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Introduction: The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase, which is downregulated or upregulated and is implicated in different types of cancer including hematologic neoplasms, skin prostate, and head and neck cancer. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the current knowledge of mTOR signaling in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma. Methods: A systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searching PubMed, Discovery Service for National Autonomous University of Mexico, Registro Nacional de Instituciones y Empresas Científicas y Tecnológicas (RENIECYT), and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) from 1994 to 2023. A total of 269 papers were identified for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, but based on specific criteria, 15 were included; for Hodgkin lymphoma, 110 papers were identified, but 5 were included after manual searching. Results: A total of 20 papers were evaluated, where mTOR activity is increased in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia by different molecular mechanisms. Conclusions: mTOR activity is increased in patients with both hematologic neoplasms and NOTCH; interleukin 4, 7, and 9, and nuclear proteins have been studied for their role in the activation of mTOR signaling.
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BACKGROUND: B7H3 is a co-stimulatory molecule for immune reactions found on the surface of tumor cells in a wide variety of tumors. Preclinical and clinical studies have reported it as a tumor target towards which various immunotherapy modalities could be directed. So far, good results have been obtained in hematological neoplasms; however, a contrasting situation is evident in solid tumors, including those of the CNS, which show high refractoriness to current treatments. The appearance of cellular immunotherapies has transformed oncology due to the reinforcement of the immune response that is compromised in people with cancer. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to review the literature to describe the advancement in knowledge on B7H3 as a target of CAR-T cells in pediatric gliomas to consider them as an alternative in the treatment of these patients. RESULTS: Although B7H3 is considered a suitable candidate as a target agent for various immunotherapy techniques, there are still limitations in using CAR-T cells to achieve the desired success. CONCLUSION: Results obtained with CAR-T cells can be further improved by the suggested proposals; therefore, more clinical trials are needed to study this new therapy in children with gliomas.
Assuntos
Glioma , Imunoterapia , Humanos , Criança , Glioma/terapia , Linfócitos TRESUMO
En México, los tumores del sistema nervioso central representan el tercer lugar de todas las neoplasias malignas. El meduloblastoma constituye 20% de los tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central y 40% de los que se originan en el cerebelo; es el tumor maligno más frecuente en la niñez. Su origen se sitúa en la capa granular externa, normalmente migra del vermis hacia la superficie de los hemisferios cerebelosos y de ahí hacia las porciones profundas para poblar la capa granular interna de las folias. Estos tumores infiltran difusamente a través de las capas moleculares de la corteza cerebelosa por debajo de la pía, similar a lo que ocurre normalmente en las etapas embrionarias. Se diseminan por la circulación del líquido cefalorraquídeo con siembras a lo largo del espacio subaracnoideo y alrededor de la médula espinal para eventualmente salirse del sistema nervioso central y diseminarse a hueso, hígado, médula ósea y otros sitios menos frecuentes. Existen en la actualidad factores pronósticos bien definidos, así como el concepto de tratamiento multidisciplinario que ha condicionado mejores expectativas de supervivencia. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar el conocimiento de este tipo de tumores en nuestro país, así como los resultados terapéuticos.
In Mexico, Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors are the third most common childhood cancers. Medulloblastoma constitutes 20% of the primary CNS tumors and 40% of all cerebellar tumors, the single most common brain tumor among children. It originates over the external granular layer that normally migrates from the vermis to the surface of the cerebellum hemispheres and from there to the deep portions of the internal granular layer. These tumors infiltrate profusely the cerebellar cortex. The dissemination process can occur through the spinal fluid with seeding along the subarachnoidal space and around the spinal chord They eventually produce metastasis mainly to bone, liver, and bone marrow. There is a group of well identified prognostic factors that are relevant for each individual patient and that can be applied for multidisciplinary treatment purposes. The objective of the present review is to emphasize on new research findings and the overall survival that can be achieved with modern treatment programs.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Lactente , Meduloblastoma/terapia , Neoplasias Cerebelares/terapia , PrognósticoRESUMO
In Mexico, Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors are the third most common childhood cancers. Medulloblastoma constitutes 20% of the primary CNS tumors and 40% of all cerebellar tumors, the single most common brain tumor among children. It originates over the external granular layer that normally migrates from the vermis to the surface of the cerebellum hemispheres and from there to the deep portions of the internal granular layer. These tumors infiltrate profusely the cerebellar cortex. The dissemination process can occur through the spinal fluid with seeding along the subarachnoidal space and around the spinal chord They eventually produce metastasis mainly to bone, liver, and bone marrow. There is a group of well identified prognostic factors that are relevant for each individual patient and that can be applied for multidisciplinary treatment purposes. The objective of the present review is to emphasize on new research findings and the overall survival that can be achieved with modern treatment programs.