High Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia from a City in the Brazilian Pre-Amazon Region.

INTRODUCTION: Although fewer children have been affected by the severe form of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be the leading global cause of child hospitalizations and deaths. AIM: This study investigated the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as well its subtypes (RSV A and B), adenovirus (ADV), rhinovirus (HRV), metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus (NL63, OC43, 229E and HKU1), parainfluenza virus subtypes (PI1, PI2 and PI3), bocavirus and influenza A and B viruses (FluA and FluB) in children diagnosed with CAP during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A total of 200 children with clinically confirmed CAP were initially recruited, of whom 107 had negative qPCR results for SARS-CoV-2 and were included in this study. Viral subtypes were identified using a real-time polymerase chain reaction in the nasopharyngeal swab samples. RESULTS: Viruses were identified in 69.2% of the patients. RSV infections were the most frequently identified (65.4%), with type RSV B being the most prevalent (63.5%). In addition, HCoV 229E and HRV were detected in 6.5% and 3.7% of the patients, respectively. RSV type B was associated with severe acute respiratory infection (ARI) and a younger age (less than 24 months). CONCLUSIONS: New strategies for preventing and treating viral respiratory infections, particularly RSV infections, are necessary.

A Potential SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Interest (VOI) Harboring Mutation E484K in the Spike Protein Was Identified within Lineage B 1 1 33 Circulating in Brazil

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in Brazil was dominated by two lineages designated as B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33. The two SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring mutations at the receptor-binding domain of the Spike (S) protein, designated as lineages P.1 and P.2, evolved from lineage B.1.1.28 and are rapidly spreading in Brazil. Lineage P.1 is considered a Variant of Concern (VOC) because of the presence of multiple mutations in the S protein (including K417T, E484K, N501Y), while lineage P.2 only harbors mutation S:E484K and is considered a Variant of Interest (VOI). On the other hand, epidemiologically relevant B.1.1.33 deriving lineages have not been described so far. Here we report the identification of a new SARS-CoV-2 VOI within lineage B.1.1.33 that also harbors mutation S:E484K and was detected in Brazil between November 2020 and February 2021. This VOI displayed four non-synonymous lineage-defining mutations (NSP3:A1711V, NSP6:F36L, S:E484K, and NS7b:E33A) and was designated as lineage N.9. The VOI N.9 probably emerged in August 2020 and has spread across different Brazilian states from the Southeast, South, North, and Northeast regions.

Compounds isolated from Bixa orellana: evidence-based advances to treat infectious diseases / Compuestos aislados de Bixa orellana: avances basados en la evidencia para tratar enfermedades infecciosas

SUMMARY Bixa orellana L. is a native plant from Brazil, but it is also present in other tropical countries such as Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Indonesia, India and East Africa. It is popularly known as Urucum in Brazil. This review shows the potential of bioactive compounds derived from B. orellana to treat infectious diseases due their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This plant is also related as an antiinflammatory agent for treatment of pulmonary diseases, or even as eye drops for redness. Its leaves are used for treatment of snakebite, diarrhea, gonorrhea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuretic, antipyretic, and for skin disease. This popular knowledge has encouraged the identification of bioactive compounds in this plant. Compounds as β-cryptoxanthin, geranylgeraniol, lutein, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, ellagi tannin isomer and ellagic acid deoxyhexose have been described. These compounds inhibited pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoan and viruses. In addition, some compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were also described. In this sense, B. orellana is a promising source of compounds that could be applied in antimicrobial therapy. This review work may help in the understanding and incentive of new research for antimicrobial discoveries using different B. orellana compounds.

RESUMEN Bixa orellana L. es una planta nativa de Brasil, pero también está presente en otros países tropicales como Perú, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Indonesia, India y África Oriental. Es conocida popularmente como Urucum en Brasil. Esta revisión expone el potencial de los compuestos bioactivos derivados de B. orellana para tratar enfermedades debido a sus propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes. Esta planta también está relacionada como un agente antiinflamatorio para el tratamiento de enfermedades pulmonares e incluso como gotas para los ojos para el enrojecimiento. Sus hojas se utilizan para el tratamiento de la mordedura de serpiente, diarrea, gonorrea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuréticos, antipiréticos y para enfermedades de la piel. Ese conocimiento popular ha fomentado la identificación de compuestos bioactivos en esa planta. Los compuestos β-criptoxantina, geranilgeraniol, luteína, procianidina B2, procianidina B3, isómero elagitanino y ácido elágico desoxihexosa inhibieron microorganismos patógenos como bacterias, hongos, protozoos y virus. En ese sentido, B. orellana es una fuente prometedora de compuestos que podrían aplicarse en la terapia antimicrobiana. Este trabajo de revisión puede ayudar a comprender e incentivar nuevas investigaciones para los descubrimientos de antimicrobianos que utilizan diferentes compuestos de B. orellana.

Population-based seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and the herd immunity threshold in Maranhão

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: A population-based household survey was performed, from July 27, 2020 to August 8, 2020. The estimates considered clustering, stratification and non-response. Qualitative detection of IgM and IgG antibodies was performed in a fully-automated Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on the Cobas® e601 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics). RESULTS: In total, 3,156 individuals were interviewed. Seroprevalence of total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 40.4% (95%CI 35.6-45.3). Population adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions was higher at the beginning of the pandemic than in the last month. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were significantly lower among mask wearers and among those who maintained social and physical distancing in the last month compared to their counterparts. Among the infected, 26.0% were asymptomatic. The infection fatality rate (IFR) was 0.14%, higher for men and older adults. The IFR based on excess deaths was 0.28%. The ratio of estimated infections to reported cases was 22.2. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 estimated in this population-based survey is one of the highest reported. The local herd immunity threshold may have been reached or might be reached soon.

Influence of creatine kinase on c-reactive protein in muscle adaptation / Influência da creatina quinase sobre a proteína c-reativa na adaptação muscular / Influencia de la creatina quinasa sobre la proteína c-reactiva en la adaptación muscular

ABSTRACT Introduction Aging is a natural process and marked by changes and adaptations of both a biological and physiological nature. As regards adaptations, there are numerous works that address these responses following various types of training programs. Resistance training (RT) can be assessed by biochemical parameters such as creatine kinase (CK), which is a major marker of stress in the skeletal muscles. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biochemical marker used to assess damage to the cardiac muscles. Objective To evaluate the influence of CK on CRP in elderly female subjects undergoing RT. Methods An experimental study was carried out with 10 elderly women (61 ± 1.8 years). Peripheral venous blood was collected for the CK and CRP analysis both before and 24 hours after 8 weeks of RT. Anthropometric measurements involved BMI (Body Mass Index), WHR (waist-to-hip ratio) and body composition. The RT involved combined series - Bi-Set. For statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test was conducted first and presented p >0.05, confirming the use of parametric tests. Group variables were presented as mean and standard deviation. To compare the load-dependent samples, the repeated measures one-way ANOVA was performed first, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. For CK and CRP variables, we conducted the paired Student's t-test for the timepoints pre- and post-eight weeks of RT along with the one-way ANOVA test, also conducting Tukey's post-test when necessary. The level of significance was set at p ≤0.05. Results There was a statistically significant decrease in both serum CK and CRP, which indicated a reduction of 73.14% and 75%, respectively. Conclusion Long-term RT promoted influences among biomarkers assessed through skeletal muscle (CK) and cardiac muscle (CRP) damage, determining adaptation and muscle remodeling in any age group. Level of evidence II, Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução O envelhecimento é um processo natural e marcado por mudanças e adaptações, tanto biológicas quanto fisiológicas. Com relação às adaptações, existem inúmeros trabalhos que abordam essas respostas decorrente a vários tipos de treinamento. O treinamento resistido (TR) pode ser avaliado por parâmetros bioquímicos, como a creatina quinase (CK), que é um grande marcador de estresse da musculatura esquelética. A proteína C-reativa (PCR) é um marcador bioquímico utilizado para avaliar o dano no sistema muscular cardíaco. Objetivo Avaliar a influência da CK sob a PCR em idosas em TR. Métodos Estudo do tipo experimental com dez idosas (61 ± 1,8 anos). As análises de CK e PCR foram coletadas em sangue venoso periférico antes e 24 horas após as 8 semanas de TR. Medidas antropométricas foram realizadas: índice de massa corporal (IMC), relação da cintura e o quadril (RCQ) e composição corporal. O TR foi realizado por série combinada (Bi-Set). Para análise estatística, primeiramente foi realizado o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, apresentando p > 0,05) e comprovando a utilização de testes paramétricos. As variáveis do grupo foram apresentadas como média e desvio padrão. Para comparação das amostras dependentes de evolução das cargas foi realizado a ANOVA one-way pareada para medidas repetidas, seguida de pós-teste de Tukey. Para variáveis de CK e PCR, foi realizado teste t de Student pareado para os momentos pré e pós-8 semanas de TR, assim como o ANOVA one-way e, quando necessário, o pós-teste de Tukey. O nível de significância adotado foi de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados Houve diminuição estatisticamente significativa, tanto para as concentrações séricas de CK, quanto para PCR, o que indicou redução de 73,14% e 75%, respectivamente. Conclusão O TR de longa duração promoveu influências entre biomarcadores avaliados por meio do dano do músculo esquelético (CK) e dano do músculo cardíaco (PCR), determinando adaptação e remodelamento muscular em qualquer faixa etária. Nível de evidência II; Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El envejecimiento es un proceso natural y marcado por cambios y adaptaciones, tanto biológicas como fisiológicas. Con respecto a las adaptaciones, existen innumerables trabajos que abordan esas respuestas derivadas de varios tipos de entrenamiento. El Entrenamiento Resistido (ER) puede ser evaluado por parámetros bioquímicos, como la creatina quinasa (CK) que es un gran marcador de estrés de la musculatura esquelética. La proteína C-reactiva (PCR) es un marcador bioquímico utilizado para evaluar el daño en el sistema muscular cardíaco. Objetivo Evaluar la influencia de la CK bajo la PCR en ancianas en ER. Métodos Estudio de tipo experimental con 10 ancianas (61 ± 1,8 años). Los análisis de CK y PCR fueron recolectados en sangre venosa periférica antes y 24 horas después de las 8 semanas de ER. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas: IMC (Índice de Masa Corporal), RCC (Relación Cintura / Cadera) y Composición Corporal. El ER fue realizado por Serie Combinada (Bi-Set). Para análisis estadístico, primero se realizó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk presentando p> 0,05 y comprobando el uso de pruebas paramétricas. Las variables del grupo se mostraron como promedio y desviación estándar. Para comparación de las muestras dependientes de evolución de las cargas se realizó el Test one-way ANOVA pareado para medidas repetidas, seguido de post-test de Tukey. Para variables de CK y PCR se realizó el Test t de Student pareado para los momentos pre y post ocho semanas de ER, así como el ANOVA one-way y cuando necesario, el post-test de Tukey. El nivel de significancia adoptado fue de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados Hubo disminución estadísticamente significativa, tanto para las concentraciones séricas de CK, como para PCR, lo que indicó reducción del 73,14% y el 75%, respectivamente. Conclusión El ER de larga duración promovió influencias entre biomarcadores evaluados a través del daño del músculo esquelético (CK) y daño del músculo cardíaco (PCR) determinando adaptación y remodelación muscular en cualquier grupo de edad. Nivel de evidencia II; Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Efeitos de oito semanas de destreinamento sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares em mulheres idosas / Eight-week effects of detraining on cardiovascular parameters in elderly women / Efectos de 8 semanas de falta de entrenamiento sobre los parámetros cardiovasculares de mujeres mayores

Resumo Foram avaliados os efeitos do destreinamento sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares em idosas. Idosas foram submetidas a oito semanas de treinamento resistido seguidas de oito semanas de destreinamento. Foram avaliadas nove mulheres idosas (idade 62 ± 2,30). Foram feitas coletas de sangue venoso periférico e avaliação da composição corporal antes do início de treinamento, após o treinamento e após a fase de destreinamento. Não houve aumento significativo da PCR na fase de destreino, porém observamos alterações negativas para colesterol total e composição corporal, representada pelo peso gordo. Os resultados sugerem que oito semanas de destreinamento não aumentaram significativamente a PCR, porém influenciaram negativamente em outros parâmetros relacionados aos riscos cardiovasculares, como valores antropométricos e bioquímicos representados pelo colesterol total e massa gorda, respectivamente. De fato, a continuidade do treinamento físico é essencial para adquirir e manter uma boa saúde, caso contrário os benefícios alcançados regridem aos valores iniciais.

Abstract The detraining effects on cardiovascular parameters in the elderly women (EW) were evaluated. EW underwent 8 weeks of resistance training, followed by eight weeks of detraining. 9 EW were evaluated (age 62 ± 2.30). Peripheral venous blood collections and body composition evaluation were performed before training, after training and after the detraining phase. There was no significant increase in CRP in detraining phase, but we observed negative changes for total cholesterol and body composition, represented by fat weight. The results suggest that 8 weeks of detraining did not significantly increase CRP, but had a negative influence on other parameters related to cardiovascular risks, as anthropometric and biochemical values represented by total cholesterol and fat mass, respectively. In fact, continuity of physical training is essential to acquiring and maintaining good health, otherwise the beneficial adaptations achieved will return to initial values.

Resumen Se evaluaron los efectos de la falta de entrenamiento sobre los parámetros cardiovasculares de mujeres mayores. Estas siguieron un entrenamiento resistido durante 8 semanas, seguidas de 8 semanas de falta de entrenamiento. Se evaluó a 9 mujeres de edad avanzada (edad de 62 ± 2,30). Se realizaron extracciones de sangre venosa periférica y evaluación de la composición corporal antes del inicio del entrenamiento, después del entrenamiento y después de la fase de falta de entrenamiento. No hubo un aumento considerable de la PCR en la fase de falta de entrenamiento, pero observamos alteraciones negativas del colesterol total y composición corporal, representada por la grasa. Los resultados sugieren que 8 semanas de falta de entrenamiento no aumentaron considerablemente la PCR, pero influyeron negativamente en otros parámetros relacionados con los riesgos cardiovasculares, como valores antropométricos y bioquímicos representados por el colesterol total y la masa grasa, respectivamente. De hecho, la continuidad del entrenamiento físico es esencial para adquirir y mantener una buena salud; de lo contrario, las adaptaciones beneficiosas alcanzadas vuelven a los valores iniciales.

High incidence of rhinovirus infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia from a city in the Brazilian pre-Amazon region.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of child death worldwide. Viruses are the most common pathogens associated with CAP in children, but their incidence varies greatly. This study investigated the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, human rhinovirus (HRV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human coronavirus (HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-NL63), and influenza A virus (FluA) in children with CAP and the contributing risk factors. Here, children with acute respiratory infections were screened by pediatrics; and a total of 150 radiographically-confirmed CAP patients (aged 3 months to 10 years) from two clinical centers in Sao Luis, Brazil were recruited. Patient's clinical and epidemiological data were recorded. Nasopharyngeal swab and tracheal aspirate samples were collected to extract viral nucleic acid. RSV, adenovirus, rhinovirus, FluA, HMPV, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-NL63 were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The severe CAP was associated with ages between 3 and 12 months. Viruses were detected in 43% of CAP patients. Rhinovirus infections were the most frequently identified (68%). RSV, adenovirus, FluA, and coinfections were identified in 14%, 14%, 5%, and 15% of children with viral infection, respectively. Rhinovirus was associated with nonsevere CAP (P = .014); RSV, FluA, and coinfections were associated with severe CAP (P < .05). New strategies for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory infections, mainly rhinovirus and RSV infections, are necessary.

Effects of Resistance Training on Immunoinflammatory Response, TNF-Alpha Gene Expression, and Body Composition in Elderly Women.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of resistance training on the immunologic response, body composition, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene expression obtained from blood leukocytes, and the cytokines interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, and C-reactive protein (CRP), in the elderly women (mean age 63 ± 2 y). A randomized controlled trial was performed using a bi-set training method for eight weeks in nineteen elderly women. Peripheral blood samples were collected by puncture in pretraining (Pre) and posttraining (Post) moments. In the resistance training group, there was a statistically significant decrease from 38.43 ± 9.48 pg/mL to 11.76 ± 5.19 pg/mL (p=0.01) in the serum levels of interleukin-6. Considering serum levels of TNF-alpha, there was a statistically significant difference, comparing the resistance training group at Pre (66.27 ± 10.31 pg/mL) and Post (37.85 ± 9.05 pg/mL) moments (p=0.01). In molecular analysis of TNF-alpha gene expression, there was a statistically significant decrease (p=0.007) between Pre (0.010 ± 0.01 ng/ml) and Post (0.0002 ± 0.0001 ng/ml) moments. Among CRP data, in the resistance training group, there was a statistically significant reduction, between Pre (2.04 ± 0.32 mg/L) and Post (0.90 ± 0.22 mg/L) moments (p=0.001). In the Control group, there was no statistical significance between these two moments. Therefore, the resistance training demonstrated changes in the TNF-alpha gene expression in elderly women, as well as decreased serum levels of interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP. Such conditions may be related to immune modulation and anti-inflammatory effects, since resistance training releases cytokines, especially interleukin-6, which acts as a TNF-alpha antagonist during exercise.

Punica granatum L. Leaf Extract Attenuates Lung Inflammation in Mice with Acute Lung Injury.

The hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) leaves was previously demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute peritonitis. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the pomegranate leaf hydroalcoholic extract (EAFPg) on the LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model. Male Swiss mice received either EAFPg at different doses or dexamethasone (per os) prior to LPS intranasal instillation. Vehicle-treated mice were used as controls. Animals were culled at 4 h after LPS challenge, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung samples were collected for analysis. EAFPg and kaempferol effects on NO and cytokine production by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were also investigated. Pretreatment with EAFPg (100-300 mg/kg) markedly reduced cell accumulation (specially neutrophils) and collagen deposition in the lungs of ALI mice. The same animals presented with reduced lung and BALF TNF-α and IL-1ß expression in comparison with vehicle controls (p < 0.05). Additionally, incubation with either EAFPg or kaempferol (100 µg/ml) reduced NO production and cytokine gene expression in cultured LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Overall, these results demonstrate that the prophylactic treatment with EAFPg attenuates acute lung inflammation. We suggest this fraction may be useful in treating ALI.

Identification of specific antibodies against the Ag85C-MPT51-HspX fusion protein (CMX) for serological screening of tuberculosis in endemic area.

OBJECTIVES: Development of new tools for rapid and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is considered a strategy for controlling the disease. The recombinant CMX fusion protein is composed of immunodominant epitopes of the Ag85C (Rv0129c), MPT51 (Rv3803c) and the entire HspX (Rv2031c) proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb). The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of a test using the CMX protein in individuals suspected of TB. METHODS: Indirect ELISA was used to measure serum anti-CMX IgM and IgG in individuals with pulmonary TB. RESULTS: Patients with pulmonary TB had higher titers of IgM (OD = 0.502 ± 0.281) than healthy controls (OD = 0.200 ± 0.125). The cutoff for IgM-ELISA was determined using ROC curve analyzes (AUC = 0.868) with a sensitivity of 80.1% and a specificity of 78.2%. Patients with pulmonary TB also had higher titers of IgG (OD = 0.525 ± 0.391) than healthy controls (OD = 0.215 ± 0.077). The cutoff for IgG-ELISA was determined using ROC curve analyzes (AUC = 0.864) with a sensitivity of 81.7% and a specificity of 74.7%. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the recombinant protein CMX can be used in a serological test to complement the screening of individuals suspected of having active pulmonary TB.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Pomegranate Leaf Extract in LPS-Induced Peritonitis.

Folk medicine suggests that pomegranate (peels, seeds and leaves) has anti-inflammatory properties; however, the precise mechanisms by which this plant affects the inflammatory process remain unclear. Herein, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory properties of a hydroalcoholic extract prepared from pomegranate leaves using a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute peritonitis. Male Wistar rats were treated with either the hydroalcoholic extract, sodium diclofenac, or saline, and 1 h later received an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharides. Saline-injected animals (i. p.) were used as controls. Animals were culled 4 h after peritonitis induction, and peritoneal lavage and peripheral blood samples were collected. Serum and peritoneal lavage levels of TNF-α as well as TNF-α mRNA expression in peritoneal lavage leukocytes were quantified. Total and differential leukocyte populations were analyzed in peritoneal lavage samples. Lipopolysaccharide-induced increases of both TNF-α mRNA and protein levels were diminished by treatment with either pomegranate leaf hydroalcoholic extract (57 % and 48 % mean reduction, respectively) or sodium diclofenac (41 % and 33 % reduction, respectively). Additionally, the numbers of peritoneal leukocytes, especially neutrophils, were markedly reduced in hydroalcoholic extract-treated rats with acute peritonitis. These results demonstrate that pomegranate leaf extract may be used as an anti-inflammatory drug which suppresses the levels of TNF-α in acute inflammation.

Treinamento resistido reduz riscos cardiovasculares em idosas / Resisted training reduces cardiovascular risk in elderly women / Entrenamiento resistido reduce el riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres mayores

INTRODUÇÃO: O envelhecimento humano aliado ao estilo de vida sedentário é marcado por alterações metabólicas com modificação na composição corporal, que repercutem diretamente na proteína C-reativa (PCR), sendo este um importante marcador de risco de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). O treinamento resistido (TR) é um método muito utilizado na prevenção de doenças associadas ao envelhecimento. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de oito semanas de TR sobre a composição corporal, força muscular e PCR em um grupo de idosas.MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo experimental com 10 idosas (63 ± 2 anos de idade). Para o ensaio de PCR, análises bioquímicas de hemograma e lipidograma completos foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso periférico antes do exercício e 24 horas depois. Para medidas antropométricas calcularam-se índice de massa corporal (IMC), relação cintura/quadril (RCQ) e composição corporal. O TR foi realizado por Série Combinada - Bi-Set. Para a análise estatística, primeiramente foi realizado o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk (p > 0,05) para testes paramétricos. As variáveis do grupo foram apresentadas como média e desvio padrão. Para variáveis de PCR, antropométricas, composição corporal e perfil lipídico foram realizados o teste t de Student,tanto anterior quanto posteriormente às oito semanas de treinamento. Para as amostras da evolução das cargas e médias do consumo alimentar foi realizado o teste One Way ANOVA e, quando necessário, o teste post hoc de Tukey. O nível de significância adotado foi de p ≤ 0,05.RESULTADOS: Houve redução estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,02) para as concentrações séricas de PCR, o que significa uma redução de 70,96%, além de diminuir a massa gorda e aumentar a massa magra e a carga de treino após oito semanas.CONCLUSÃO: Oito semanas de TR reduziram as concentrações séricas de proteína C-reativa, assim como diminuíram a massa gorda e aumentaram o volume muscular, demonstrando ser uma estratégia eficiente para a diminuição dos fatores de riscos de doenças cardiovasculares.

INTRODUCTION: Human aging combined with a sedentary lifestyle is marked by metabolic changes with change in body composition reflecting directly on the C-reactive protein (CRP), which is an important risk marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Resistance Training (RT) is a widely used method in the prevention of diseases associated with aging. Objective: To evaluate the effects of eight weeks of TR on body composition, muscle strength and CRP in a group of elderly women.METHOD: An experimental study was conducted with 10 elderly women (63 ± 2 years). For the CRP analysis, biochemical analysis, complete blood count and lipid profile samples of peripheral venous blood were collected before exercise and 24 hours later. For anthropometric measurements were calculated the body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR) and body composition. The TR was conducted by Combined Series - Bi-Set. Statistical analysis was first conducted with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test (p>0.05) for parametric tests. Group variables were presented as mean and standard deviation. For CRP, anthropometric, body composition and lipid profile variables, the Student t test was performed, for both previous and later to eight weeks of training. For samples of the loads evolution and average food consumption was performed the One Way ANOVA test and, where necessary, the Tukey's post hoc test. The significance level was set at p≤0.05.RESULTS: There was a statistically significant reduction (p=0.02) for the serum concentrations of CRP, which means a decrease of 70.96%, and reduction of the fat mass and increased lean body mass and the training load after eight weeks.CONCLUSION: Eight weeks of RT reduced serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, as well as decreased fat mass and increased muscle volume, proving to be an effective strategy in reducing the risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El envejecimiento humano combinado con un estilo de vida sedentario está marcado por cambios metabólicos con el cambio en la composición corporal que afectan directamente a la proteína C-reactiva (PCR), que es un marcador importante de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). El entrenamiento de resistencia (RT) es un método ampliamente utilizado en la prevención de las enfermedades asociadas con el envejecimiento. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de las ocho semanas de TR en la composición corporal, la fuerza muscular y la PCR en un grupo de personas de edad avanzada.MÉTODO: Un estudio experimental se llevó a cabo con 10 mujeres de edad avanzada (63 ± 2 años). Para prueba PCR, el análisis bioquímico, hemograma completo y perfil lipídico completo se recogieron muestras de sangre venosa periférica antes del ejercicio y 24 horas después. Para las medidas antropométricas se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura/cadera (ICC) y composición corporal. El TR fue realizado por la Serie Combinada - Bi-Set. El análisis estadístico se realizó por primera vez con la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk (p > 0,05) para las pruebas paramétricas. Las variables de grupo se presentan como media y desviación estándar. La PCR, las variables antropométricas, la composición corporal y el perfil lipídico se realizaron con la prueba de la t de Student, tanto anterior cuanto posteriormente a las ocho semanas de entrenamiento. Para las muestras de cambios de carga y el consumo medio de alimentos se realizó la prueba One Way ANOVA y, cuando necesario, la prueba post hoc de Tukey. El nivel de significación se fijó en p ≤ 0,05.RESULTADOS: Hubo una reducción estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,02) para las concentraciones séricas de PCR, lo que significa un descenso del 70,96%, y reducción la masa grasa y aumento de la masa corporal magra y la carga de entrenamiento después de ocho semanas.CONCLUSIÓN: Ocho semanas de RT reducen las concentraciones séricas de proteína C-reactiva, así como de la masa grasa, aumentaron el volumen muscular, demostrando ser una estrategia eficaz para la reducción de los factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular.

CD14 and IL6 polymorphisms are associated with a pro-atherogenic profile in young adults with acute myocardial infarction.

This study investigated the relationship of polymorphisms in genes encoding CD14, IL-6 and TLR4 with metabolic, inflammatory and endothelial markers in young adults with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Glucose, lipids, nitrate and inflammatory markers, flow mediated vasodilatation (FMV) and flow mediated by nitrate (FMN) were evaluated in 102 AMI and 108 non-AMI (control group) young individuals (<45 years). CD14 -260C>T (rs2569190), IL6 -174G>C (rs1800795) and TLR4 c.896A>G (rs4986790) and TLR4 c.1196C>T (rs4986791) polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Minor allele frequencies of CD14, IL6 and TLR4 polymorphisms were similar between AMI and control groups (p > 0.05). In AMI group, individuals carrying IL6 -174CC genotype had higher serum triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol and glucose compared to the IL6 -174GG/GC genotype carriers (p < 0.05). Multiple logistic analysis showed that IL6 -174CC genotype carriers had increased risk for hyperglycemia (>5.77 mmol/l) [OR: 6.75, 95 % CI: 1.80-24.40, p = 0.004] and hypertriglyceridemia (>2.68 mmol/l) [OR: 3.00, 95 % CI: 1.00-9.00, p = 0.043]. Moreover, CD14 -260TT genotype was associated with reduced serum HDL cholesterol [OR: 3.10, 95 % CI: 1.00-9.01, p = 0.044] and apolipoprotein AI [OR: 3.20, 95 % CI: 1.00-9.70, p = 0.038] in AMI group. Relationship between CD14 and IL6 variants and altered inflammatory and endothelial (nitrate, FMV and FMN) markers was not found in both AMI and control groups. The IL6 -174G>C and CD14 -260C>T polymorphisms are likely to be associated with a pro-atherogenic profile but not with increased inflammatory markers and endothelial dysfunction in young AMI patients.

Participação da resposta inflamatória induzida por Chlamydophila pneumoniae e Mycoplasma pneumoniae no infarto agudo do miocárdio / Participation of the inflammatory response induced by Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in acute myocardial infarction

Os agentes infecciosos têm sido considerados iniciadores da desestabilização da placa de ateroma. Este mecanismo pode estar relacionado a uma intensificação do processo inflamatório através da interação dos receptores de membrana CD14 e TLR com os microorganismos. Para avaliar esta hipótese, estudou-se a participação da resposta inflamatória induzida por Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Cp) e Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) em indivíduos com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Avaliou-se também, a possível associação entre polimorfismos dos genes CD14, TLR2, TLR4 e TNFA e a expressão dos genes IL6, TLR2, TLR4 e TNFA em leucócitos do sangue periférico, assim como a sua associação com o IAM. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo caso-controle constituído por pacientes com IAM e por indivíduos sem evidência de doença cardiovascular (grupo controle). As imunoglobulinas IgM e IgG séricas anti-Cp foram detectadas por imunofluorescência indireta. O DNA dos agentes infecciosos foi detectado no sangue periférico pela PCR em tempo real. A genotipagem dos polimorfismos TNFA -308G>A, IL6 -174G>C, CD14 -260C>T, TLR4 (Asp299Gli e Thr39911e) e TLR2 Arg753Gln e a quantificação relativa da expressão gênica nas células sanguíneas foram analisados pela PCR em tempo real. A porcentagem de positividade para DNA de Cp foi de 18,0% e 8,1% nos grupos IAM e controle (p=0,071), respectivamente, (p=0,071). Foram positivos para DNA de Mp, 5,0% e 11,2% dos indivíduos nos grupos IAM e controle, respectivamente (p=0,318). Sete indivíduos (7,1%) do grupo IAM tiveram títulos anti-Cp IgG positivos (1:512) e 3,9% dos indivíduos do grupo controle (p=0,718). A expressão do TLR4 foi significantemente menor no grupo IAM (0,00113±0,00102) comparado ao grupo controle (0,00144±0,000806; p=0,003). As frequências genotípicas e alelicas dos polimorfismos TNFA -308G>A, CD14 -260C>T, TLR4 (Asp299GIi e Thr39911e) e TLR2 Arg753Gln foram similares entre os grupos estudados (p>0,05) sugerindo que esses polimorfismos não estão associados com IAM nesta amostra populacional. No grupo IAM, houve associação entre o genótipo -260CT+TI CD14 com títulos IgG anti-Cp detectados na diluição 1:16 (p=0,042). Da mesma forma, o alelo A do polimorfismo -308G>A TNF-α foi associado com títulos positivos de IgG anti-Cp na diluição 1:512 (p=0,0058). No grupo IAM, pacientes positivos para DNA de Cp tiveram maiores concentrações de fibrinogênio do que pacientes negativos para este agente infeccioso (541,8±161,5mg/dL e 450,5±196,8mg/dL, respectivamente; p=0.043). Os agentes infecciosos Chlamydophila pneumoniae e Mycoplasma pneumoniae não foram significantemente mais frequentes em indivíduos que tiveram infarto agudo do miocárdio em relação ao grupo controle, porém houve uma associação, no grupo IAM, entre positividade para DNA de C. pneumoniae e concentrações mais elevadas de fibrinogênio

Atheroma plaque instability has been attributed to the presence of some infectious agents. This mechanism may be related with increased stimulus of inflammatory process through interactions of CD14 and TLR with infectious agents. In this present study, it was evaluated the association of the presence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumonia with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A case-control study was conducted with AMI patients and non-AMI individuais as controls. Immunoglobulin G (lgG) and IgM antibodies anti-Chlamydophila pneumoniae were detected by indirect immunifluorescent assay and the Cp DNA and Mp DNA were detected by real time PCR (RT-PCR) in peripheral blood cells. Using the same method, the individuals were genotyped and the gene expressions of TLR2, TLR4, IL-6 e TNF-α were evaluated by RT-qPCR. In AMI patients, Cp DNA and Mp DNA were positive in 18,0% and 5,0% samples, respectively. In controls, 8,1% and 11,2% were positive for Cp DNA and Mp DNA, respectively. TLR4 expression was significantly decreased in AMI patients (0.00113±0.001 02) compared with controls (0.00144±0.000S06; p=0.003). The frequencies of -308G>A TNF-α., -260C>T CD14, Asp299Gli TLR4, Thr39911e TLR4e Arg753Gln TLR2 SNPs in AMI group were similar to those found in controls. On the other hand, In AMI group, the -260CT+TT CD14 genotype was associated with anti-CP IgG antibody titer of 1/16. Likewise, the rare allele of -308G>A TNF-α was associated with anti-CP IgG antibody titer of 1/16. Cp DNA positive patients had high concentration of fibrinogen when compared with negative patients. In conclusion, Cp DNA and Mp DNA positivity were not associated with AMI