responders than in non-responders (L858R: 66.7% and 25.0%, respectively, p < 0.05). There was no difference in incidence of T790M resistance mutation before ICI treatment. The PD-L1 positive rate was slightly higher in responders but not statistically significant (22.2% and 12.5%, respectively). Median duration of EGFR-TKI pretreatment was shorter in ICI responders compared with nonresponders (13.3 and 19.9 months, respectively). The survival of patients with L858R tumors was significantly longer than that of patients with exon 19 deletion (HR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.13-0.93, p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: ICI treatment tends to have better efficacy in patients with L858R-mutated tumors. This study suggests that patients with L858R-mutated NSCLC are candidates for ICI treatment after EGFR-TKI treatment.

S100A9/CD163 expression profiles in classical monocytes as biomarkers to discriminate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.

Circulating monocytes have pathogenic relevance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Here, we determined whether the cell surface levels of two markers, pro-inflammatory-related S100A9 and anti-inflammatory-related CD163, expressed on CD14strongCD16- classical monocytes by flow cytometry could discriminate IPF from idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (iNSIP). Twenty-five patients with IPF, 25 with iNSIP, and 20 healthy volunteers were prospectively enrolled in this study. The S100A9+CD163- cell percentages in classical monocytes showed a pronounced decrease on monocytes in iNSIP compared to that in IPF. In contrast, the percentages of S100A9-CD163+ cells were significantly higher in iNSIP patients than in IPF patients and healthy volunteers. In IPF patients, there was a trend toward a correlation between the percentage of S100A9+CD163- monocytes and the surfactant protein-D (SP-D) serum levels (r = 0.4158, [95% confidence interval (CI) - 0.02042-0.7191], p = 0.051). The individual percentages of S100A9+CD163- and S100A9-CD163+ cells were also independently associated with IPF through multivariate regression analysis. The unadjusted area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) to discriminate IPF from iNSIP was (ROC-AUC 0.802, 95% CI [0.687-0.928]), suggesting that these are better biomarkers than serum SP-D (p < 0.05). This preliminary study reports the first comparative characterization of monocyte phenotypes between IPF and iNSIP.

Relationship between Trace Element in Tumor and Prognosis in Lung Cancer Patients.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to observe the relationship between trace element concentrations in lung tissue from lung non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients and prognosis. Materials and Methods: The concentrations of various trace elements in the lung tissues were measured by a particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) system, and the results were analyzed for statistical significance. Eight essential trace elements, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mo, were analyzed. We investigated the relationship between trace element concentrations and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients. Results: A total of 129 NSCLC patients and 20 control patients were included in this study. As for DFS, Co was the only element that showed a significant difference, and the high Co group had better DFS (HR: 0.352, 95% CI = 0.128-0.97). No significant difference was observed for Cr, Mn, Fe, Se, or Mo, but DFS tended to be better in the high trace element group. No significant difference was observed for Cu and Zn, but DFS tended to be good in the low trace element group. As for OS, Cr was the only element that showed a significant difference, and the high Cr element group had better OS (HR: 0.477, 95% CI = 0.128-0.97). Conclusions: This study suggests that the prognosis is good in lung cancer cases with high intratumoral concentrations of Co and Cr. The dynamics of trace elements in body and in tumor tissue have not been well established, and we consider that more research is necessary in the future.

Analysis of bevacizumab treatments and metastatic sites of lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Liver metastasis has not been sufficiently evaluated in lung cancer so far. We retrospectively analyzed the distant metastasis of Non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSQ-NSCLC), including liver metastasis, and association between prognosis and therapeutic effect of bevacizumab treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical data were collected from 1954 patients with lung cancer admitted in our hospital between 1st April 2011 and 31 March 2019. Information is extracted from the electronic medical record. Main collection data was the age, gender, smoking history, performance status, histology and driver mutation, distant metastasis site. Efficacy data of treatment including treatment duration and survival time were obtained from medical record, image data and local registry. RESULTS: Total 366 patients receiving any chemotherapy with NSQ-NSCLC were eligible for this study. Most frequent extrathoracic metastasis is bone (N = 59) followed by brain (37), liver (18), adrenal gland (23), and OS analysis showed liver metastasis was worse prognosis compared to brain and bone metastasis (median OS: 11.6, 18.9, 15.0, respectively). Bevacizumab treatment was tend to have favorable efficacy in patients with each metastatic sites, especially, induced significant longer OS for patients with liver metastasis. CONCLUSION;: Though this study was retrospective study for small sized metastatic patients, the study suggested that liver metastasis was refractory, and that bevacizumab treatment might improve the worse prognosis.

Evaluation of plasma EGFR mutation as an early predictor of response of erlotinib plus bevacizumab treatment in the NEJ026 study.

BACKGROUND: The NEJ026 Phase 3 study demonstrated that erlotinib and bevacizumab (BE)-treated NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations had significantly better progression-free survival (PFS) than those treated with erlotinib alone (E). This study included a prospective analysis of the relationship between the mutational status of EGFR in plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and the efficacy of TKI monotherapy or combination therapy. We describe these results herein. METHODS: Plasma samples were collected from patients enrolled in NEJ026 at the start of treatment (P0), 6 weeks after the start of treatment (P1), and upon confirmation of progressive disease (P2). Plasma ctDNA was analyzed using a modified PNA-LNA PCR clamp method. PFS and OS according to EGFR status at the time of plasma collection were evaluated. FINDINGS: Plasma activating EGFR mutation (aEGFR) at P0 was detected in 68% of cases; patients without plasma aEGFR had longer PFS. The frequency of T790M mutation at P2 was similar in both arms: 8 (19.0%) in BE and 11 (20.8%) in E. Based on the aEGFR profiles, PFS was evaluated among three groups: type A [P0(-), P1(-)], type B [P0(+), P1(-)], and type C [P0(+), P1(+)]. This revealed that BE was more efficacious than E, and that BE was associated with improved PFS in all types. INTERPRETATION: Pre-treatment plasma aEGFR status have a potential of early predictor of response of TKI efficacy. Monitoring plasma aEGFR mutation will contribute to selection and continuation of treatment with BE or E. FUNDING: Chugai Pharmaceutical.

Elemental and mutational analysis of lung tissue in lung adenocarcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to observe the association between trace element concentrations in lung tissue from lung adenocarcinoma cancer (LADC) patients and mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS genes. METHODS: LADC patients who had undergone lung resection were included in this study. Furthermore, twenty patients without lung cancer were included in this study as the control group. Samples were separately collected from both tumor and peritumor tissues. The mutational status was assessed for EGFR mutations, ALK rearrangements and KRAS mutations. Based on these analyses, patients were grouped into three groups: EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation and wild-type groups. The concentrations of various trace elements in the lung tissues were measured by a particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) system, and the results were analyzed for statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 110 LADC patients were included in this study. The median age was 70 years, and 60% of the participants were female. Moreover, 18% and 20% of patients were EGFR- and KRAS-positive, respectively. Thirty-two trace elements were measured, and 18 trace elements were detectable. The concentrations of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Br were significantly higher in the KRAS mutation and wild-type groups than in the control group regardless of whether the samples were from tumor or peritumor tissues. For these 6 trace elements, the concentrations were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Considering the effect of smoking, differences in the trace element concentrations between each mutational group remained. CONCLUSIONS: Trace elements in the lung may play a role in development of LADC in both smokers and never-smokers. However, prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to support this hypothesis.

Erlotinib plus bevacizumab versus erlotinib alone in patients with EGFR-positive advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NEJ026): interim analysis of an open-label, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Resistance to first-generation or second-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) monotherapy develops in almost half of patients with EGFR-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after 1 year of treatment. The JO25567 phase 2 trial comparing erlotinib plus bevacizumab combination therapy with erlotinib monotherapy established the activity and manageable toxicity of erlotinib plus bevacizumab in patients with NSCLC. We did a phase 3 trial to validate the results of the JO25567 study and report here the results from the preplanned interim analysis. METHODS: In this prespecified interim analysis of the randomised, open-label, phase 3 NEJ026 trial, we recruited patients with stage IIIB-IV disease or recurrent, cytologically or histologically confirmed non-squamous NSCLC with activating EGFR genomic aberrations from 69 centres across Japan. Eligible patients were at least 20 years old, and had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 or lower, no previous chemotherapy for advanced disease, and one or more measurable lesions based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (1.1). Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive oral erlotinib 150 mg per day plus intravenous bevacizumab 15 mg/kg once every 21 days, or erlotinib 150 mg per day monotherapy. Randomisation was done by minimisation, stratified by sex, smoking status, clinical stage, and EGFR mutation subtype. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival. This study is ongoing; the data cutoff for this prespecified interim analysis was Sept 21, 2017. Efficacy was analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population, which included all randomly assigned patients who received at least one dose of treatment and had at least one response evaluation. Safety was analysed in all patients who received at least one dose of study drug. The trial is registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry, number UMIN000017069. FINDINGS: Between June 3, 2015, and Aug 31, 2016, 228 patients were randomly assigned to receive erlotinib plus bevacizumab (n=114) or erlotinib alone (n=114). 112 patients in each group were evaluable for efficacy, and safety was evaluated in 112 patients in the combination therapy group and 114 in the monotherapy group. Median follow-up was 12·4 months (IQR 7·0-15·7). At the time of interim analysis, median progression-free survival for patients in the erlotinib plus bevacizumab group was 16·9 months (95% CI 14·2-21·0) compared with 13·3 months (11·1-15·3) for patients in the erlotinib group (hazard ratio 0·605, 95% CI 0·417-0·877; p=0·016). 98 (88%) of 112 patients in the erlotinib plus bevacizumab group and 53 (46%) of 114 patients in the erlotinib alone group had grade 3 or worse adverse events. The most common grade 3-4 adverse event was rash (23 [21%] of 112 patients in the erlotinib plus bevacizumab group vs 24 [21%] of 114 patients in the erlotinib alone group). Nine (8%) of 112 patients in the erlotinib plus bevacizumab group and five (4%) of 114 patients in the erlotinib alone group had serious adverse events. The most common serious adverse events were grade 4 neutropenia (two [2%] of 112 patients in the erlotinib plus bevacizumab group) and grade 4 hepatic dysfunction (one [1%] of 112 patients in the erlotinib plus bevacizumab group and one [1%] of 114 patients in the erlotinib alone group). No treatment-related deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION: The results of this interim analysis showed that bevacizumab plus erlotinib combination therapy improves progression-free survival compared with erlotinib alone in patients with EGFR-positive NSCLC. Future studies with longer follow-up, and overall survival and quality-of-life data will be required to further assess the efficacy of this combination in this setting. FUNDING: Chugai Pharmaceutical.

Acute cerebellar ataxia due to Epstein-Barr virus under administration of an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

A 71-year-old male patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung and contralateral lung metastasis under administration of pembrolizumab had symptoms of cerebellar ataxia. We suspected that the symptoms were immune-related adverse events (irAE), but the patient was subsequently diagnosed as cerebellitis due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. After steroid pulse therapy, the symptoms of cerebellar ataxia improved immediately. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) can induce neurological adverse events and cause acute cerebellar ataxia. Initially, irAEs were suspected in this case. His clinical data suggested that reactivation of the virus had occurred because the ICI affected his immune system. This is the first report of a case of acute cerebellar ataxia due to EBV under administration of an ICI.

Changes in pulmonary function of residents in Sanriku Seacoast following the tsunami disaster from the Great East Japan Earthquake.

BACKGROUND: Residents in the district struck by the Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami (GEJET) suffered from adverse living conditions and various pulmonary diseases. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of GEJET, we performed serial assessment of pulmonary function of approximately 10,000 residents in the district struck by GEJET. METHODS: Using a spirometer, we assessed the pulmonary function of approximately 10,000 residents older than 18 years in the Sanriku seacoast, which was struck by the tsunami. Measurements were performed in 2011 and 2012. RESULTS: We compared FVC (forced vital capacity) % pred. and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1second) % pred. of subjects between 2011 and 2012, by serial spirometry. Of the 7053 subjects studied, including 2611 men and 4442 women, FVC% pred. and FEV1% pred. were significantly higher in 2012 than in 2011. Physical indices including height, body weight and the body mass index (BMI) did not change significantly during this period. Smoking prevalence changed significantly between 2010, 2011, and 2012. Both FVC% pred. and FEV1% pred. of subjects who had quit smoking increased significantly on spirometry carried out in 2012, compared with those in 2011. CONCLUSIONS: The pulmonary function expressed as FVC% pred. and FEV1% pred. were significantly higher in 2012 than in 2011 among the subjects studied. The changes in the smoking status may be one of the reasons for the increase in values observed. However, other undetermined factors during recovery from a disaster might have resulted in improved pulmonary function.

Impact of the genetic variants of GLCCI1 on clinical features of asthmatic patients.

BACKGROUND: Several gene variants are associated with a response to an inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) treatment in patients with bronchial asthma. A variant of the glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 (GLCCI1) genes has previously been associated with decreased lung function improvement upon treatment with ICSs in patients with bronchial asthma. Another report has also demonstrated that this genetic biomarker did not influence the change in flow volume in 1 second. However, no studies have considered the treatment content and the GLCCI1 variants. We were able to determine the relationship between the pulmonary function and clinical features and the variant of the GLCCI1 in Japanese asthmatic patients receiving long-term ICS treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 405 patients with bronchial asthma, who were receiving ICS and living in Japan, were recruited, genotyped and underwent pulmonary function tests. To identify the GLCCI1 protein expression cells, endobronchial biopsy specimens were examined. RESULTS: We found that the pulmonary function was not significantly different in the homozygotes compared to the wild types. Also, the homozygotes increased the risk of a sustained step-up of the asthma treatment when compared to the wild type and heterozygotes. GLCCI1-positive cells were localized to the bronchial epithelial cells. The amount of GLCCI1 protein that cultured epithelial cells harboring GLCCI1 variants produced was less than the GLCCI1 wild type in the presence of a corticosteroid. CONCLUSIONS: A worsening of pulmonary function caused by GLCCI1 variants could be prevented due to recently used medications based on new action mechanisms.

Mitigation of tight junction protein dysfunction in lung microvascular endothelial cells with pitavastatin.

BACKGROUND: Statin use in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with coexisting cardiovascular disease is associated with a reduced risk of exacerbations. The mechanisms by which statin plays a role in the pathophysiology of COPD have not been defined. To explore the mechanisms involved, we investigated the effect of statin on endothelial cell function, especially endothelial cell tight junctions. METHOD: We primarily assessed whether pitavastatin could help mitigate the development of emphysema induced by continuous cigarette smoking (CS) exposure. We also investigated the activation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, which plays a role in maintaining endothelial functions, important tight junction proteins, zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and claudin-5 expression, and lung microvascular endothelial cell permeability. RESULTS: We found that pitavastatin prevented the CS-induced decrease in angiomotin-like protein 1 (AmotL1)-positive vessels via the activation of LKB1/AMPK signaling and IFN-γ-induced hyperpermeability of cultured human lung microvascular endothelial cells by maintaining the levels of AmotL1, ZO-1, and claudin-5 expression at the tight junctions. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the maintenance of lung microvascular endothelial cells by pitavastatin prevents tight junction protein dysfunctions induced by CS. These findings may ultimately lead to new and novel therapeutic targets for patients with COPD.

Feasibility study of short hydration using oral rehydration solution in cisplatin including chemotherapy of lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin (CDDP) is used as a key anticancer drug for solid cancers, including lung cancer. However, a large quantity of fluid replacement is required to prevent renal dysfunction. This requirement have made outpatient chemotherapies including CDDP administration less popular among the available therapeutic options. We designed a short-term hydration regimen combined with oral rehydration solution (ORS) that has a supplementary water ability equivalent to intravenous electrolyte maintenance infusion and investigated its safety and feasibility in the CDDP including chemotherapy. METHODS: The subjects received chemotherapy including CDDP administration (60-80 mg/m(2)) for untreated lung cancer were recruited. The intravenous hydration was infused at around 2000 mL on Day 1, and patients drank ORS at a dose of 1000 mL/day for 3 days. Any renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal symptoms or other tolerability variables pertaining to the remaining three cycles of this regimen were analyzed in the patients who were able to continue treatment after the second cycle. RESULTS: The majority (29/35, 82.9 %) of patients completed intake of ORS for 3 days. The mean ± standard deviation of patient body-surface area-adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum creatinine (sCre) and urea nitrogen from the initial therapy to 1 month after the last administration changed from 79.8 ± 11.7-67.0 ± 16.9 mL/min (p = 0.15), 0.70 ± 0.13-0.85 ± 0.27 mg/dL (p = 0.02), and 14.3 ± 3.8-17.1 ± 5.4 mg/dL (p = 0.09), respectively. The CTCAE ver 4.0 grades 1 or 2 adverse events pertaining to renal function after the last administration were 2 (5.7 %)/2 (5.7 %) patients assessed by sCre, and 14 (40.0 %)/12 (34.3 %) patients assessed by eGFR, respectively. There was no patient with ≥3 grade renal dysfunction based on either evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, supplementary use of the ORS as a method of short-term hydration may be a feasible regimen for shortening infusion times and improving safety for those undergoing chemotherapy including CDDP administration.