Prognosis of primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma after surgical resection in small-breed dogs: 52 cases (2005-2021).

BACKGROUND: Tumor size is an important prognostic factor in lung cancer in dogs, and the canine lung carcinoma stage classification (CLCSC) recently has been proposed to subdivide tumor sizes. It is unclear if the same classification scheme can be used for small-breed dogs. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the tumor size classification of CLCS is prognostic for survival and progression outcomes in small-breed dogs with surgically resected pulmonary adenocarcinomas (PACs). ANIMALS: Fifty-two client-owned small-breed dogs with PAC. METHODS: Single-center retrospective cohort study conducted between 2005 and 2021. Medical records of dogs weighing <15 kg with surgically resected lung masses histologically diagnosed as PAC were examined. RESULTS: The numbers of dogs with tumor size ≤3 cm, >3 cm to ≤5 cm, >5 cm to ≤7 cm, or >7 cm were 15, 18, 14, and 5, respectively. The median progression-free interval (PFI) and overall survival time (OST) were 754 and 716 days, respectively. In univariable analysis, clinical signs, lymph node metastasis, margin, and histologic grade were associated with PFI, and age, clinical signs, margin, and lymph node metastasis were associated with OST. Tumor size classification of CLCS was associated with PFI in all categories, and tumor size >7 cm was associated with OST. In multivariable analysis, tumor size >5 cm to ≤7 cm and margin were associated with PFI, and age was associated with OST. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The tumor size classification of CLCS would be an important prognostic factor in small-breed dogs with surgically resected PACs.

Molecular evolution of patristacin genes in teleosts based on the genome survey.

During the evolution of astacin metalloprotease family genes, gene duplication occurred, especially in the lineage of teleosts, in which several types of astacins containing six conserved cysteines (c6ast) emerged. One of them is patristacin, originally found in syngnathid fishes, such as pipefishes and seahorses. Patristacin is expressed in the brood pouch and is present on the same chromosome as other c6ast (pactacin and nephrosin) genes. We first surveyed all the genes from 33 teleost species using a genome database, and characterized the genes by phylogenetic analysis. Pactacin and nephrosin gene homologs were found from all the examined species with only few exceptions, while patristacin gene homologs were found from only several lineages. The patristacin gene homologs were found as multicopy genes in most species of Percomorpha, one of the diverged groups in teleosts. Further diversification of the gene occurred during the evolution of Atherinomorphae, one of the groups in Percomorpha. Fishes of Atherinomorphae possess two types of patristacin, belonging to subclades 1 and 2. Among the Atherinomorpha, we chose the southern platyfish to examine the patristacin gene expression. Platyfish possess eight patristacin gene homologs, called XmPastn1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 11. Of these genes, only XmPastn2 belongs to subclade 1, while the other seven belong to subclade 2. Only XmPastn2 showed strong expression in several organs of adult platyfish, as observed in reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of RNA extracts. Cells expressing XmPastn2 were predominantly mucus-secreting cells found in epidermis around the jaw, as revealed by in-situ hybridization. This result suggests that XmPastn2 is secreted and may contribute to mucus formation or secretion.

Anterior knee pain post-multiple surgeries for tibia fracture effectively managed with infrapatellar fat pad injection: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The anterior knee compartment is filled by the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) and has been emphasized as a source of anterior knee pain (AKP). CASE PRESENTATION: A 51-year-old woman sustained a right tibial plateau and open diaphyseal fracture 2 years earlier. She remained with chronic AKP after undergoing bone fixations. Increased anterior portion of the IFP brightness and decreased adipose tissue gliding with flexion and extension compared to the unaffected side was shown on ultrasonography. An injection of 0.2% lidocaine between the patellar tendon and IFP, and into the IFP under ultrasound guidance, immediately relieved the pain. The pain kept recurring although injections were effective for a while; thus, surgery was scheduled. Scar tissue on the IFP surface was endoscopically excised and her pain dramatically reduced. CONCLUSION: This is the first report in which the detection of increased brightness on ultrasound of IFP and the injections into the IFP triggered an additional surgical intervention. Ultrasound evaluation and injection may be beneficial in pain clinic patients presenting with AKP and may provide an opportunity for diagnosis.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the cecum: a case report.

BACKGROUND:  Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH), also known as Masson's tumor, is a benign, non-neoplastic vascular lesion that is characterized by reactive proliferation of papillary endothelial cells associated with a thrombus. These lesions typically develop in the vascular regions of the head and neck, oral cavity, or extremities; however, other organ systems have been affected. IPEH in the gastrointestinal tract is rare, with only a few cases reported to date. Thus, the pathogenesis and clinical features of IPEH in the gastrointestinal tract are not entirely understood. Moreover, the local excision of certain subtypes of IPEH can be curative; this makes timely diagnosis essential. We present the case of a patient with IPEH in the cecum that was discovered while investigating the cause of severe anemia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 29-year-old woman visited a general practitioner (GP) with the complaint of abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and was prescribed antibiotics. After treatment, her abdominal pain disappeared. However, she was found to be severely anemic (hemoglobin level, 6.5 g/dl). To determine the cause of her anemia, the GP referred her to our hospital for further examination and treatment. Computed tomography scan revealed cecal wall thickening. Further, a lower gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a 2-cm raised mass-like lesion in the cecum. This lesion was pathologically identified as an inflammatory granuloma. The cause of her anemia was determined to be bleeding from the lesion in the cecum. She underwent laparoscopic ileocecal resection. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen revealed a spongy structure comprising many small papillary fibrous tissues lined by a typical monolayer endothelium. Further, immunohistochemical analysis showed that the cells of the endothelium monolayer expressed CD31, CD34. The Ki-67 labeling index was < 1%. Based on these findings, the lesion was identified as an IPEH in the cecum. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and there was no evidence of recurrence during the 1.3 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS:  IPEH rarely arises within the abdominal cavity. Surgery remains the only treatment for IPEH and is associated with an excellent prognosis and a low recurrence rate. More aggressive lesions such as angiosarcoma should be excluded when considering the histologic diagnoses of IPEH, and expert pathologic review is vital. This is the first report of IPEH occurring in the cecum and represents a novel cause of gastrointestinal bleeding which the clinician should consider when evaluating a patient with atypical or difficult gastrointestinal bleeding sources.

Evaluation of adverse events in small-breed dogs treated with maropitant and a single dose of doxorubicin.

BACKGROUND: The recommended doxorubicin (DOX) dose for small dogs is 1 mg/kg. Recent data suggest that DOX-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicosis can be reduced with maropitant treatment. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence of adverse events (AEs) in small-breed dogs administered a single 25 mg/m2 DOX followed by administration of maropitant (DOX25). The primary aim was to assess myelo- and GI toxicoses for 2 weeks after DOX administration. The secondary aim was to compare the incidence and grades of AEs found in the DOX25 group with a historical control group (DOX 1 mg/kg without administration of antiemetic or antidiarrheal medications). ANIMALS: Nineteen small-breed tumor-bearing dogs. METHODS: A prospective, observational study of tumor-bearing dogs, weighing 5 to 10 kg, administered a single 25 mg/m2 dose of DOX IV, followed by administration of maropitant for the next 5 days. RESULTS: Inappetence, vomiting, and diarrhea were found in 7/19, 2/19, and 6/19 of the DOX25 dogs, respectively. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia was 12/19 and 3/19, respectively. Most AEs were grades 1 and 2, except for grades 3 and 4 inappetence and neutropenia in 3 and 4 dogs, respectively. Furthermore, febrile neutropenia occurred in 3/19 dogs in the DOX25 group. All AEs between the DOX25 and historical control groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Vomiting and diarrhea were deemed acceptable with 25 mg/m2 DOX followed by maropitant treatment in 5 to 10 kg dogs; however, additional supportive care might be needed for dogs with inappetence and neutropenia.

Outcome of appendicular or scapular osteosarcoma treated by limb amputation in cats: 67 cases (1997-2018).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the metastasis rate, survival time, and prognostic factors associated with appendicular or scapular osteosarcoma treated by limb amputation in cats. ANIMALS: 67 cats with histologically confirmed appendicular or scapular osteosarcoma treated by limb amputation. PROCEDURES: This retrospective cohort study included cats with histologically confirmed appendicular or scapular osteosarcoma between January 1997 and December 2018. A questionnaire survey was conducted at veterinary clinics where limb amputation was performed. Distant metastasis, local recurrence, and lymph node metastasis rates and survival time were determined. Factors associated with distant metastasis and survival were investigated. RESULTS: The distant metastasis rate after limb amputation was 41.9% (26/62). The overall distant metastasis rate was 46.3% (31/67), including 5 cats with distant metastasis at the time of amputation. Osteosarcoma of the humerus resulted in distant metastasis in 6 of 7 cases. Osteosarcoma of the humerus was significantly associated with distant metastasis in univariate and multivariate analyses (adjusted OR, 9.56). The rate of lymph node metastasis after limb amputation was 3.0% (2/66), and the local recurrence rate was 9.0% (6/67). The median survival time was 527 days. Age and tumor location were not significantly associated with survival time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distant metastasis occurs in approximately 40% of cats with appendicular or scapular osteosarcoma after limb amputation. In addition, osteosarcoma of the humerus has a particularly high incidence of distant metastasis. Detailed follow-up is therefore necessary, even after limb amputation, especially in cases of osteosarcoma of the humerus.

Update on the SedLine® algorithm for calculating the Patient State Index of older individuals during general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The SedLine® sensor processes (Masimo Corporation; Irvine, CA, USA) raw electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and displays the depth of sedation as a Patient State Index (PSi). Reliance on standard processed EEG data and failure to recognize age-related effects can lead to an erroneous interpretation that low-amplitude EEG findings in an older patient signify an insufficient depth of anesthesia presented as abnormally high PSi values (AHPSi). We hypothesized that the incidence of AHPSi would decrease with the use of the recently-updated version of the SedLine® sensor, in which the Bispectral Index (BIS) values were used to titrate anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty-three patients undergoing sevoflurane-remifentanil anesthesia were randomized into two groups. SedLine® sensors designed based on an old (v.1203) or updated (v.2000) algorithms were used. The BIS (v.4.1) and absolute index of total EEG power (TP) were simultaneously recorded. The attending anesthesiologists titrated the anesthetics, and BIS was maintained at 40-60. The incidence of AHPSi (PSi>50 with BIS 40-60) was calculated during the first 30 min after the start of surgery. RESULTS: Compared to the old algorithm group, the incidence of AHPSi was significantly lower in the updated algorithm group (26.7% vs. 4.2%, P<0.001). Lower TP values and the use of the old algorithm have significant effect on increased PSi values (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of AHPSi decreased with the use of the updated version of the SedLine® algorithm.

Pactacin is a novel digestive enzyme in teleosts.

Generally, animals extract nutrients from food by degradation using digestive enzymes. Trypsin and chymotrypsin, one of the major digestive enzymes in vertebrates, are pancreatic proenzymes secreted into the intestines. In this investigation, we report the identification of a digestive teleost enzyme, a pancreatic astacin that we termed pactacin. Pactacin, which belongs to the astacin metalloprotease family, emerged during the evolution of teleosts through gene duplication of astacin family enzymes containing six cysteine residues (C6astacin, or C6AST). In this study, we first cloned C6AST genes from pot-bellied seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships using over 100 C6AST genes. Nearly all these genes belong to one of three clades: pactacin, nephrosin, and patristacin. Genes of the pactacin clade were further divided into three subclades. To compare the localization and functions of the three pactacin subclades, we studied pactacin enzymes in pot-bellied seahorse and medaka (Oryzias latipes). In situ hybridization revealed that genes of all three subclades were commonly expressed in the pancreas. Western blot analysis indicated storage of pactacin pro-enzyme form in the pancreas, and conversion to the active forms in the intestine. Finally, we partially purified the pactacin from digestive fluid, and found that pactacin is novel digestive enzyme that is specific in teleosts.

[A Successful Case of Treatment by Lymphangiography for Chylothorax after Robotic Esophagectomy-A Case of Report].

A 50-year-old woman diagnosed with clinical Stage Ⅲ esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, received 2 cycles of docetaxel, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil(DCF)therapy followed by robotic esophagectomy. In the 15th postoperative day, she suddenly had difficulty in breathing and a chest CT finding showed a large amount of right pleural effusion. Thoracocentesis yield a 1 L of chylous fluid confirmed diagnosis with postoperative chylothorax and conservative treatment was initiated. However, chylothorax was not improved. Therefore, a lipiodol lymphangiography from the inguinal lymph node was performed at the 20th postoperative day. Although the site of leakage could not identify, amount of drained pleural effusion was gradually decreased after lymphangiography, and drain was decannulated in the 28th postoperative day. Lipiodol lymphangiography may be a useful modality for both diagnosis and treatment for chylothorax after esophagectomy.

Estimating the sensory qualities of tomatoes using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy and interpretation based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics.

The ability to estimate the sensory quality of intact tomatoes rapidly and non-destructively using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) is important for the tomato industry. In this study, a combination of partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis and the stepwise selectivity ratio (SWSR) method was used to study the ability of Vis-NIRS to predict 19 sensory attributes in intact tomatoes. The PLSR models constructed based on the informative wavelengths selected by the SWSR method predicted 8 sensory attributes well, particularly the sweetness attribute (correlation coefficient of validation of 0.92). Moreover, based on the tomato metabolites determined by GC-MS analysis, high intercorrelations between sensory attributes, metabolites, and the selected informative wavelengths were found through principal component analysis, as well as the high correlation coefficients between them. The results confirm the feasibility and reliability of Vis-NIRS and the informative wavelengths selected by SWSR to predict the sensory quality of whole tomatoes.

Characterization of patients with diabetes who were incidentally found to be glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody-positive by bridging-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

This study aimed to characterize diabetic patients incidentally found to be positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) in general practice. Using bridging-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we screened 1,040 patients with phenotypic type 2 diabetes for GADA, finding 25 (2.4%) to be positive. However, on retesting, with a median interval of 19 days, 44% of GADA-positive patients turned negative (Disappearing Group). The mean age at diabetes onset was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and GADA titers at first determination were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the Disappearing Group compared with the Persistent Positive Group. On initial screening, all patients in the Disappearing Group had GADA titers of <6.5 U/mL. The current study showed that a portion of phenotypic type 2 diabetic patients incidentally identified as GADA-positive were falsely positive, and that to avoid the misclassification, remeasurement of GADA is essential in cases showing very low titers.

Statin-induced autoimmune hepatitis in patients with type 1 diabetes: A report of two cases and literature review.

Statins are widely used medications for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, as well as prevention of cardiovascular disease. We report two patients with type 1 diabetes who developed autoimmune hepatitis after the administration of statin. The first patient developed the marked elevation of liver enzymes 6 months into atorvastatin therapy. The second patient developed liver dysfunction 8 months after the initiation of rosuvastatin therapy. Liver biopsies in both patients showed either portal, interface and lobular hepatitis or a piece-meal necrosis with lymphocytes and plasma cell infiltration that were compatible with autoimmune hepatitis. Then, both patients were started on prednisolone, to which they responded well. Liver biopsy is to be considered for type 1 diabetes patients if there is no improvement of liver dysfunction after discontinuation of statins.

LGP2 virus sensor enhances apoptosis by upregulating apoptosis regulatory genes through TRBP-bound miRNAs during viral infection.

During viral infection, viral nucleic acids are detected by virus sensor proteins including toll-like receptor 3 or retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs) in mammalian cells. Activation of these virus sensor proteins induces type-I interferon production and represses viral replication. Recently, we reported that an RLR family member, laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), modulates RNA silencing by interacting with an RNA silencing enhancer, TAR-RNA binding protein (TRBP). However, the biological implications remained unclear. Here, we show that LGP2 enhances apoptosis by upregulating apoptosis regulatory genes during viral infection. Sendai virus (SeV) infection increased LGP2 expression approximately 900 times compared to that in non-virus-infected cells. Then, the induced LGP2 interacted with TRBP, resulting in the inhibition of maturation of the TRBP-bound microRNA (miRNA) and its subsequent RNA silencing activity. Gene expression profiling revealed that apoptosis regulatory genes were upregulated during SeV infection: caspases-2, -8, -3 and -7, four cysteine proteases with key roles in apoptosis, were upregulated directly or indirectly through the repression of a typical TRBP-bound miRNA, miR-106b. Our findings may shed light on the mechanism of apoptosis, induced by the TRBP-bound miRNAs through the interaction of TRBP with LGP2, as an antiviral defense system in mammalian cells.

[Laparoscopic Local Resection for Duodenal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Located in the Third Portion Using Kocher's Maneuver-A Case Report].

Duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST)are relatively rare. Here, we report a case of a duodenal GIST located in the third portion that was successfully treated via laparoscopic local resection using the Kocher maneuver. A 49-year-old woman with a high BMI of 43.4 kg/m2 was diagnosed with a 20 mm duodenal submucosal tumor in the third portion that was suspected to be a GIST; subsequently, she underwent laparoscopic local resection. After mobilization from the first to third portion of the duodenum using the Kocher maneuver, local resection using a linear stapler was completed. The surgery time was 152 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was approximately zero. The postoperative course was uneventful, and she was discharged on the 7th postoperative day. The pathological diagnosis was ultra-low-grade GIST. This procedure can be a useful option for obese patients with good operative field of view.

The Cytotoxic Effects of Geranylgeranylacetone Are Attenuated in the High-Glucose Condition.

Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) has been used as an antiulcer drug and also is known as inducer of heat shock protein 70 that has cytoprotective effects especially in hyperglycemic condition. In contrast, cytotoxicity of GGA has also been reported. Some studies have reported that GGA suppresses cell growth and induces apoptosis in cell models of human leukemia, ovarian carcinoma, and colon cancer in vitro. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether GGA can have a cytotoxic effect on a human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2), and human embryonic kidney cells 293 (HEK) in normal-glucose and high-glucose environments (NG and HG, respectively). The results showed that 100 µM GGA inhibited proliferation of HeLa cells only in NG environment despite inhibiting proliferation of Caco-2 and HEK cells regardless of glucose concentration. Cell viability assay revealed that GGA decreased viability of HeLa, Caco-2, and HEK cells only in NG environment. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that the type of cell death was a combination of necrosis and apoptosis. Our study revealed that difference in cytotoxicity of GGA is influenced by glucose condition. The cytotoxic effects of GGA are attenuated in the HG condition. Since both cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects are reported about GGA, further research is needed about the mechanism of the cytotoxic effects.

Improved clonality analysis based on immunoglobulin kappa locus for canine cutaneous plasmacytoma.

Sensitivity of clonality analysis based on immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) in canine cutaneous plasmacytoma is lower than that in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) because of somatic hypermutation occurring at the IGH locus. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the sensitivity of clonality analysis for canine cutaneous plasmacytoma. To achieve this, clonality analysis based on the immunoglobulin kappa chain (IGK) locus was established. Sensitivity and specificity were examined in genomic DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of cutaneous plasmacytomas, DLBCLs, and lymph nodes without lymphoma. Forward primers were designed based on the IGKV genes, and reverse primers were designed based on the IGKJ genes and kappa deleting element (Kde). Analysis using IGKV and IGKJ primers demonstrated clonality in 24 of 29 cutaneous plasmacytomas (82.8%), while analysis with primers for IGKV and Kde showed clonality in 16 of 29 cases (55.2%). In DLBCL, the IGKV and IGKJ primer set yielded clonality in 18 of 23 cases (78.3%), and the IGKV and Kde primer set yielded 9 of 23 cases (39.1%). No clonal results were obtained from 23 lymph nodes without lymphoma. Sensitivity of the IGKV and IGKJ primer set was significantly higher than that of the IGH primers reported previously. Thus, clonality analysis based on the IGK locus can be utilized for canine B cell tumors. In conclusion, clonality testing based on IGH and IGK may be beneficial as an adjunct tool for diagnosis of canine B cell tumors including cutaneous plasmacytoma.

Depression and anxiety in pet owners after a diagnosis of cancer in their pets: a cross-sectional study in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence and predictors of depression and anxiety in pet owners after a diagnosis of cancer in their pets. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: A veterinary medical centre specialised in oncology for dogs and cats and two primary veterinary clinics in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: The participants for analysis were 99 owners of a pet with cancer diagnosis received in the past 1-3 weeks and 94 owners of a healthy pet. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess depression and anxiety. Depression was assessed using the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and anxiety was measured by using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Form JYZ. RESULTS: Depression scores were significantly higher in owners of a pet with cancer than owners of a healthy pet, even after adjustment for potential confounders (p<0.001). Within the owners of a pet with cancer, depression was significantly more common in those who were employed than those who were unemployed (p=0.048). State anxiety scores were significantly higher in owners of a pet with cancer than owners of a healthy pet, even after adjustment for potential confounders, including trait-anxiety scores (p<0.001). Furthermore, in owners of a pet with cancer, state anxiety was higher in owners with high trait anxiety (p<0.001) and in owners whose pets had a poor prognosis (p=0.027). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that some owners tended to become depressed and anxious after their pets had received a diagnosis of cancer. Employment may be a predictor of depression. High trait anxiety and a pet with a poor prognosis may increase owners' state anxiety. Including the pet in a family genogram and attention to the pet's health condition may be important considerations for family practice.

[Successful Conversion Therapy for Gastric Cancer with Paraaortic Lymph Node Metastasis after SP Therapy-A Case Report].

A 69-year-old woman, who complained of loss of appetite, was admitted to our hospital and diagnosed with clinical Stage Ⅳgastric cancer and paraaortic lymph node metastases(cT4aN3M1[#16b1LYM], cStage Ⅳ). She underwent 2 cycles of SP therapy(combination of S-1 and CDDP). A partial response of the primary tumor was noted, with no distant metastases, except for the paraaortic lymph nodes. She underwent robotic total gastrectomy with D2 plus paraaortic lymph node dissection. Histopathology showed no residual tumor cells in the stomach or lymph nodes. Postoperatively, the patient underwent 3 cycles of SOX therapy(combination of S-1 and oxaliplatin)and survived for over 6 postoperative months, with no recurrences. For advanced gastric cancers with paraaortic lymph node dissection with no evidences of other distant metastases, gastrectomy with paraaortic lymph node dissection combined with chemotherapy could be a therapeutic option to achieve R0 resection.

Development of Lobular Panniculitis Long After Completing the Personalized Peptide Vaccine Therapy.

BACKGROUND Personalized peptide vaccine therapy is regarded as a well-tolerated, safe and effective immunotherapy for patients with advanced cancers. Herein we report an exceptional case of a patient with advanced pancreatic cancer who developed delayed lobular panniculitis at sites corresponding to vaccine injections. CASE REPORT A 64-year-old Japanese female visited our clinic due to thirst and polydipsia; she was diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes. Simultaneously, she was diagnosed as having advanced pancreatic cancer; and a distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy were performed. Afterwards, she received adjuvant chemotherapy with titanium silicate-1 and personalized peptide vaccination using Montanide® ISA-51 by a subcutaneous injection to her abdomen over a total of 30 times. Thirteen months after the vaccine therapy had come to an end, lobular panniculitis appeared at the vaccination sites. At this point, corticosteroid was administered, resulting in significant improvement in the condition of the subcutaneous nodules. CONCLUSIONS This case report highlights the importance of careful patient explanation before initiation of cancer vaccine therapy about the possibilities of lobular panniculitis as an adverse event. It also highlights that it is important that physicians have a greater awareness of the possibility of panniculitis in patients with concerns regarding subcutaneous indurations even long after the end of peptide vaccine therapy.

Virus Sensor RIG-I Represses RNA Interference by Interacting with TRBP through LGP2 in Mammalian Cells.

Exogenous double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) similar to viral RNAs induce antiviral RNA silencing or RNA interference (RNAi) in plants or invertebrates, whereas interferon (IFN) response is induced through activation of virus sensor proteins including Toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) or retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) in mammalian cells. Both RNA silencing and IFN response are triggered by dsRNAs. However, the relationship between these two pathways has remained unclear. Laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) is one of the RLRs, but its function has remained unclear. Recently, we reported that LGP2 regulates endogenous microRNA-mediated RNA silencing by interacting with an RNA silencing enhancer, TAR-RNA binding protein (TRBP). Here, we investigated the contribution of other RLRs, RIG-I and melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), in the regulation of RNA silencing. We found that RIG-I, but not MDA5, also represses short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-induced RNAi by type-I IFN. Our finding suggests that RIG-I, but not MDA5, interacts with TRBP indirectly through LGP2 to function as an RNAi modulator in mammalian cells.