FIFA 11+ KIDS in the prevention of soccer injuries in children: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The "FIFA 11+" is an injury prevention program conceived for soccer athletes aged over 14. The use of FIFA 11+ Kids in soccer was associated with a reduction of the overall risk of injuries in children by 48%, and of 74% for serious injuries. However, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic review of the literature on the effects of FIFA 11+ Kids is still missing. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to ascertain the benefits of the "FIFA 11+ KIDS" program in children who practice soccer. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA recommendations and prospectively registered in PROSPERO. The electronic search was conducted in the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Medline via Ovid, EMBASE and SportDiscuss via EBSCO. Database searches were performed in January 2024. This review included studies that evaluated the effects of the "FIFA 11+ KIDS" program. Eligible studies had to describe program implementation and the mean age of the children. RESULTS: A total of 11 articles were included in this systematic review from a pool of 8513 articles screened across various databases. These articles involved over 10,000 young participants from 8 countries, primarily aged 7-14 years, with the majority being soccer athletes. Study quality varied, with four categorized as high, four as good, and three as fair quality. Objectives varied across studies, with four focusing on FIFA 11+ Kids' efficacy in injury prevention, five examining its impact on performance and physical abilities, and two assessing its effects on children's focus and attention skills. Notably, injury prevention studies reported around a 50% reduction in overall injuries and nearly 60% in severe injuries, with a dose-response relationship observed with increased weekly sessions. Significant improvements were noted in physical and functional tests such as the Y balance, jump tests, and various soccer skills, along with positive effects on children's focus and attention, as indicated by 13-18% improvements in Attention Scale for Elementary School Children (ASESC) scores. CONCLUSION: The FIFA 11+ KIDS injury prevention program appears to be effective in reducing injuries in young football players. This can positively influence player and team overall performance and might support the long-term athlete development of these young athletes. These findings highlight the importance and necessity of injury prevention in young athletes.

Epidemiology of injuries in young volleyball athletes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Volleyball is among the five most popular sports in the world. Regardless of level and age, volleyball athletes perform fast high-impact movements such as jumps, landings, and changes in direction, demanding motor and sensory skills to avoid injuries. The available scientific literature provides information regarding the incidence of injuries in volleyball, but the evidence of injuries in young volleyball athletes (12-18 years old) is not well defined. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to investigate the incidence and prevalence of injuries in young volleyball players. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA recommendations and prospectively registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022344623). An electronic search was conducted in the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and SportDiscuss via EBSCO in August 2022 and March 2023. Inclusion criteria followed the PICOS acronym: (P) youth volleyball players; (I) volleyball; (C) none; (O) incidence and/or prevalence of injury; and (S) cohort studies. The risk of bias was analysed using the adapted STROBE instrument. RESULTS: Five studies were included in the qualitative analysis. They had a mean methodological quality of 6 (range 4-8) on the modified STROBE scale. Injury incidence was presented in varying ways, ranging from 1.51 injuries/1000 player hours to 12.4 injuries/10,000 athlete exposures (AEs). The prevalence was 1.6 ± 1.7 per 100 AEs. A total sample of 3698 youth volleyball athletes predominantly females was found. The body sites with the highest rate of injuries were the ankle, the distal portion of the upper limbs (wrist/hand/fingers) and the knee, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was remarkable variability in the rate of injuries and the form of presentation between the studies. In addition, junior volleyball athletes had lower injury rates compared to other sports practised in high school, and older athletes had higher injury rates.

Conservative management following patellar dislocation: a level I systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Patellar instability is a common and disabling clinical condition. Treatment of acute primary patellar dislocation aims to reduce the risk of recurrence or painful subluxation and improve function. However, the actual clinical efficacy of any management modality following an acute dislocation has never been demonstrated in prospective or retrospective studies, and the optimal way in which the various management modalities should be used is at best unclear. METHODS: A search was conducted in PubMed, Bireme and Embase databases. Inclusion criteria followed the acronym PICOS, (P) subjects with patellar instability, (I) therapeutic interventions, (C) placebo or control or surgical treatments, (O) rate of dislocations and function, and (S) clinical trials. The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms used were: (("patellar instability") OR ("patellar dislocation")) AND ((physiotherapy) OR (rehabilitation) OR ("conservative treatment") OR (therapy) OR (therapeutic)). The risk of bias was analysed using the PeDRO scale. RESULTS: Seven randomized controlled trials including 282 patients were considered. The quality of studies detailing the results of conservative treatment was higher than that of surgical procedures, but all studies have relatively low methodological quality. Four studies compared physiotherapeutic interventions with surgical procedures, and three studies compared conservative intervention techniques. CONCLUSION: An unstructured lower limb physical therapy programme evidences similar outcomes to specific exercises. Surgical management is associated with a lower rate of re-dislocation; however, whether surgery produces greater functional outcomes than conservative management is still unclear. The use of a knee brace with a limited range of motion, stretching and neuromuscular exercises are the most commonly recommended physiotherapy methodologies.

Which resistance training is safest to practice? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The combination of resistance training (RT) and aerobic training is believed to achieve the best effects. Several different aerobic training methods have emerged in combination with or as a substitute for traditional RT. This study wished to verify which RT is safest in terms of injury prevalence and incidence. Also, it ascertained the characteristics of the injured subjects, the level of severity of the injuries and what definitions of injuries the available studies use. METHODS: This systematic review followed the PRISMA recommendations and was registered in PROSPERO with the number CRD42021257010. The searches were performed in the PubMed, Cochrane and Web of Science, electronic databases using the Medical Subject Headings terms "Resistance training" or "Strength training" or "Crossfit" or "Weightlifting" or "Powerlifting" combined (AND) with "Injury" or "Injuries" or "Sprain" AND "Incidence" or "Prevalence" AND "Epidemiology" or "Epidemiological" in the title or abstract. The last search was performed on March 2023. To be included in the review, the studies had to be available as full text, be clinical trials focusing on epidemiological injuries of resistance training. There was no time limit for the selection of articles. To assess the quality of the studies, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) was used. RESULTS: The initial literature search resulted in 4982 studies. After reading the titles, abstracts and full text, 28 articles were selected for data extraction. Seventeen investigated the injuries in HIFT/CrossFit, three in powerlifting, three in strength training, three in weightlifting and one in strongman. In addition, one study examined the HIFT/CrossFit and weightlifting. The incidence of injuries presented in the studies ranged from 0.21/1000 h to 18.9/1000 h and the prevalence of injuries was 10% to 82%. In the quality assessment for STROBE, five studies were classified at level A, 21 at level B and two at level C. CONCLUSION: This systematic review showed that traditional strength training is the safest RT method, and strongman is the least safe regarding injuries. Few studies have been rated highly according to STROBE. Furthermore, few studies have been published on some RT methods. These two factors make it difficult to generalize the results.

Epidemiology of High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) injuries in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: High intensity functional training (HIFT), usually called CrossFit, is a physical training that has gained much popularity in the past few years. The risk of acute and overuse injuries in HIFT is unclear. This study evaluated the incidence of injuries in HIFT, characterizing severity, location, and associated risk factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted between January and May 2021. HIFT practitioners were recruited through social media and answered an online questionnaire on training characteristics and injury history. RESULTS: A total of 606 subjects (264 male and 342 female) were included. The average age of the participants was 29.78 ± 7.14 years. The mean height was 169.60 ± 8.96 cm, and the mean body mass was 73.69 ± 13.11 kg. Overall, participants were involved in HIFT for an average of 25.36 ± 20.29 months. A total of 58.6% of participants took part in 5 to 6 training sessions per week, 31.7% practiced 5 to 6 h per week. 62.7% of the responders performed other physical activities in parallel, 98.2% performed warm-up before the training, and a formal cooldown was accomplished by 29.4% of participants. 6.8% of athletes followed individual worksheets. 45.9% of participants participated in competition. CONCLUSIONS: The overall rate of injuries was 3.51/1000 h. 59.2% of subjects experienced two or more injuries. The shoulder was involved in 21.3% of cases, lower back in 18.3%, and the knee in 13.4%. No difference was found in injury rate between males and females. Experienced athletes were more prone to injury compared to those who trained under 12 months. Approximately the half of injuries did not cause training interruption. No difference was found in injury rate between males and females. The purpose of the participant did not impact the injury rate, nor did the practice of warm-up and cooldown, the time of weekly training, the league and level of competition. Finally, the participation in other sports in parallel did not demonstrated association with the injury occurrence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The present study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee by Plataforma Brazil and follows the Resolution 466/2012/CNS/MS/CONEP.

Return to sport after conservative versus surgical treatment for pubalgia in athletes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To assess the time required to return to sport (RTS) after conservative versus surgical treatment in athletes for pubalgia. METHODS: The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Pubmed, SportDiscus and Web of Science were last accessed on September 2022. All the studies investigating the time to RTS after conservative versus surgical treatment in athletes for pubalgia. RESULTS: In total, 33 studies were selected for full text assessment, and 10 studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Seven studies reported data on conservative management, two on surgical management and one compared both. A total of 468 subjects were included for analysis. 58.7% (275 of 468) were soccer players, 5.9% (28 of 468) runners, and 3.8% (18 of 468) hockey players. Two studies did not specify the type of sport. The quality of the studies detailing the results of conservative management was higher than surgical procedures. CONCLUSION: This review highlights that individuals undergoing surgery for pubalgia may return to sport earlier than those receiving conservative treatment. However, conservative management should be considered before surgical treatment is indicated.

Utilização clínica de testes e escalas funcionais: uma entrevista com Fisioterapeutas / Clinical use of tests and functional scale: an interview with Physiotherapists

Objetivo: Investigar a utilização das escalas e testes funcionais por fisioterapeutas brasileiros que atuam clinicamente na área ortopédica, traumatológica e/ou esportiva. Métodos: Para coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário eletrônico, autoaplicável, elaborado pelos autores, divulgado por meio de redes sociais. Os participantes foram divididos em quatro grupos conforme suas respostas: grupo que utiliza testes e escalas funcionais (GTE); grupo que utiliza somente testes funcionais (GST); grupo que utiliza somente escalas funcionais (GSE); grupo que não utiliza nenhum (GN). Para análise de dados, foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos dados sociodemográficos e profissionais dos participantes. A associação entre variáveis qualitativas nominais foi avaliada por meio do teste Qui quadrado. Resultados: Do total de 100 voluntários participantes da pesquisa, 75 compuseram o GTE, 19 o GST, 1 o GSE e 5 o GN, demonstrando alto índice de utilização tanto de escalas quanto de testes funcionais na prática clínica. Não foram encontradas associações (p>0,05) entre o uso das ferramentas com características do profissional. As principais barreiras encontradas para não utilização das ferramentas foram a falta de tempo na sessão e o pouco conhecimento sobre os instrumentos. A maior parte dos participantes julga muito relevante o uso de avaliações funcionais na prática clínica. Conclusão: Os fisioterapeutas da amostra, em sua maioria, utilizam os testes e escalas funcionais na prática clínica. O principal uso dessas ferramentas é identificar as disfunções presentes nos pacientes durante as avaliações e as barreiras encontradas para não utilização são a falta de tempo e pouco conhecimento dos instrumentos.

Objective: to investigate the use of these tools by Brazilian physical therapists who work clinically in the orthopaedic, traumatological and sports areas, characterizing the professional and his possible relationship with the use of these instruments. Methods: For data collection, through social midias, a self-administered questionnaire online was applied. The participants were divided into four groups according to their answers: group that applied tests and functional scales (GTE); group that applied only functional tests (GST); group that applied only functional scales (GSE); group that did not use any (GN). For data analysis, a descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic and professional data of the participants was performed. The association between nominal qualitative variables was assessed by Chi-square test. Results: Of 100 volunteers participating in the research, 75 composed the GTE, 19 the GST, 1 the GSE and 5 the GN. Tests and scales are used by most professionals interviewed to follow the evolution of treatment and identify dysfunctions. As for the GSE, the main barriers found for not using it were the lack of time in the session and the little knowledge of the instruments. Most participants consider the use of functional assessments to be very relevant in clinical practice. Conclusion: Most orthopaedic, traumatological and sports physical therapists in the sample use tests and functional scales in clinical practice. Their main objective with these tools is to identify the dysfunctions present in patients during physical therapy assessments and the main barriers to not using them are time and little knowledge.

Function, strength, and muscle activation of the shoulder complex in Crossfit practitioners with and without pain: a cross-sectional observational study.

BACKGROUND: The shoulder joint is the most commonly injured joint in CrossFit practitioners, because of the high intensity and loads associated with this sport. Despite the large number of clinical cases, there is a shortage of studies that investigate influence of biomechanical aspects of upper limbs' injuries on CrossFit practitioners. This study hypothesized that there would be a difference in function, strength, and muscle activation between Crossfit practitioners with and without shoulder pain. METHODS: We divided 79 Crossfit practitioners into two groups according to whether they reported pain (n = 29) or no pain (n = 50) in the shoulder during Crossfit training. Muscle function, strength, and activation were assessed using the Disability Arm, Shoulder and Hand function questionnaire, Upper Quarter Y Balance Test and Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test shoulder tests, isometric muscle strength assessment by manual dynamometry and muscle activation by surface electromyography and pain report. RESULTS: The function based on questionnaire was associated with pain (p = 0.004). We observed a statistically significant difference between the two groups only in the surface electromyography activity of the lower trapezius, and in the variables of shoulder pain and function (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION: Crossfit practitioners with shoulder pain occurring during training showed good function and stability of the shoulder joint, but there was a reduction in the activation of stabilizing muscles, especially the lower trapezius. Trial registration Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clinico (Brasilian National Registry) with the ID: RBR-2gycyv.

Validation of Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) in individuals with chronic ankle instability: a cross-sectional observational study.

BACKGROUND: Ankle sprain is the most common lower limb injury in physically active individuals. Loss of function, decreased postural control (PC), strength deficit, and reduced range of motion (ROM) are common after acute lateral ankle sprains. Some patients experienced long lasting symptoms, with recurrent sprains, and episodes of giving-way: a condition known as chronic ankle instability (CAI). Evaluating the function in patients with CAI in the clinical environment is important to identify the severity of the condition, in addition to allowing to assess the effectiveness of a given treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the validation of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) in terms of muscle strength, PC and ROM in adults with CAI. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Individuals with CAI aged between 18 and 45 years were eligible. Individuals with CAI were identified using the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI). All patients filled in the FAAM and FAOS scores. Muscle strength was assessed by manual dynamometry, ROM by the Lunge test, PC by computerized posturography, modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT) and modified Balance Error Score System (mBESS). RESULTS: 50 participants were enrolled in the present study. The mean age of the patients was 27.2 ± 6.3 years, and the mean body mass index was 26.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2. 58% (29 of 50) were men and 42% (21 of 50) women. 18 individuals had unilateral (36%) and 32 bilateral (64%) CAI. The results of FAAM were associated with MCT, mSEBT, invertor muscles strength, plantar flexor muscles strength, dorsiflexor muscles strength, and external hip rotator muscles strength (P < 0.05). The results of FAOS were associated with mSEBT, invertor muscles strength, plantar flexor muscles strength, dorsiflexor muscles strength, evertor muscles strength, and external hip rotator muscles strength, and mBEES (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both the FAAM and FAOS demonstrated validity to evaluate postural control and muscle strength in patients with CAI, while no association was found in relation to ankle dorsiflexion.

Association between severity of hip chondrolabral injuries, dynamic hip muscle strength and quality of life: A cross-sectional study in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome scheduled for hip arthroscopy.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the association between: the severity of hip chondral or labral pathology with dynamic hip muscle strength or quality of life in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome scheduled for hip arthroscopy. We also assessed the association between dynamic hip muscle strength with quality of life. METHODS: Eighty-three participants with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome scheduled for hip arthroscopy were included. We measured dynamic hip abduction and adduction muscle strength with an isokinetic dynamometer (Nm/kg), and quality of life with the iHoT-33 questionnaire. The severity of hip chondrolabral pathologies was scored using the modified Beck classification. Linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between severity of hip chondral or labral pathology with dynamic hip muscle strength and quality of life. FINDINGS: The regression analyses showed no association between the (i) severity of hip chondral (adjusted r2: 0.14) or labral (adjusted r2: 0.08) pathology and quality of life (P > 0.05), (ii) between the severity of hip chondral or labral pathology and dynamic hip abduction and adduction muscle strength (P > 0.05). Significant correlation was observed for quality of life and hip abduction (adjusted r2:0.29; P < 0.001) or adduction (adjusted r2: 0.32; P < 0.001) muscle strength. INTERPRETATION: The severity of hip chondral or labral pathologies were not associated with quality of life or dynamic hip muscle strength in participants with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Greater dynamic hip abduction and adduction muscle strength were associated with better quality of life in participants with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome scheduled for hip arthroscopy.

Utilização de exergames e seus efeitos sobre a saúde física de pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer: uma revisão integrativa / Aplicabilidad de las ecuaciones de referencia brasileñas para la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón / Use of exergaming and its effects on the physical health of patients diagnosed with cancer: an integrative review

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo a busca de registros com diferenças significativas a respeito da saúde física de pacientes com câncer ao praticarem exergames. Utilizou-se como método a Revisão Integrativa de Literatura com as palavras chaves "Fisioterapia", "Realidade Virtual", "Wii", "Exergames" e "Câncer", em português e inglês, nas bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Lilacs, SciELO, PEDro, Cochrane e Periódicos Capes. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos que utilizassem exergames em tratamentos clínicos e que apresentassem diferenças sobre a saúde física de pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer, de ambos os sexos, de todas as idades e tipos de câncer, publicados nos últimos 10 anos, em qualquer idioma. Dos 3172 artigos encontrados, apenas nove foram incluídos, sendo que esses avaliaram: desempenho físico, sedentarismo, funcionalidade de membros superiores, força muscular de membros inferiores e fadiga. Concluiu-se que os exergames demostraram ser ferramenta promissora para a saúde física de pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar el impacto de diferentes ecuaciones de referencia brasileñas para la distancia recorrida en la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (PC6min) en la evaluación de la capacidad de ejercicio funcional en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón (CP). Este estudio transversal incluyó a 48 pacientes con CP (promedio de edad de 60±12 años). Se evaluó las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y la capacidad funcional de los participantes para ejercitarse en la PC6min según los criterios internacionales. Se analizaron cinco ecuaciones. La distancia recorrida por los pacientes (503±102 metros) estuvo relativamente cerca de las distancias predichas por las ecuaciones de referencia (82-94% del predicho), aunque son estadísticamente menores (p<0,05 para todas).

ABSTRACT This study aimed to search for records with significant differences regarding the physical health of cancer patients when practicing exergaming. The integrative literature review was used as method with the keywords "Physiotherapy," "Virtual Reality," "Wii," "Exergames" and "Cancer," in Portuguese and English, in the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Lilacs, SciELO, PEDro, Cochrane and Capes Journals. The inclusion criteria were studies that used exergaming in clinical treatments and presented differences on the physical health of patients diagnosed with cancer, of both sexes, of all ages and types of cancer, published in the last 10 years, in any language. Of the 3,172 articles found, only nine were included; they evaluated physical performance, sedentary lifestyle, upper limbs functionality, lower limbs muscle strength and fatigue. The review concluded that exergaming is a promising tool for the physical health of patients diagnosed with cancer.

Protocolo de mobilização associada à manipulação vertebral diminui dor lombar crônica. Um estudo preliminar clínico randomizado / Mobilization associated with vertebral manipulation protocol reduces chronic lumbar pain. A preliminary randomized clinical study

A dor lombar crônica é um problema osteomuscular de causa multifatorial, que afeta as atividades de vida diária, podendo levar a perda de capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida. Ainda com resultados pouco conclusivos de mobilização e manipulação sobre a dor e ADM em indivíduos com dor lombar, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos destas técnicas manuais na dor e mobilidade de indivíduos com dor lombar crônica. Foi realizado um estudo preliminar clínico, transversal, paralelo, controlado randomizado e cego. Os voluntários (n=16) foram divididos de maneira aleatória por envelopes, em dois grupos: grupo intervenção (G-INT), que receberam o tratamento de mobilização e manipulação vertebral e grupo placebo (G-PLA) sem o tratamento. Os voluntários realizaram avaliação dos desfechos de dor e mobilidade. Foram realizadas três sessões em cada paciente com um intervalo de um dia. As reavaliações foram realizadas após a última intervenção. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na END no grupo G-INT (pré - 5,33 ± 1,32, pós - 2,77 ± 1,85, p=0,03), com D de Cohen = 1,59, na comparação intragrupo. Para comparações intergrupos considerando o Δ pré e pós-intervenção foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa na END (G-INT = -2,55 ± 1,13, G2 = -1,00 ± 0,81, com p=0,01), com D de Cohen = 1,58. A mobilização associada à manipulação mostrou-se significativamente eficaz no tratamento de dor lombar crônica.

Chronic low back pain is a multi-factorial musculoskeletal problem that affects activities of daily living, which can lead to loss of functional capacity and quality of life. Still with inconclusive results of mobilization and manipulation on pain and ROM in individuals with low back pain, the objective of this study was to verify the effects of these manual techniques on the pain and mobility of individuals with chronic low back pain. A preliminary clinical, cross-sectional, parallel, randomized controlled and blind study was carried out. The volunteers (n = 16) were randomly divided into envelopes, into two groups: intervention group (G-INT), who received spinal mobilization and manipulation treatment and placebo group (G-PLA) without treatment. The volunteers evaluated pain and mobility outcomes. Three sessions were performed on each patient with an interval of one day. Reassessments were carried out after the last intervention. There was a statistically significant difference in the END in the G-INT group (pre - 5.33 ± 1.32, post - 2.77 ± 1.85, p = 0.03), with Cohen's D = 1.59, in the comparison intragroup. For intergroup comparisons considering the Δ pre- and postintervention, a statistically significant difference was observed in the END (G-INT = -2.55 ± 1.13, G2 = -1.00 ± 0.81, with p = 0.01), with Cohen's D = 1.58. Mobilization associated with manipulation was shown to be significantly effective in treating chronic low back pain.

High-impact drop exercise alters mechanical properties in osteopenic bone / Exercício de queda altera as propriedades mecânicas em osso osteopênico / El ejercicio de caída altera las propiedades mecánicas en hueso osteopénico

ABSTRACT Introduction: Osteopenia is a reversible condition and precedes osteoporosis. Physical activity and mechanical loading appear to play an important role in the regulation of bone homeostasis, without the side effects of targeted drug therapy. However, there is controversy as to which type of stimulus promotes more effective adaptations with respect to mechanical properties of bones. Objective: To investigate the effects of high-impact drop training on bone structure after ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in 40 10-week-old female Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty female rats (prevention program) were randomly assigned into two groups (n=10): Ovariectomized sedentary (OVXs), and OVX trained (OVX+Dropt). OVX+Dropt animals began training 3 days after surgery. Another twenty female rats (treatment program) were randomly assigned to two other groups (n=10): Ovariectomized sedentary (OVXs), and OVX trained (OVX+Dropt). OVX+Dropt animals began training 60 days after surgery. The rats in the trained groups were dropped from 40 cm height 20 times/day, 5 days/week over a period of 12 weeks period. At the end, the biomechanical tests were analyzed. Results: The final load and stiffness of the left tibia in the trained groups were higher than in the sedentary groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Dropping exercise induced favorable changes in bone mechanical properties. High-impact drop exercise is effective to prevent bone loss after ovariectomy even when osteopenia is already established.

RESUMO Introdução: A osteopenia é uma doença reversível e precede a osteoporose. A atividade física e a carga mecânica parecem desempenhar um papel importante na regulação da homeostase óssea, sem os efeitos colaterais da terapia medicamentosa direcionada. No entanto, é controverso qual tipo de estímulo promove adaptações mais eficazes com relação às propriedades mecânicas dos ossos. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do treinamento de queda com impacto sobre a estrutura óssea depois de osteopenia induzida por ovariectomia em 40 ratas Wistar com 10 semanas de idade. Métodos: Vinte ratas (programa de prevenção) foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n = 10): Ovariectomizadas sedentárias (OVXs) e OVX treinadas (OVX + Dropt). Os animais OVX + Dropt começaram a treinar três dias após a cirurgia. Outras vinte ratas (programa de tratamento) foram alocadas aleatoriamente em outros dois grupos (n = 10): Ovariectomizadas sedentários (OVXs) e OVX exercitadas (OVX + Dropt). Os animais OVX + Dropt iniciaram o treinamento 60 dias após a cirurgia. As ratas nos grupos treinados foram deixadas cair 20 vezes/dia, 5 dias/semana, de altura de 40 cm durante um período de 12 semanas. Ao final, foram analisados os testes biomecânicos. Resultados: A carga final e a rigidez da tíbia esquerda nos grupos treinados foram maiores do que nos grupos sedentários (p < 0,05). Conclusões: O exercício de queda provocou alterações favoráveis nas propriedades mecânicas dos ossos. O exercício de queda com impacto é eficaz para prevenir a perda óssea após ovariectomia, mesmo quando a osteopenia já está estabelecida

RESUMEN Introducción: La osteopenia es una enfermedad reversible y precede a la osteoporosis. La actividad física y la carga mecánica parecen desempeñar un papel importante en la regulación de la homeostasis ósea, sin los efectos secundarios de la terapia farmacológica dirigida. Sin embargo, es controvertido qué tipo de estímulo promueve adaptaciones más eficaces con respecto a las propiedades mecánicas de los huesos. Objetivo: Investigar los efectos del entrenamiento de caída con alto impacto sobre la estructura ósea después de osteopenia inducida por ovariectomía en 40 ratas Wistar hembras de diez semanas de edad. Métodos: Se asignaron aleatoriamente veinte ratas (programa de prevención) en dos grupos (n = 10): Ovariectomizadas sedentarios (OVXs) y OVX entrenadas (OVX + Drope). Los animales OVX + Drope comenzaron a entrenar tres días después de la cirugía. Otras veinte ratas hembras (programa de tratamiento) fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a otros dos grupos (n = 10): Ovariectomizadas sedentarias (OVXs) y OVX entrenadas (OVX + Drope). Los animales OVX + Drope iniciaron el entrenamiento 60 días después de la cirugía. Las ratas en los grupos entrenados se dejaron caer de una altura de 40 cm 20 veces/día, 5 días/semana durante un período de 12 semanas. Al final, se analizaron las pruebas biomecánicas. Resultados: La carga y rigidez de la tibia izquierda en los grupos entrenados fueron mayores que en los grupos sedentarios (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El ejercicio de caída provocó cambios favorables en las propiedades de los huesos. El ejercicio de caída con impacto es eficaz para prevenir la pérdida ósea después de la ovariectomía, incluso cuando la osteopenia ya está establecida.

Influencia de la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior sobre la calidad de vida, nivel de confianza y retorno al deporte: un seguimiento de 15 años / Influence of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on quality of life, level of confidence and return to sports: a follow-up of 15 years

Antecedentes: la articulación de la rodilla es una de las más afectadas y lesionadas, siendo la lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior (ACL) la más frecuente entre ellas, alcanzando aproximadamente el 79% de todas las lesiones de rodilla. Esta lesión, cuando involucra atletas, causa compromisos físicos, fisiológicos y especialmente psicológicos, considerando la alta tasa de incidencia o lesión contralateral después de regresar al deporte. Este compromiso a veces aleja al atleta del deporte, o disminuye su rendimiento. Toda esta limitación o deterioro afecta directamente la calidad de vida de los atletas. Caso clínico: en el presente estudio se realizó seguimiento de una atleta femenina de balonmano durante 15 años, que fue sometida a 3 reconstrucciones del LCA, para evaluar el deterioro físico, funcional y psicológico que estas cirugías causaron a lo largo de los años. Con-clusión: se comprobó que el paciente se alejó por completo de las actividades posteriores a las cirugías, además de haber desarrollado un severo proceso de artrosis como consecuencia de un importante déficit muscular.

Background information: the knee joint is one of the most affected and injured joints in the body, with the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury being the most common (about 79%). Howe-ver, when this injury involves athletes, not only does it cause physical damage, but physiological and, particularly, psychological as well, as it has a high recurrence rate or provokes a contralateral injury after returning to sports. This damage sometimes steers the athlete away from sports al-together, or performance decreases. Hence, these limitations or impairments directly affect the athletesÍ´ quality of life. Case report: in this study, monitoring or a follow up of a female handball athlete who had to undergo three reconstructions of the ACL was carried for 15 years in order to evaluate the physical, functional and psychological impairment that these surgeries caused over the years. Conclusion: it can be verified that the patient completely steered away from sports activities after the surgeries and developed a severe arthrosis process as a consequence of serious muscular deficit.

O aquecimento e o resfriamento terapêutico melhoram a amplitude de movimento imediatamente após a aplicação dos recursos na condição de espasticidade após acidente vascular encefálico / Therapeutic heating and cooling improves the range of motion immediately after the application of the resources in the condition of spasticity after stroke

Introdução: dentre os problemas secundários ao acidente vascularencefálico (AVE) está presente a espasticidade que pode ser de finida como a exacerbação dos reflexos profundos decorrente da hiperexcitabilidade do reflexo do estiramento pelo aumento da velocidade de tônus muscular. A crioterapia e o calor são recursos terapêuticos que possuem efeitos fisiológicos que podem favorecem a diminuição da espasticidade. Objetivo: avaliar recursos térmicos da crioterapia e do calor superficial na redução da espasticidade em pacientes com sequela de AVE. Método: foram randomizados 36 pacientes que realizaram uma de duas intervenções: grupo CRIO (n=17) consistiu da aplicação de compressas de gelo de 1,5 kg, sob a forma de pacotes, no músculo espástico, durante 25 minutos e; grupo IV (n=19) consistiu da realização de calor superficial por aplicação de radiação de lâmpada infravermelha utilizando-se uma distância de 45 centímetros, durante 25 minutos, na região espástica. Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatísticas significativas entre a aplicação pré e pós (p<0,001) nas ADM ativa e passiva. No entanto, em relação à comparação entre os recursos, não houve diferença estatística significativa entre acrioterapia e o calor, p=0,427, ADM ativa e p=0,09, ADM passiva. Conclusão: ambas as técnicas terapêuticas empregadas (calor e frio) tiveram eficácia no tratamento da espasticidade em pacientes com sequela de AVE, não havendo predominância dos efeitos fisiológicos entre os recursos terapêuticos.

Introduction: spasticity can be defined as an exacerbation of deep reflections resulting from hyper excitability of the stretch reflex muscle tone by the increase of speed. The thermotherapy and cryotherapy are therapeutic resources that have physiological effects that may decrease spasticity. Objective: this study aimed to evaluate thermal resources of cryotherapy and superficial heat in reducing spasticity in stroke sequela patients. Method: 36 patients were randomized allocated in two groups: CRYO group (n = 17) consisted of the application of ice packs of 1.5 kg, on spastic muscle, for 25 minutes; IV group (n = 19) consisted of performing surface heat by infrared radiation lamp application using a distance of 45 centimeters for 25 minutes in spastic region. Results and Discussion: the results showed statistically significant differences between pre and post application (p<0.001) in the active and passive ROM. However, regarding the comparison between the resources, there was no statistically significant difference between cryotherapy and thermotherapy, p = 0.427, ADM active and p = 0.09, passive ROM. Conclusion: both employed therapeutic techniques (heat and cold) had efficacy in the treatment of spasticity in patients with stroke sequela, with no predominance of the physiological effects of the therapeutic resources.

Modalidades Terapêuticas Alteram Limiar de Dor à Pressão de Indivíduos com PontosGatilho Miofasciais / Therapeutic Modalities Change Pressure Pain Threshold in Individuals with Myofascial Trigger Points

A fisioterapia dispõe de vários métodos analgésicos, entre eles a estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (TENS) e o infravermelho terapêutico (IV), porém há dúvidas em relação a qual possua maior efeito e seja mais duradouro. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o limiar de dor à pressão em indivíduos com ponto gatilho na região de músculo trapézio superior, tratados com recursos eletro e fototerapêuticos. Trinta indivíduos, que apresentavam ponto gatilho ativo na região do trapézio superior, foram randomizados em dois grupos: grupo tratado com TENS (GT) e grupo tratado com infravermelho (GIV). Para avaliar o limiar da dor à pressão foi utilizado um algômetro de pressão, ambos aplicados antes do tratamento, após 30 minutos, 24 e 48 horas; além disso, utilizou-se a escala visual analógica da dor. Para análise estatística foram utilizados testes específicos: teste t não pareado (para comparação entre grupos) e T-student pareado (para comparações intraperíodos), sendo adotado nível de significância de 5%. Observou-se que entre as modalidades terapêuticas estudadas, tanto a TENS quanto o infravermelho apresentaram aumento do limiar de dor à pressão logo após (30 minutos) da aplicação, porém o infravermelho apresentou uma manutenção da analgesia superior a TENS, quando analisado o limiar de dor à pressão.(AU)

Physiotherapy has several analgesic methods, including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and therapeutic infrared (IR), but there are doubts as to which has greater effect and is more durable. The aim of this study was to analyze the pressure pain threshold in individuals with trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle region treated with electro and phototherapeutic resources. Thirty (30) individuals with active trigger points in the upper trapezius region, were randomized into two groups: TENS (GT) and infrared (GIV) treated groups. To evaluate the pressure pain threshold, a pressure algometer was used, both applied before the treatment, after 30 minutes, 24 and 48 hours. In addition, the visual analogue pain scale was used. For statistical analysis, specific tests were used: unpaired t-test (for comparison between groups) and paired T-student (for intraperiod comparisons), adopting a significance level of 5%. It was observed that between the therapeutic modalities studied, both the TENS and the infrared presented increase of the pressure pain threshold rigth after (30 minutes) the application; however, the infrared presented a maintenance of the analgesia superior to TENS when analyzing the pressure pain threshold.

Avaliação Antropométrica e das Funções Psicomotoras em Crianças de Quatro a Oito Anos / Anthropometric and Psychomotor Functions Evaluation in Children Aged Four to Eight Years Old

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as medidas antropométricas e as funções psicomotoras (de noção corporal, equilíbrio e dominância lateral) em crianças entre 4 e 8 anos de idade, observando as possíveis alterações decorrentes do desenvolvimento normal. Para tal, a população foi constituída de 146 crianças do gênero masculino e feminino, com idade de 4 a 8 anos, que frequentavam uma instituição de ensino localizada no município de São José do Rio Pardo/SP. A avaliação foi constituída de três itens da Bateria Psicomotora de Vitor da Fonseca: equilíbrio, lateralidade e noção corporal. Solicitou-se que cada criança fizesse brincadeiras aplicadas por um fisioterapeuta que anotava suas habilidades. Os dados foram coletados entre o primeiro e o segundo semestre de 2013. Estes foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de testes e software apropriados, com significância de 5%. Conclui-se que na faixa etária dos 4 aos 8 anos não há diferença entre os gêneros feminino e masculino na relação antropométrica e habilidades analisadas. Pode-se observar, também, maior peso e altura a partir de 6 anos, assim como evolução da lateralidade e noção corporal nas crianças acima de 7 anos, e melhor desempenho de equilíbrio a partir dos 5 anos de idade.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric measures and psychomotor functions (body sense, balance and lateral dominance) in children aged 4 to 8 years-old, watching the possible alterations in the normal development. For this, the population consisted of 146 children, male and female, aged 4 to 8 years, who attended an educational institution located in the municipality of Sao Jose do Rio Pardo/SP. The evaluation consisted of three items of the Psychomotor Battery of Vitor da Fonseca: balance, laterality and body notion. It was requested to each child to make jokes applied by a physiotherapist who registered their skills. Data were collected between the first and second half of 2013. These were statistically analyzed by appropriate tests and software, with 5% significance. It was concluded that among the age of 4 to 8 years-old there is no difference between females and males in anthropometric relationship and the skills analyzed. It can be also observed that higher weight and height over 6-years as well as evolution of laterality and body notion in children over 7 years-old, and better balance performance from the age of 5 years-old.

Efeito de regimes de treinamento físico de alto impacto nas propriedades mecânicas de ossos: estudo experimental em ratas wistar / Effects of high-impact exercise training on bone mechanical proprieties: an experimental study in female wistar rats

INTRODUÇÃO: A realização de atividade física garante benefícios ao tecido ósseo uma vez que o estresse provocado pelo carregamento promove adaptações positivas em suas propriedades mecânicas, sendo sua utilização uma estratégia não farmacológica para fortalecimento ósseo. OBJETIVO: investigar o efeito de protocolos de treinamento de alto impacto com frequências semanais e períodos diferentes nas propriedades mecânicas de ossos de ratas Wistar. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 54 ratas Wistar, idade média de 10 semanas, divididas em seis grupos (n = 9): GCI (grupo controle, quatro semanas, sedentário), GTI3 (treinou três vezes por semana durante quatro semanas), GTI5 (treinou cinco vezes por semana, quatro semanas), GCII (grupo controle, oito semanas, sedentário), GTII3 (treinou três vezes por semana, oito semanas) e GTII5 (treinou cinco vezes por semana, oito semanas). O protocolo de alto impacto consistiu de 10 saltos verticais por sessão. RESULTADOS: Os ossos dos animais que receberam treinamento de alto impacto com frequência semanal elevada por um período maior de tempo mostraram valores superiores de suas propriedades mecânicas força máxima e rigidez relativa quando comparados aos demais grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam que a realização de um protocolo de treinamento de alto impacto na forma de saltos verticais possui efeitos positivos sobre o tecido ósseo mesmo com frequência semanal reduzida, embora a realização de uma frequência semanal maior por um período mais elevado garanta melhores resultados.

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity has well established benefits on bone mechanical proprieties and is a non-pharmacological treatment strategy of bone weakening pathologies where given loading stress promotes adaptive responses that enhance bone strengthening. OBJECTIVE: to investigate the effect of high-impact exercise training protocols with different durations and weekly frequencies on bone mechanical proprieties of female Wistar rats. METHODS: fifty-four female Wistar rats, 10 weeks old, were divided into six groups (n=9 each): GCI (four week sedentary group, control), GTI3 (trained three times per week, four weeks), GTI5 (trained five times per week, four weeks), GCII (eight week sedentary group, control), GTII3 (trained three times per week, eight weeks) and GTII5 (trained five times per week, eight weeks). The high-impact training protocol was based on the completion of 10 vertical jumps by the animals per session. RESULTS: Bone mechanical proprieties in the groups that trained with higher weekly frequency for longer periods had greater maximum strength and stiffness when compared with the animals that trained less. CONCLUSIONS: the present results indicate that performance of high-impact training protocol has beneficial effects on bone mechanical proprieties, even with low weekly frequency, suggesting hence, that for bone gain, daily work volume is not necessary; however, for greater result, daily exercise does present better outcome.

Standing frame and electrical stimulation therapies partially preserve bone strength in a rodent model of acute spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of standing frame and electrical stimulation on bone quality in a rodent transection model of spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham, n = 10; SCI, n = 7; SCI + standing frame, n = 7; and SCI + electrical stimulation, n = 7. Complete SCI was generated by surgical transection of the cord at the T10 level. Therapies were initiated 3 days after the surgery, 3 days/wk, 20 mins/day, for 30 days. Animals were killed on day 33 postinjury. RESULTS: No treatment preserved bone mineral density at any skeletal site tested (P = 0.08-0.99). Standing frame therapy preserved maximal load at the lumbar vertebral body (14% vs. 37% reduction, P = 0.01) and prevented SCI-induced loss of stiffness at both the femur (8% vs. 37% reduction, P = 0.03) and the tibia (35% vs. 56% reduction, P < 0.0001). Electrical stimulation therapy reduced SCI-induced loss of stiffness at the tibia only (40% vs. 56% reduction, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Standing frame and electrical stimulation may have potential as future therapeutic modalities to treat or prevent bone loss after SCI.

Biomecânica de quatro técnicas de fixação da fratura em quatro partes da cabeça umeral / Biomechanics of four techniques for fixation of the four-part humeral head fracture

Objetivo: Realizar um estudo biomecânico de quatro técnicas de fixação das fraturas em quatro partes da cabeça umeral. Métodos: A fratura foi reproduzida em 40 úmeros plásticos, divididos em grupos de dez conforme a técnica de fixação, cada uma delas empregando diferentes recursos de fixação, em configurações distintas. Os modelos umerais foram montados em uma escápula de alumínio, com tiras de couro mimetizando os tendões do capuz rotador, e submetidos a ensaios de encurvamento e de torção em uma máquina universal de ensaios, usando a rigidez relativa como parâmetro de avaliação. Montagens com o úmero intacto foram analisadas para comparação. Resultados: O comportamento biomecânico das técnicas de fixação variou dentro de uma ampla faixa, as montagens incluindo a placa DCP e os parafusos de 4,5mm de diâmetro sendo significantemente mais rígidos do que as montagens com os fios de Kirschner e os parafusos 3,5 mm de diâmetro. Conclusão: As quatro técnicas foram capazes de suportar cargas compatíveis com a demanda fisiológica, mas aquelas com a maior rigidez relativa devem ser as preferidas para finalidades clínicas. Trabalho experimental.

Objective: To carry out a biomechanical study of four techniques for fixation of four-part humeral head fractures. Methods: The fracture was reproduced in 40 plastic humeri, divided into groups of ten according to the fixation technique, each one employing different fixation resources, in different configurations. The humeral models were mounted on an aluminum scapula, with leather straps simulating the rotator cuff tendons, and submitted to bending and torsion tests in a universal testing machine, using relative stiffness as an evaluation parameter. Assemblies with intact humeri were analyzed for comparison. Results: The biomechanical behavior of the fixation techniques varied within a wide range, where the assemblies including the DCP plate and the 4.5mm diameter screws were significantly more rigid than the assemblies with the Kirschner wires and the 3.5mm diameter screws. Conclusion: The four fixation techniques were able to bear loads compatible with the physiological demand, but those with higher relative stiffness should be preferred for clinical application. Laboratory investigation.