Formation of hepatocyte cytoplasmic inclusions and their contribution to methylcarbamate-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in F344 rats.

Methylcarbamate (MC), a reaction product between dimethyl dicarbonate and ammonia or ammonium ion, is a potent hepatocarcinogen in F344 rats. Various genotoxicity tests have shown negative results for MC. Although previous studies have described the effects of MC on the liver, including the formation of characteristic basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions (CIs) in hepatocytes, the toxicological significance of CIs and their involvement in hepatocarcinogenesis remain unclear. In the current study, to elucidate the mechanisms of MC hepatocarcinogenesis, we examined hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity after 4 weeks of administration of MC using gpt delta rats with an F344 genetic background as a reporter gene transgenic animal model. Histopathologically, single-cell necrosis, karyomegaly, and the formation of CIs positive for Feulgen staining were observed in hepatocytes at the carcinogenic dose, demonstrating the hepatotoxicity of MC. CIs were also detected as large micronuclei in liver micronucleus tests but not in the bone marrow, suggesting that MC could cause chromosomal instability specifically in the livers of rats. Reporter gene mutation assays demonstrated that MC did not induce mutagenicity even in the liver. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed that CIs exhibited loss of nuclear envelope integrity, increased heterochromatinization, and accumulation of DNA damage. An increase in liver STING protein levels suggested an effect on the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes innate immune pathway. Overall, these data demonstrated the possible occurrence of chromothripsis-like chromosomal rearrangements via CIs. Thus, the formation of CIs could be a crucial event in the early stage of MC-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in F344 rats.

Site-specific genotoxicity of rubiadin: localization and histopathological changes in the kidneys of rats.

Rubiadin (Rub) is a genotoxic component of madder color (MC) that is extracted from the root of Rubia tinctorum L. MC induces renal tumors and preneoplastic lesions that are found in the proximal tubule of the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM), suggesting that the renal carcinogenicity of MC is site specific. To clarify the involvement of Rub in renal carcinogenesis of MC, we examined the distribution of Rub in the kidney of male gpt delta rats that were treated with Rub for 28 days. We used desorption electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-Q-TOF-MSI), along with the histopathological analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and reporter gene mutation assays of the kidney. DESI-Q-TOF-MSI revealed that Rub and its metabolites, lucidin and Rub-sulfation, were specifically distributed in the OSOM. Histopathologically, karyomegaly characterized by enlarged nuclear and microvesicular vacuolar degeneration occurred in proximal tubule epithelial cells in the OSOM. The ɤ-H2AX- and p21-positive cells were also found in the OSOM rather than the cortex. Although dose-dependent increases in gpt and Spi- mutant frequencies were observed in both the medulla and cortex, the mutant frequencies in the medulla were significantly higher. The mutation spectra of gpt mutants showed that A:T-T:A transversion was predominant in Rub-induced gene mutations, consistent with those of MC. Overall, the data showed that the distribution of Rub and its metabolites resulted in site-specific histopathological changes, DNA damage, and gene mutations, suggesting that the distribution of genotoxic components and metabolites is responsible for the site-specific renal carcinogenesis of MC.

Comprehensive analysis of the general toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran in male gpt delta rats.

The safety of flavoring agents has been evaluated according to classification by chemical structure and using a decision tree approach. The genotoxic potential found in some flavoring agents has highlighted the importance of efficient toxicity studies. We performed a comprehensive toxicity analysis using reporter gene transgenic rats to assess the safety of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran (ADF), a flavoring agent exhibiting genotoxic potential in silico and in vitro assays. Male F344 gpt delta rats were given 0, 30, or 300 mg/kg body weight/day ADF by gavage for 13 weeks. In serum biochemistry analyses, triglyceride, total cholesterol, phospholipid, and total protein levels and albumin/globulin ratios were significantly altered in the 30 and 300 mg/kg groups. Histopathologically, nasal cavity toxicity and hepatocellular hypertrophy were observed in the 300 mg/kg group. In the livers of 300 mg/kg group, a significant increase in gpt mutant frequencies were observed along with ADF-specific DNA adduct formation. The number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci were significantly increased in the same group. Thus, ADF affected nasal cavity, liver, and lipid metabolism and showed genotoxicity and possible carcinogenicity in the liver. Overall, our comprehensive toxicity study using gpt delta rats provided insights into the safety evaluation of ADF.

Visualization of the distribution of anthraquinone components from madder roots in rat kidneys by desorption electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging.

Madder color (MC), a natural dye isolated from Rubia tinctorum, is a potent carcinogen that targets the outer stripe of outer medulla (OSOM) in the kidneys of rats. To clarify the role of MC components in renal carcinogenesis, we examined distributions of MC components and metabolites in the kidneys of rats treated with MC using desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI). Alizarin, lucidin, munjistin, nordamnacanthal, purpurin, pseudopurpurin, rubiadin, and some other metabolites detected and identified by liquid chromatography time-of-flight MS analysis of rat serum 1 h after MC administration were subjected to DESI-MSI. This analysis enabled visualization of the distribution of anthraquinones in the kidney, and the ion images showed a characteristic distribution according to their chemical structure. Among the components, lucidin and rubiadin specifically localized in the OSOM, suggesting that their genotoxicity was a direct cause of MC carcinogenesis. Alizarin showed greater distribution in the OSOM than the cortex and may therefore participate in renal carcinogenicity owing to its tumor-promoting activity. Overall, our data suggested that the distribution of carcinogenic components to the OSOM was responsible for the site-specific renal carcinogenicity of MC and that DESI-MSI analysis may be a powerful tool for exploring the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis.