Reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior: incidencia de infecciones y trombosis venosa profunda en una serie de 714 casos consecutivos / ACL reconstruction. Incidence of Infection and deep venous thrombosis. 714 case series

Introducción: La reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) tiene un bajo índice de complicaciones postoperatorias. Cuando se presenta una infección en el postoperatorio inmediato, tanto el cirujano como el paciente se enfrentan a un escenario complejo y de difícil aceptación, que en algunos casos tiene consecuencias graves. En este contexto es importante conocer la incidencia reportada en la literatura para compararla con lo que ocurre en nuestras instituciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la incidencia de infección en una serie de casos consecutivos de reconstrucciones de LCA. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo del período comprendido entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2017, donde se evaluó la incidencia de infección en una serie consecutiva de reconstrucciones de LCA. Fueron evaluados un total de setecientos catorce pacientes: seiscientos veintinueve masculinos y ochenta y cinco femeninos con un promedio de edad de veintiocho años (15-50).Resultados: de los setecientos catorce casos analizados, se encontraron seis infecciones postquirúrgicas (dos profundas y cuatro superficiales). Conclusiones: la incidencia de infección aguda postoperatoria luego de reconstrucción artroscópica del LCA fue del 0.84%, similar a lo reportado en la literatura. Se observó un franco predominio de infecciones en las reconstrucciones de LCA con injerto de isquiotibiales con respecto al resto de los injertos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Complication rate of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is low. Post-operative infection place both, the surgeon and patient in a difficult situation with an unknown outcome and possible serious sequalae. It is important to investigate the incidence of these complications in our institutions to compare them with existing literature. The aim of this study is to report the incidence of infection in a consecutive case series of ACL reconstruction. Materials and methods: retrospective study of consecutive ACL reconstructions performed between January 2015 to December 2017. The incidence of infection was evaluated in 714 cases, 629 males and 85 females, with average age of 28 years (15-50).Results: six post-operative infections were found (four superficial and two deep infections). Conclusions: the incidence of infection was 0.84% in this case series. Most of the infections were in patients with autologous gracilis-semitendinous grafts. Level of Evidence: IV

Remplissage reduces recurrent instability in high-risk patients with on-track Hill-Sachs lesions.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare recurrent instability rates between patients with on-track Hill-Sachs lesions who underwent arthroscopic labral repair (ALR) alone and those who underwent ALR with remplissage (ALR-R). Our hypothesis was that ALR-R would decrease the rate of recurrent instability, especially among patients at high risk of recurrent instability after ALR, such as contact athletes with near-track Hill-Sachs lesions. METHODS: We performed a multicenter, retrospective analysis of patients aged 14-50 years with on-track Hill-Sachs lesions who underwent ALR-R or ALR without remplissage between January 2014 and December 2019 with minimum 2-year follow-up. The exclusion criteria included prior ipsilateral shoulder surgery, >15% glenoid bone loss (GBL), off-track Hill-Sachs lesion, concomitant shoulder procedure, and connective tissue disorder. Age, sex, follow-up, and contact sports participation were recorded. GBL, Hills-Sachs interval (HSI), glenoid track, and distance to dislocation (DTD) were determined from preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scans. Affected-shoulder range of motion, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index scores, Subjective Shoulder Value scores, and recurrent dislocation and/or revision surgery status were also collected. A subgroup analysis was performed on "high-risk" patients (defined as participants in contact sports with DTD <10 mm) from each cohort. RESULTS: The ALR-R cohort included 56 patients, and the ALR cohort included 127. ALR-R patients had greater GBL (P = .004) and a greater HSI (P < .001). In the ALR-R cohort, only 1 patient (1.8%) had a recurrent dislocation and there were no revision operations. In comparison, in the ALR cohort, 14 patients (11.0%) had recurrent dislocations (P = .040) and 8 (6.3%) underwent revision operations (P = .11). Univariate analysis showed that remplissage protected against recurrent dislocation (P = .040) whereas younger age (P = .004), contact sports participation (P = .001), and increased GBL (P = .048) were associated with recurrent dislocation. Multivariate analysis showed that HSI (P = .001) and contact sports participation (P = .002) predicted recurrent dislocation. Among high-risk patients, only 1 patient (4.2%) in the ALR-R group had a recurrent instability event vs. 6 (66.7%) in the ALR group (P < .001). The high-risk ALR-R subgroup also had significantly better final Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (P = .008) and Subjective Shoulder Value (P = .001) scores than the high-risk ALR subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior shoulder instability patients with on-track Hill-Sachs lesions have lower recurrent dislocation rates after ALR plus remplissage when compared with ALR alone. This is especially true for high-risk patients, such as contact athletes with a DTD <10 mm.

Defining Minimal Clinically Important Difference and Patient Acceptable Symptom State After the Latarjet Procedure.

BACKGROUND: The Latarjet procedure is one of the most well-established treatment options for anterior shoulder instability. However, meaningful clinical outcomes after this surgery have not been defined. PURPOSE: This study aimed to establish the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) for commonly used outcome measures in patients undergoing the Latarjet procedure and determine correlations between preoperative patient characteristics and achievement of MCID or PASS. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective review at 4 institutions was performed to identify patients undergoing primary open Latarjet procedure with minimum 2-year follow-up. Data collected included patient characteristics (age, sex, sports participation), radiological parameters (glenoid bone loss, off-track Hill-Sachs lesion), and 4 patient-reported outcome measures (collected preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively): the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI). The MCID and PASS for each outcome measure were calculated, and Pearson and Spearman coefficient analyses were used to identify correlations between MCID or PASS and preoperative variables (age, sex, sports participation, glenoid bone loss, off-track Hill-Sachs lesion). RESULTS: A total of 156 patients were included in the study. The MCID values for ASES, SANE, VAS pain, and WOSI were calculated to be 9.6, 12.4, 1.7, and 254.9, respectively. The PASS values for ASES, SANE, VAS pain, and WOSI were 86.0, 82.5, 2.5, and 571.0, respectively. The rates of patients achieving MCID were 61.1% for VAS pain, 71.6% for ASES, 74.1% for SANE, and 84.2% for WOSI. The rates of achieving PASS ranged from 78.4% for WOSI to 84.0% for VAS pain. There was no correlation between any of the studied preoperative variables and the likelihood of achieving MCID or PASS. CONCLUSION: This study defined MCID and PASS values for 4 commonly used outcome measures in patients undergoing the Latarjet procedure. These findings are essential for incorporating patient perspectives into the clinical effectiveness of the Latarjet procedure and provide valuable parameters for the design and interpretation of future clinical trials.

Remplissage Yields Similar 2-Year Outcomes, Fewer Complications, and Low Recurrence Compared to Latarjet Across a Wide Range of Preoperative Glenoid Bone Loss.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare functional outcome, return to sport, satisfaction, postoperative recurrence, and complications in patients undergoing primary arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage (ABR) to primary Latarjet. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was performed on patients undergoing primary ABR or open Latarjet between 2013 and 2019 who had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Baseline and two-year range of motion (ROM), patient-reported outcomes (PROs: Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index [WOSI], Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation [SANE], and visual analog scale [VAS] for pain) recurrence, return to sport, satisfaction, and complications were reviewed. RESULTS: This study included 258 patients, including 70 ABRs and 188 Latarjet procedures. Baseline demographics, ROM, and PROs were similar. Mean preop glenoid bone loss (GBL) (12.3% ± 10.9% vs 7.6% ± 9%; P < .001) and off-track lesions (23% vs 13%; P = .046) were higher in the ABR group, while preoperative GBL range was similar (0-42% vs 0-47%). Changes in the VAS (1.9 vs 0.9; P = .019) and WOSI (1096 vs 805; P < .001) were improved in ABR. The percentage of patients who achieved a minimal clinically important difference was improved in WOSI for ABR and PASS for ABR in SANE, VAS, and WOSI scores. The ABR cohort reported worse changes in external rotation (ER) (-4° vs +19°; P < .001). Return to sport among overhead and contact athletes favored ABR (91.5% vs 72.7%; P = .007). Satisfaction and recurrent dislocation were similar. Surgical complications were observed in 0% of ABR cases, compared to 5.9% in the Latarjet group. CONCLUSION: Primary ABR resulted in 2-year functional outcomes that were as good or superior to primary Latarjet, with higher return to sport for overhead and contact activities, fewer complications, and comparably low recurrence rates, even despite greater bipolar bone loss in the ABR cohort. However, this comes at the expense of decreased external rotation, which may be considered in individual patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, retrospective comparative study.

Parálisis diafragmática asociada al bloqueo interescalénico en cirugía de hombro: la utilidad de la ecografía diafragmática como herramienta diagnóstica / Phrenic paresis associated with interscalene block in shoulder surgery. Utility of diaphragm ultrasound examination

Introducción: El bloqueo interescalénico se utiliza de forma estandarizada durante la cirugía mayor de hombro, sin embargo, ninguna técnica realizada por encima de la clavícula ha demostrado reducir la tasa de bloqueo del nervio frénico por debajo del 20%. El interés en buscar una prueba diagnóstica que permita identificar la afectación del nervio frénico ha ido en incremento en los últimos años y varias han sido las pruebas diagnósticas empleadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la utilidad clínica del ultrasonido para identificar la parálisis hemidiafragmática posterior al bloqueo interescalénico para la cirugía de hombro.Materiales y métodos: estudio diagnóstico observacional prospectivo en treinta y tres pacientes programados para cirugía de hombro. Se les realizó una espirometría forzada y se evaluó el grosor del músculo diafragma. Estas determinaciones se realizaron antes y a los veinte minutos de realizar el bloqueo interescalénico.Resultados: el total de los pacientes estudiados (100%) presentó bloqueo del nervio frénico según uno o los dos métodos utilizados en este estudio para su diagnóstico. Todos los pacientes presentaron variaciones en la ratio del grosor diafragmático en el lado del bloqueo frénico por debajo de 1.2.Conclusión: la exploración ecográfica del diafragma es una gran herramienta para la examinación de una víscera cuya alteración implica graves trastornos en el paciente crítico, a su vez el índice del grosor diafragmático <1.2 puede ser de utilidad en el diagnóstico de paresia frénica asociada al bloqueo del plexo braquial a nivel interescalénico. Tipo de Estudio: Diagnóstico prospectivo. Nivel de Evidencia: II

Introduction: the interscalene block is used in a standardized way during major shoulder surgery, however, no technique performed above the clavicle has been shown to reduce the rate of phrenic nerve block below 20%. The interest for a diagnostic test to allows identifying the involvement of the phrenic nerve has been increasing in recent years and several diagnostic tests have been used. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the clinical utility of ultrasound to identify hemidiaphragmatic paralysis after interscalene block for shoulder surgery.Materials and methods: prospective observational diagnostic study in thirty-three patients scheduled for shoulder surgery. A forced spirometry was performed and the thickness of the diaphragm muscle was evaluated with ultrasound. These determinations were made before and twenty minutes after performing the interscalene block.Results: all the patients studied (100%) presented phrenic nerve block according to one or the two methods used in this study for its diagnosis. All patients presented variations in the diaphragm thickness ratio on the side of the phrenic block below 1.2.Conclusion: the ultrasound examination of the diaphragm is a great tool for the examination of a viscera whose alteration implies serious disorders in the critical patient, in turn, the diaphragm thickness index <1.2 can be useful in the diagnosis of phrenic paresis associated with interscalene brachial plexus block. Level of Evidence: II

Evaluation of the subscapularis split created with passive rotation during arthroscopic dynamic anterior stabilization (DAS): A cadaveric study.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the present study was to analyze the ability to create a subscapularis split by passive rotation of the arm during dynamic anterior stabilization (DAS) and to analyze the new geometry of the long head of the biceps LHB. HYPOTHESIS: The hypothesis was that this passive simple technique can create subscapularis split without additional dissection giving rise to new position of LHB with a new stabilization function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A technique of subscapularis split using the LHB was used in 12 fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders. A subscapularis split was created by passive rotation of the arm after the LHB is shuttled into the joint during DAS. The length of the subscapularis split, post-DAS position and length of the LHB, and the angulation of the LHB relative to bicipital groove were measured after DAS and if this new geometry can give a new dynamic effect on subscapularis muscle. RESULTS: The mean length of the subscapular split after maximal rotation was 20.4±6.0mm (range: 10-32mm). The mean elongation of the LHB was 0.6±1.4mm (range: -1 to +3mm). The final angle of the LHB relative to the bicipital groove was 45±5 degrees (range: 41 to 55 degrees). DISCUSSION: There is no need to create a distinct split prior to DAS. Additionally, DAS maintains the length-tension relationship of the LHB. The post-procedure medial angulation of the LHB relative to the bicipital groove may provide a lowering of the subscapularis, helping explain the anterior reinforcement of this technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Basic science study, cadaver study.

Lesiones asociadas a inestabilidad anterior de hombro: frecuencia y relevancia clinica en relacion al numero de episodios / Injuries associated with anterior instability of the shoulder: frequency and clinical relevance in relation to the number of episodes

Introducción: La inestabilidad anterior de hombro está frecuentemente asociada a lesiones secundarias a nivel de los tejidos blandos y a nivel óseo. La inestabilidad recurrente podría generar o agravar estas lesiones y así afectar la decisión terapéutica y sus resultados. Objetivos: Comparar las lesiones asociadas en pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente de reparación artroscópica de lesión de Bankart anterior luego del primer episodio de inestabilidad anterior vs. inestabilidad recurrente y evaluar la tasa de recidiva. Materiales y Métodos: Retrospectivamente, los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente de reparación artroscópica de lesión de Bankart anterior fueron incluidos. Los pacientes fueron divididos en tres grupos dependiendo el número de episodios: Grupo A: un episodio; Grupo B: entre dos a cuatro episodios; Grupo C: cinco o más episodios. Resultados: Ciento ochenta y siete pacientes con inestabilidad anterior post-traumática de hombro fueron incluidos. La asociación entre el número de episodios y la frecuencia del defecto óseo glenoideo (p < 0.01), la distensión capsular (p = 0.02) y las lesiones clínicamente relevantes (p < 0.01) fue estadísticamente significativa. Una Tasa de recidiva global de 10.9% con seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses (media = 33 meses) no fue estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos (p = 0.52). Conclusión: La inestabilidad anterior recurrente comparada a la inestabilidad primaria estuvo asociada a una mayor frecuencia de defectos óseos glenoideos y distensión capsular. La tasa de recidiva global de 10.9%, con seguimiento promedio de 33 meses, no fue significativa entre los grupos. Tipo de estudio: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Introduction: Anterior shoulder instability is frequently associated with secondary soft tissue and osseous lesions. Recurrent instability could generate or worsen these injuries and modify treatment and clinical results. Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare associated lesions in patients who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair after first instability episode vs. recurrent instability and to evaluate recurrent rate. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively, patients who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair due to anterior shoulder instability were included. Patients were divided in three groups according to the number of dislocations: Group A: one episode; Group B: two to four episodes; Group C: five or more episodes. Results: One hundred and eighty-seven patients with anterior traumatic shoulder instability were included in this study. Glenoid bone loss (p < 0.01), capsular laxity (p = 0,02) and clinically important secondary injuries (p < 0.01) were statistically difference in association with the number of episodes. Global recurrence rate of 10.9% at minimum one year follow-up no statistically significant difference between groups (p = 0.52). Conclusions: Recurrent anterior shoulder instability compared to primary instability was associated with higher rates of glenoid bone loss and capsular laxity. Global recurrence rate of 10.9% at minimum 12 months follow-up (mean = 33 months) with no differences among groups. Type study: Cohort Study. Level of evidence: IV

Reconstrucción artroscópica de fracturas del extremo distal de clavícula / Arthroscopic reconstruction of distal clavicle fractures

La fractura de clavícula representa 35 a 45 % de las fracturas de la cintura escapular, y de ellas el 15-25% comprometen el extremo distal de ella. El objetivo de esta publicación es describir nuestra técnica de reconstrucción artroscópica de las fracturas del extremo distal de clavícula con sistema AC TigthRope o sistema DogBone con sutura fibertape. La reconstrucción y estabilización artroscópica de las fracturas inestables del extremo distal de la clavícula con sistema AC TigthRope o sistema Dogbone ambos con sutura FiberTape mas la estabilización del fragmento distal de la fractura mediante suturas transósea permite una fijación estable para la consolidación de la misma. La técnica descripta permite rápida recuperación funcional y el retorno a las actividades de la vida diaria. Tipo de Trabajo: Técnica Quirúrgica. Nivel de Evidencia: V.

Fractures of the clavicle represent between 35 to 45% of all the fractures of the shoulder girdle, and 15 to 25% of these are of the distal clavicle. The purpose of this study is to describe our arthroscopic reconstruction technique of the distal clavicle using the AC Tightrope or DogBone Systems with fibertape. The arthroscopic reconstruction and stabilization of ustable distal clavicle fractures with the AC TightRope or DogBone Systems both with Fibertape with stabilization of the unstable bone fragments with trans oseous sutures allow a stable fixation until it consolidates. The technique described allows a fast recovery and retour to the activities of daily living. Type of Study: Surgical Technique. Level of Evidence: V.

Level of the Subscapularis Split During Arthroscopic Latarjet.

PURPOSE: To determine the location of the subscapularis split during arthroscopic Latarjet created by an inside-out technique passing a switching stick from the posterior portal across the glenohumeral joint. METHODS: An inside-out technique was used to arthroscopically create a subscapularis split in 20 fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders. The distance between the exit point of the switching stick and the upper border of the subscapularis and the anterior circumflex vessels was measured arthroscopically and after open dissection. RESULTS: Twelve splits were in the upper third of the subscapularis, 3 were at the junction of the upper third and the middle third, and 5 were in the middle third. None were at the junction between the middle and lower third as desired. CONCLUSIONS: Using the inside-out method during arthroscopic Latarjet may produce a high subscapularis split if it is performed from with a switching stick that is inserted through the posterior approach, and passed across the glenohumeral joint at the level of the inferior glenoid. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study analyzed the relative risk of high subscapularis split during the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure.

The anterior borders of the clavicle and the acromion are not always aligned in the intact acromioclavicular joint: a cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to find reliable anatomic landmarks of the normal acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) that could enable the precise evaluation of the horizontal displacement of the clavicle after dislocation. The hypothesis was that the anterior borders of the acromion and the clavicle are always aligned in intact ACJs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 30 cadaveric specimens, the anterior and posterior borders of the ACJ's articular facets and the most prominent anterior and posterior bony landmarks of the acromion and the clavicle were identified. The anterior and posterior overhang of the acromion and the clavicle was measured in relation to the borders of the articular facets. Therefore, the possible anterior and posterior alignment of the ACJ was evaluated. RESULTS: Anteriorly, only 18 ACJs (60%) were aligned whereas 7 (24%) had major overhang of the acromion and 3 (10%) had major overhang of the clavicle. Similarly, 18 cases (60%) were posteriorly aligned, whereas 6 (20%) had major clavicular overhang and 4 (14%) had major overhang of the acromion. In 78% of these cases, the ACJ was aligned as well anteriorly as posteriorly (P < .001). Finally, the larger the width of the acromion (P = .032) or the clavicle (P = .049), the better the posterior joint alignment. CONCLUSION: Our hypothesis was not verified. The acromion and clavicle are not perfectly aligned in a significant number of specimens with intact ACJs (40% of cases). The most reliable landmarks remain their articular facets.

Eficacia predictiva de la resonancia magnética nuclear para diagnosticar el patrón de las lesiones completas del manguito rotador / Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose tear pattern of complete rotator cuff lesions

Introducción: la RMN ha demostrado influir significativamente en el diagnóstico del patrón de las lesiones completas del manguito rotador con una elevada sensibilidad y especificidad siendo el método complementario más utilizado. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la eficacia diagnóstica, y la variabilidad interobservador de la RMN para diagnosticar la forma de las lesiones completas del manguito rotador. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 33 RMN de pacientes con rupturas completas de manguito rotador de manera prospectiva. Los patrones de lesiones analizados fueron crescéntica, L anterior, L posterior, lesión en U y masiva retraída. Dos especialistas en cirugía de hombro (O1 y O2) y el fellow de último año (O3) analizaron las RMN en días previos a la cirugía. Se utilizo el diagnostico artroscópico como gold standard y se calculó la concordancia entre las imágenes y la artroscopia con el índice kappa. Resultados: Para el diagnóstico del patrón de lesión obtuvo una concordancia excelente el O1, moderada el O3 y buena el O2. La ruptura crescéntica fue la mejor diagnosticada por los 3 observadores Conclusión: La RMN tiene una elevada sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagnóstico de los patrones de ruptura de manguito rotador teniendo relación con la experiencia de los observadores. Tipo de estudio: Prospectivo. Nivel de evidencia: I.

Introduction: MRI has been shown to have a significant influence on the diagnosis of complete rotator cuff tear pattern with an improved sensitivity and specificity being the most useful complementary method. Our purpose is to determine the accuracy and the interobserver variability of MRI to diagnose tear pattern of complete rotator cuff lesion. Methods: 33 patients MRI with complete rotator cuff tear were evaluated prospectively. The pattern lesions analyzed were crescent, anterior and posterior L shape tears, U pattern and massive tears. Two shoulder surgeons (O1 y O2) and one shoulder fellow (O3) analyzed the MRI´s days previous to surgery. The arthroscopic diagnosis was used as gold standard and the concordance between the images and arthroscopy was calculated with kappa index. Results: The concordance was excellent for observer 1, moderate for observer 3 and good for the observer 2 for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tear pattern. The crescent tear was the best diagnosed by the three observers. Conclusion: MRI has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of rotator cutt tear pattern in relation to the experience of the observers. Type of Study: Prospective. Level of Evidence: I.

Resultados de la reparación artroscópica de lesiones aisladas del subescapular: rol de la coracoplastía y manejo de la porción larga del bíceps / Arthroscopic repair of isolated subscapularis tendon tears. coracoplasty and management of long head biceps tendon

Objetivo: revisar sistemáticamente la bibliografía que reporten resultados de la reconstrucción artroscópica de las lesiones aisladas del tendón del subescapular con anclajes con súper-suturas; reportar el manejo del tendón del bíceps y la coracoides y evaluar la cicatrización del tendón al hueso mediante RNM. Material y Método: Realizamos una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en ingles y español en las bases de datos de PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE y LILACS mediante los términos de: Lesiones Aisladas del Subescapular y Reparación Artroscópica. Incluimos solo estudios que evalúan técnicas, resultados funcionales e imagenológico de lesiones aisladas del subescapular. Realizamos un análisis descriptivo de la bibliografía incluida. Resultados: Incluimos 7 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Los estudios incluidos se realizaron entre el 2003 y el 2013, con un total de 207 pacientes, 51 años de edad promedio. Las evaluaciones funcionales mejoraron significativamente al comparar los resultados pre y postoperatorios. La evaluación por RNM demostró alto índice de cicatrización con un bajo índice de re-ruptura. Las complicaciones fueron infrecuentes. Conclusión: Nuestra revisión sistemática demuestra que la reconstrucción artroscópica de las lesiones aisladas del tendón del subescapular es una buena opción de tratamiento con buenos resultados clínicos funcionales, buena integridad del tendón al hueso y un bajo índice de complicaciones. El bajo nivel de evidencia científica de la bibliografía demuestra la necesidad de realizar estudios prospectivos comparativos para obtener resultados de mayor poder estadístico. Nivel de Evidencia: IV. Tipo de estudio: Revisión sistemática de estudios

Purpose: to systematically review the literature to identify all studies reporting outcomes of arthroscopically repaired isolated subscapular tendon tears, the frequency and management of associated long head of biceps pathology, and the MRI integrity of subscapular tendon reconstruction. Methods: A systematic literature review in spanish and english language using the PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE y LILACS databases with the term of: "Arthroscopic reconstruction of isolated subscapular tendon tears". Only studies evaluating the techniques, outcomes and MRI integrity of the reconstruction of isolated subscapularis repair were included. Descriptive analysis was provided for the available literature. Results: Seven studies were included in this review. The studies were done in between 2003 to 2013, 207 patients with 51 mean age. Uniformly, improvements in patient-reported outcome scores were substantial after arthroscopic subscapularis repair. Excellent MRI tendon to bone to integrity with very low complication rate. Conclusions: Arthroscopic subscapularis repair is a reasonable option to treat isolated tears of the subscapularis tendon to obtain successful functional outcomes. We need future prospective comparative studies. Level of Evidence: IV. Type of study: Systematic review of studies

Is arthroscopic remplissage a tenodesis or capsulomyodesis? An anatomic study.

PURPOSE: Arthroscopic remplissage of a Hill-Sachs lesion is classically described as a capsulotenodesis of the infraspinatus within the posterolateral humeral head. The aim of this cadaveric study was to evaluate the anatomic relationship between the position of anchors and sutures placed for remplissage and the infraspinatus and teres minor. The hypothesis was that remplissage actually corresponds to a capsulomyodesis of the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. METHODS: A two-anchor arthroscopic remplissage was performed followed by open dissection of ten fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders. The exit point of sutures related to muscle-tendon unit as well as the distance between the anchors and the rotator cuff was measured. RESULTS: The superior sutures were localized generally in the infraspinatus, near the musculotendinous junction. The inferior sutures passed through the teres minor muscle in seven of ten cases. The distance between the superior and inferior anchors and the posterolateral greater tuberosity was 14 ± 2 and 12 ± 3 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic remplissage is a capsulomyodesis of infraspinatus and teres minor rather than a capsulotenodesis of the infraspinatus alone as previously believed. Muscular damage may explain posterosuperior pain observed in patients who underwent remplissage.

Tratamiento artroscopico en condromatosis sinovial primaria de hombro y corredera bicipital. reporte de un caso / Arthroscopic treatment for synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder. case report

La condromatosis sinovial es una entidad patológica poco frecuente donde se desarrollan cuerpos de aspectos cartilaginosos a partir de la membrana sinovial de articulaciones, bursas o vainas tendinosas, generando cuerpos libres productores de la sintomatología. Presentamos un caso de 16 años que consulta con dolor de hombro derecho, progresivo sin antecedente de trauma previo, de 3 años de evolución. Se realizan estudios imagenológicos correspondientes llegando a la conclusión diagnostica de condromatosis sinovial de hombro. Se realiza el tratamiento quirúrgico definitivo por artroscopía, logrando remisión de los síntomas y evolución favorable sin recidiva hasta los 5 años de evolucion.

Synovial chondromatosis is a rare pathological entity where cartilaginous aspects develop from the synovial membrane of joints, bursae or tendinous sheaths, generating free bodies that produce symptoms. We present a 16-year-old male with 3 years of right shoulder pain, progressive with not previous trauma. Imaging studies are carried out, arriving at the diagnostic of synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder. The final surgical treatment is performed by arthroscopy, achieving remission of symptoms and favorable evolution without recurrence until 5 years of evolution.

Direccion y longitud del tunel femoral en la plastia del ligamento cruzado anterior transportal. Influencia de la ubicacion del portal medial y las guias femorales / Direction and length of the femoral tunnel in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Influence of anteromedial portal and femoral aimers

Introducción: Las técnicas transportales para la plastia del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) tienen desventajas con respecto a otras técnicas relacionadas a la dirección y longitud del túnel femoral. El objetivo principal del estudio es describir una técnica transportal anatómica vertical (TPA-V) para el fresado del túnel femoral utilizando una guía femoral con extremo punzante. El segundo objetivo es comparar la variabilidad radiográfica con una técnica transportal anatómica clásica (TPA-C) utilizando otras guías femorales. Material y Método: Se describe una nota técnica de fresado femoral TPA-V utilizando una guía femoral con extremo punzante. Se diseñó un estudio observacional retrospectivo que comparó dos formas de realizar el túnel femoral por portal medial durante la plastia del LCA. El grupo 1: técnica TPA-V con una guía femoral con extremo punzante. El grupo 2: técnica TPA-C con guía femoral transportal Arhrex o guía femoral transtibial universal de 7 mm. Se analizaron mediciones del túnel femoral tales como ubicación, inclinación coronal y longitud relativa. Resultados: El túnel femoral fue ubicado correctamente en ambos grupos. En el grupo 1, el túnel femoral fue más vertical y presentó una mayor longitud relativa con una diferencia significativa (p <0,0001). Conclusión: La utilización de una técnica TPA-V con una guía femoral con extremo punzante permite realizar un túnel femoral anatómico más vertical y largo en comparación con una técnica TPA-C. Significancia clínica: Un túnel femoral TPA-V podría disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones en pacientes que requieran una plastia del LCA. Nivel de evidencia: 4

Introduction: Anteromedial techniques for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have disadvantages with respect to other related to the direction and length of the femoral tunnel. The main objective of this article is to present a vertical anatomical anteromedial technique (V-AAM) for drilling the femoral tunnel using a aimer with sharp end. The second objective is to compare the radiographic variability with a classic anatomical anteromedial technique (C-AAM) using other femoral aimers. Material and Methods: A V-AAM technique for drilling the femoral tunnel using a aimer with sharp end is described. A retrospective observational study comparing two forms of femoral tunnel placement was designed. Group 1: V-AAM technique with a sharp end aimer. Group 2: C-AAM technique with Arhrex medial portal aimer or universal transtibial femoral aimer. Femoral tunnel measurements such as location, coronal inclination and relative length were analyzed. Results: The femoral tunnel was located correctly in both groups. In group 1, the femoral tunnel was more vertical and had a higher relative length with a significant difference (p <0.0001). Conclusion: The use of a V-AAM technique with a sharp end aimer allows a more vertical and long anatomical femoral tunnel compared to a C-AAM technique. Clinical significance: A V-AAM femoral tunnel could reduce the risk of complications in patients requiring ACL reconstruction. Evidence Level: 4

Pseudoparalysis From a Massive Rotator Cuff Tear Is Reliably Reversed With an Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair in Patients Without Preoperative Glenohumeral Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Pseudoparalysis is defined as active forward flexion less than 90° with full passive motion. There is controversy about the ideal surgical management of a massive rotator cuff tear with pseudoparalysis. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to prospectively analyze the ability to reverse pseudoparalysis with an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). The hypothesis was that in the absence of substantial glenohumeral arthritis, preoperative fatty infiltration of grade 3 or higher and an acromiohumeral interval (AHI) of less than 7 mm would not prevent reversal of pseudoparalysis with an ARCR. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study of ARCR performed for preoperative pseudoparalysis was conducted. The minimum follow-up was 1 year. The mean patient age was 63 years, and pseudoparalysis was present for a mean of 4.2 months preoperatively. Preoperative radiographic evaluation included plain film evaluation of the AHI and Hamada classification and MRI evaluation of fatty degeneration and rotator cuff retraction. Functional outcome was determined by the Simple Shoulder Test (SST), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Score, visual analog scale (VAS), and subjective shoulder value (SSV). RESULTS: Of the 58 patients enrolled, 56 had at least 1 year of follow-up. Mean active forward flexion improved from 47° preoperatively to 159° postoperatively (P < .001). Statistically significant improvements were seen in the SST (from 2.8 preoperatively to 10.1 postoperatively), SSV (from 28 to 83), ASES Shoulder Score (from 37 to 88), and VAS (from 5.7 to 1.1) (P < .001). Pseudoparalysis was reversed in 53 of 56 patients (95%). There was no difference in the rate of reversal of pseudoparalysis between those patients with an AHI of less than 7 mm (88.2%) and those with an AHI of 7 mm or more (96.9%) (P =.289). Pseudoparalysis was reversed in all 8 of the patients with fatty degeneration of grade 3 or higher in 1 or more of the rotator cuff muscles. CONCLUSION: ARCR can lead to reversal of preoperative pseudoparalysis in patients with minimal preoperative glenohumeral arthritis. ARCR is a viable first line of treatment for patients with pseudoparalysis in the absence of advanced glenohumeral arthritis.

Arthroscopic proximal biceps tenodesis at the articular margin: evaluation of outcomes, complications, and revision rate.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of residual pain, outcomes, and the revision rate of arthroscopic proximal biceps tenodesis high in the groove at the articular margin of the humeral head by interference screw fixation. METHODS: Seven surgeons pooled data on patients who underwent an arthroscopic biceps tenodesis at the articular margin by interference screw fixation. All patients had a minimum of 50 weeks' follow-up. Preoperative and postoperative patient data including visual analog scale scores (obtained by all surgeons), objective shoulder scores (Simple Shoulder Test and University of California, Los Angeles scores obtained by 2 and 4 surgeons, respectively), and need for revision surgery (obtained by all surgeons) were retrospectively analyzed, the results are reported, and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: After the application of our exclusion criteria, 1,083 patients were included in the analysis. The mean follow-up period was 136 weeks. The overall revision surgery rate for this group was 4.1% (44 of 1,083). Revision for biceps tenodesis-related issues was needed in only 4 cases (for a biceps tenodesis-related revision rate of 0.4%). Pain scores improved from 6.47 preoperatively to 1.08 postoperatively (P < .0001). University of California, Los Angeles scores improved from 14.9 preoperatively to 30.1 postoperatively (P < .0001), and Simple Shoulder Test scores improved from 2.7 preoperatively to 10.2 postoperatively (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis performed at the articular margin results in a low surgical revision rate, a low rate of residual pain, and significant improvement in objective shoulder outcome scores. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Reconstrucción artroscópica de manguito rotador: resultados prospectivos según protocolo lento vs. acelerado de rehabilitación / Rotator cuff arthroscopic reconstruction. Slow protocol vs. accelerated rehabilitation

Establecer si existen diferencias significativas en el dolor, movilidad, resultados funcionales e irnagenológicos por Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN) en pacientes que siguieron un protocolo lento vs. acelerado de rehabilitación, posterior a reconstrucción artroscópica de ruptura completa del manguito rotador (MR). Diseño del Estudio: Clínico, prospectivo, comparativo, aleatorizado, simple ciego entre el período Marzo 2008 y Marzo 2010. Materiales y Métodos: 28 pacientes con protocolo lento y 22 con protocolo acelerado con reconstrucción artroscópica del manguito rotador. Se evaluaron clínicamente ambos grupos a través del test de Constant, de UCLA, SST, la movilidad pasiva, y cicatrización por RMN. Resultados: Edad promedio de 60 "años. Al mes de operado los pacientes del protocolo acelerado presentaron menos dolor (p: 0,0001). Se obtuvieron mejores resultados en el grupo de protocolo acelerado con diferencias significativas para la movilidad pasiva al mes y 6 meses postquirúrgicos. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos para los test de UCLA (p 0.8) y Constant modificado (p 0,2) a los 12 meses de operado. En cuanto a las imágenes por RMN realizadas posterior al año de operado se observó cicatrización del manguito rotador en el 100% de los pacientes evaluados. Conclusión: Recomendamos el movimiento pasivo temprano ya que no interfiere en la cicatrización del manguito rotador y disminuye el dolor postoperatorio. Nivel de Evidencia I...

Reconstrucción artroscópica del manguito rotador. Resultados funcionales a largo plazo. Estudio de base de datos prospectiva / Rotator cuff arthroscopic reconstruction. Long-term outcome results

Introducción: En nuestro medio existe poca evidencia científica de seguimiento a largo plazo en la reconstrucción artroscópica del manguito rotador. Objetivo: evaluar resultados funcionales de la reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador con un seguimiento promedio de 81 meses. Material y Método: realizamos 158 reparaciones artroscópica de manguito rotador. Setenta y seis hombros de 58 años promedio cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Seguimiento promedio de 81 meses (60 – 96 meses) con registro en base de dato prospectiva digital detallando examen físico, score funcionales Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Constant abreviado y American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES). Dividimos las lesiones en dos grupos, lesiones parciales, 9 casos, y lesiones completas, 67 casos divididas en 3 sub grupos: lesiones pequeñas y medianas (< 3 cm), grandes (3-5 cm) y masivas (> 5 cm). Resultados: con un seguimiento promedio de 81 meses, 95% de los pacientes tuvieron entre buenos y excelentes resultados con score de Constant, 65 ptes excelente (85%), 8 bueno (10%) y 3 regulares (5%), ningún resultado pobre. Con score de ASES y SST también observamos mejoría notable y persistente a lo largo del seguimiento en los pacientes, demostrando con el Test de Wilcoxon una p extremadamente significativa p:0,0001. En las Lesiones Parciales todos los resultados fueron excelentes y buenos. Aplicando el test de Mann Whitney obtuvimos una P < 0,05 en los tres scores. En Lesiones Completas, el Score de Constant abreviado el 95% de los resultados a 81 meses fueron entre buenos y excelentes. La distribución fue de 65 casos excelentes (85%), 8 buenos (10%), 3 regulares (5%) y ningún resultado pobre. Tanto en el SST, como en el score de ASES se observo también una mejoría notable y persistente en el seguimiento a largo plazo. Quedando demostrado con el Test de Wilcoxon que la diferencia fue extremadamente significativa con un valor p=0,0001 en los tres scores funcionales evaluados. Discusión: vemos resultados favorables, estadísticamente significativos al comparar diferentes scores funcionales de ASES, SST y Constant entre el pre quirúrgico con el seguimiento a largo plazo; con un 95% de buenos a excelentes resultados en la reparación artroscópica de las distintas lesiones en el manguito rotador. Nivel de evidencia: IV. Tipo de estudio: Estudio Terapéutico. Serie de Casos

Introduction: In spanish literature, there is little scientific evidence of long-term follow up for arthroscopic rotator cuff reconstruction. Purpose: to evaluate functional outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with a mean follow of 81 months. Method: we performed 158 arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs. Seventy-six shoulders average of 58 years met the inclusion criteria. Average follow-up of 81 months (60-96 months) with digital prospective data based detailing physical exam, functional score with Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score. We divided the lesions into two groups, partial lesions, 9 cases, and complete lesions, 67 cases divided into 3 sub groups: small and medium lesions (< 3 cm), large (3-5 cm) and massive (> 5 cm). Results: after a mean follow-up of 81 months ninety-five percent of patients had good to excellent results with Constant score, 65 ptes excellent (85%), 8 good (10%) and 3 regular (5%) no poor result. With ASES score and SST also observed significant and persistent improvement during follow-up, demonstrating with Wilcoxon test an extremely significant p=0.0001. All Partial lesions have excellent and good results, Applying Mann Whitney test we obtained a P <0.05 in all three scores. In Complete lesions the Constant Score was 95% of good to excellent results at 81 months average follow up. The distribution was: Excellent 65 cases (85%), 8 good (10%), 3 regular (5%) and no poor results. With SST and ASES score we had a significant and persistent improvement in long-term follow up. Being demonstrated with the Wilcoxon test that the difference was highly significant with a P value 0.0001 in the three evaluated functional scores. Discussion: we had statistically significant results when comparing different functional scores of ASES, SST and Constant between surgical pre preoperative score and the long-term follow up with 95% good to excellent results in arthroscopic repair of different rotator cuff lesions. Level of evidence: IV. Type of Study: Therapeutic Study. Cases Series

Associated lesions requiring additional surgical treatment in grade 3 acromioclavicular joint dislocations.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of associated pathologic shoulder lesions that were addressed surgically in grade 3 acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocations, as well as to compare this incidence between younger and older patients and between acute and chronic cases. METHODS: In this multicenter nonrandomized retrospective study, 98 patients operated on for grade 3 ACJ dislocation underwent concomitant arthroscopic evaluation for the identification and treatment of any associated lesions. The type and treatment of associated lesions were collected in a central database and analyzed. We classified patients according to age (<45 years and ≥ 45 years) and according to the length of time between trauma and surgical treatment (≤ 30 days and ≥ 120 days), obtaining the following stratification: younger acute, older acute, younger chronic, and older chronic. RESULTS: Of the patients, 42 (42.8%) were diagnosed with at least 1 additional pathologic lesion, and 29 (29.5%) required a dedicated additional treatment. Rates of treatment on associated lesions were analyzed: younger versus older groups presented a significant difference, as did younger acute versus older acute groups; SLAP and posterior rotator cuff tear treatments represented 24 of the 35 additional surgeries (68.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The overall rate of associated pathologic lesions requiring additional surgical treatment in patients with ACJ dislocation was 29.5%. Patients aged 45 years or older had a greater risk of presenting with associated lesions that needed to be surgically addressed (odds ratio, 3.01). The overall rates of associated surgical lesions in acute versus chronic cases were not shown to be significantly different. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, prognostic case series.