Antioxidant potential and polyphenol content in different parts of Graptophyllum pictum extracts.

The antioxidant potential of Graptophyllum pictum (wungu leaves), an indigenous shrub plant extensively used in traditional medicine in Indonesia, was investigated in this study. The research focused on a comprehensive evaluation of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) across various plant parts, including roots, stems, and flowers, which had been underexplored in prior studies. The ethanol extract derived from wungu flowers and leaves demonstrated notable antioxidant potential, characterized by elevated TPC (12.22 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g DW) and FRAP (37.73 ± 1.08 µmol TEAC/g DW) in the ethanol extract of wungu flowers. Similarly, the ethanol extract of wungu leaves showcased a substantial TFC (2.31 ± 0.18 mg QE/g DW) and DPPH (1.12 ± 0.05 µmol TEAC/g DW), surpassing other parts of the wungu plant in the same or different extracts. These findings suggested that ethanol extracts were a promising foundation for herbal medicines with antioxidant properties, highlighting their potential applications in plant breeding programs. Furthermore, the correlation data underscored the significance of the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, revealing a robust correlation between TPC, TFC, and FRAP compared to the n-hexane extract.

Effects of Methods and Durations of Extraction on Total Flavonoid and Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Java Cardamom (Amomum compactum Soland Ex Maton) Fruit.

Free radicals contribute to the pathophysiology of degenerative diseases which increase mortality globally, including mortality in Indonesia. Amomum compactum Soland. Ex Maton fruit from the Zingiberaceae family, also known as Java cardamom, contains secondary metabolites that have high antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Java cardamom fruit correlates with its flavonoid and phenolic compound contents, which can be affected by different methods and durations of extraction. This study aimed to measure and compare the effects of extraction methods and durations on total flavonoid and phenolic contents (TFCs and TPCs) and subsequent antioxidant activities by the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Methanol extracts of Java cardamom were produced by continuous shaking (CSE), microwave-assisted (MAE), or ultrasonic-assisted extractions (UAE) for three different durations. CSE for 360 min resulted in the highest TFCs (3.202 mg Quercetin Equivalent/g dry weight), while the highest TPCs (1.263 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g dry weight) were obtained by MAE for 3 min. Out of the investigated methods, MAE for 3 min resulted in the highest antioxidant activity results for the extracts. We conclude that the polyphenolic antioxidant yield of Java cardamom depends on two parameters: the method and the duration of extraction.

Phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidant Capacities Evaluation of Celosia cristata Resulted from Induced Mutation Using Ethyl Methane Sulphonate.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Celosia cristata</i> L. is an ornamental plant that has the potency to be developed as a medicinal plant. The mutation breeding of <i>C. cristata</i> targets the increase of biochemical compounds that are potential as antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of the putative mutants of <i>C. cristata</i> in the M1 generation. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The samples used in this study were flowers and seeds. Induced mutation, using ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) was used to obtain M1 generation of putative mutants and twelve putative mutants were selected for polyphenol contents analysis composed of total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and antioxidant activities analysis using two approaches, i.e., 2,2-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). <b>Results:</b> This study showed that total phenolics were varied from 11.73-18.06 mg GAE g¹ DW and total flavonoids were varied from 2.34-3.11 mg QE g¹ DW. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity gain using the DPPH method ranged from 16.43-19.02 µmol TE g¹ DW and the FRAP method ranged from 40.72-59.61 µmol TE g¹ DW. The clustering analysis results formed three clusters with two clusters consisting of potential mutants with higher biochemical content and antioxidant capacities. It was found that total phenolic and flavonoids highly correlated with the antioxidant FRAP. <b>Conclusion:</b> Induced mutation using EMS can increase the diversity of biochemical characters and antioxidant activity of <i>C. cristata</i> and provide potential genetic material with higher chemical content for further development.

Genotype selection for phytochemical content and pharmacological activities in ethanol extracts of fifteen types of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. leaves using chemometric analysis.

Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. of the Lamiaceae family, called as kumis kucing in Indonesia, is a valuable medicinal plant for their pharmacological properties. The present study comprised of fifteen genotypes of O. aristatus was undertaken to evaluate the genotypes based on phytochemical content and pharmacological activities of leaves ethanol extract. Chemometric analysis (correlation and principal component analysis) was also used to investigate the genetic variability based on phytochemical content and pharmacological activities of O. aristatus genotypes. Results of phytochemical characterization showed that total phenolic ranged from 1.48 to 36.08 (maximum in A15) mg GAE/g DW, total flavonoid ranged from 0.10 to 3.07 (maximum in A15) mg QE/g DW, sinensetin ranged from 0.36 to 4.02 (maximum in A11) mg/g DW, and rosmarinic acid ranged 0.06 to 7.25 (maximum in A7) mg/g DW. Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH and FRAP assay. Antioxidant results showed that DPPH ranged from 1.68 to 15.55 (maximum in A15) µmol TE/g DW and FRAP ranged from 0.07 to 1.60 (maximum in A1 and A7) µmol TE/g DW. The genotype A8 showed the highest cytotoxic activities against HeLa (66.25%) and MCF-7 (61.79%) cell lines. Maximum α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was recorded in genotype A2 with the value of 62.84%. The genotypes A1, A2, A7, A11, and A15 were identified as superior based on their phytochemicals content and pharmacological activities coupled with chemometric analysis. This finding is important for breeding studies and also the pharmaceutical perspective of O. aristatus.

In vitro antiproliferation activity of Typhonium flagelliforme leaves ethanol extract and its combination with canine interferons on several tumor-derived cell lines.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Tumor disorder is one of the degenerative diseases that affected human and animals and recently is tend to increase significantly. The treatment of tumor diseases can be performed through surgical, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biological substances, and herbs medicine. Typhonium flagelliforme leaves extract known to have an antiproliferation activity, while interferons (IFNs) one of the cytokines that first used as an antiviral agent was also known to have antitumor activity. Nowadays, the treatment of tumors using a traditional way, including the use of herbal substances, becomes popular. Some limitations of the antitumor activity due to resistant development of the cell to some substances were one of the problems on why the treatment of cancer was unsuccessful. This study aimed to elaborate the synergistic effect on the antiproliferation and anti-angiogenesis activities of the combinations between T. flagelliforme leaves ethanol extract and canine natural (natural canine IFN [nCaIFN]) and recombinant (recombinant canine IFN [rCaIFN]) IFNs on tumor-derived cell lines to find the new potential antitumor substances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extraction of T. flagelliforme leaves was performed using the maceration method and followed by phytochemical screening assays. According to the result of LC50 by the brine shrimp lethality test, the dose used for T. flagelliforme extract was 120 ppm while the dose of IFNs was 102 U/ml. The tumor-derived cell lines (canine squamous cell carcinoma [CSCC], canine mammary gland benign mixed tumor/MCM-IPB-B3, and feline squamous cell carcinoma [FSCC]) and normal rabbit endothelial cells were cultured and maintained on Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium DMEM/Ham-F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, antibiotic, and antifungal. The antiproliferation activity was assayed by calculated the total cell number after treated with the tested substances. The antiangiogenesis assay was performed using in vitro method on rabbit normal endothelial cells and in ovo using chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). RESULTS: The phytochemical screening test of the T. flagelliforme leaves ethanol extract indicated that the compound consisted of flavonoid, steroid, and tannin. The antiproliferation activity was increased in the combination of substances compared to the single exposure of each substance on all tested tumor-derived cell lines. There was no significantly different on the antiproliferation activity between a combination of T. flagelliforme with nCaIFN or rCaIFN in every single tested cell lines, but the comparison of this activity among the three tumor-derived cell lines seem that the antiproliferation activity is more effective on CSCC cell lines compared to the canine mammary gland benign mixed tumor and FSCC cell lines. A similar pattern of synergistic effect was also detected on the anti-angiogenesis activity in vitro using rabbit endothelial cells as well as in ovo assays. The most effective of the in vitro and in ovo anti-angiogenesis activity was observed on the combination substances between T. flagelliforme extract and rCaIFN compared to other treatments. CONCLUSION: There was a synergistic effect on the antiproliferation and antiangiogenesis activities of the combination between T. flagelliforme and canine IFNs (natural and recombinant) and this result could be developed as another alternative on the cancer treatments.

Impact of composted guava leaves and neem seeds on the growth and curcuminoid- and xanthorrhizol-yields of Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB / Impacto de folhas de goiabeira compostada e sementes de nim no crescimento e r endimento de curcuminóides e xanthorrizil de Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB

ABSTRACT: The compost from the waste of pharmaceutical industries, such as guava leaves (GL) and neem seeds (NS) is used in organic agriculture. Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB. is a widely recognized herbal medicine that grows natively in Indonesia. Curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol are the primary bioactive components of C. zanthorrhiza. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of GL and NS compost on the growth and bioactive yields of C. zanthorrhiza. Treatments consisted of cow manure, GL compost, NS compost, GL+NS compost, or a no compost control, at 2 and 4 kg per plant. Results demonstrated that the NS and GL+NS compost applied with 4 kg per plant had increased fresh rhizome yield compared with the other treatments. Composted NS at 2 kg per plant increased the plant height and pseudo stem diameter traits compared with the control treatment. The compost application of GL+NS at 2 and 4 kg per plant significantly increased the leaf length and number of shoots. All treatments showed unchanged the leaf width and number of leaves. The compost application of GL and NS (2 kg per plant) showed higher production of curcuminoidsthan the control. The compost consisting of GL (2 kg per plant), NS (4 kg per plant), and GL+NS also increased the production of xanthorrhizol compared with the control treatment. Results illustrated the practical application of GL and NS composts from industrial pharmaceutical extraction waste for the organic farming cultivation of C. zanthorrhiza.

RESUMO: O composto dos resíduos das indústrias farmacêuticas, como folhas de goiaba (GL) e sementes de nim (NS), é usado na agricultura orgânica. Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB. é um medicamento fitoterápico amplamente reconhecido que cresce de forma nativa na Indonésia. Os curcuminóides e o xanthorrizol são os principais componentes bioativos de C. zanthorrhiza. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o impacto do composto GL e NS no crescimento e produtividade bioativa de C. zanthorrhiza. Os tratamentos consistiram em esterco de vaca, composto GL, composto NS, composto GL + NS ou controle sem composto, em 2 e 4 kg por planta. Os resultados demonstraram que o composto NS e GL + NS aplicado com 4 kg por planta aumentou a produção de rizoma fresco, em comparação com os outros tratamentos. A NS compostada a 2 kg por planta aumentou as características de altura da planta e diâmetro do pseudoestêmico em comparação com o tratamento controle. A aplicação de composto de GL + NS em 2 e 4 kg por planta aumentou significativamente o comprimento das folhas e o número de brotações. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram alteração na largura e número de folhas. A aplicação de composto de GL e NS (2 kg por planta) apresentou maior produção de curcuminóide do que o controle. Os compostos constituídos por GL (2 kg por planta), NS (4 kg por planta) e GL + NS também aumentaram a produção de xanthorrizol em comparação com o tratamento controle. Os resultados ilustraram a aplicação prática de compostos GL e NS de resíduos de extração farmacêutica industrial para o cultivo orgânico de C. zanthorrhiza.

Xanthorrhizol contents, α-glucosidase inhibition, and cytotoxic activities in ethyl acetate fraction of Curcuma zanthorrhiza accessions from Indonesia

ABSTRACT Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb., Zingiberaceae, a species from Indonesia with xanthorrhizol as the major metabolite, has been used as a folk medicine in several of pharmacological activities. This work aimed to evaluate the xanthorrhizol contents, α-glucosidase inhibition, and cytotoxic activities in ethyl acetate fraction from accessions of C. zanthorrhiza. High-performance liquid chromatography investigated xanthorrhizol content with the standard. Pharmacological activities were evaluated by inhibition of α-glucosidase, the brine shrimp lethality test, and anticancer activity. The ethyl acetate fraction yield varied from 8.24% (Karanganyar) to 13.13% (Sukabumi). The xanthorrhizol contents were found to be in the range 43.55% to 47.99% with Ngawi and Wonogiri promising accessions having the lowest and highest value, respectively. IC50 value for α-glucosidase inhibition ranged from 339.05 µg/ml (Karanganyar) to 455.01 µg/ml (Ngawi). LC50 value for cytotoxic activities ranged from 33.25 µg/ml (Ngawi) to 42.28 µg/ml (Karanganyar) in brine shrimp lethality test, 3.10 µg/ml (Karanganyar) to 9.85 µg/ml (cursina-III) in Vero cell, and 1.17 µg/ml (Ngawi) to 6.83 µg/ml (Sukabumi) in MCF-7 cell. In this study, C. zanthorrhiza accessions have a high in xanthorrhizol contents and cytotoxic activities that showed a high potential of studied accessions for breeding programs on a commercial scale.