Addition of High-Sensitivity Troponin to Perioperative Risk Assessment Improves the Predictive Ability of Death in Non-Cardiac Surgery Patients. / Adição da Troponina Ultrassensível à Avaliação de Risco Perioperatório Melhora a Capacidade Preditiva de Morte em Pacientes Submetidos à Cirurgia Não Cardíaca.

BACKGROUND: Risk stratification is an important step in perioperative evaluation. However, the main risk scores do not incorporate biomarkers in their set of variables. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the incremental power of troponin to the usual risk stratification. METHODS: A total of 2,230 patients admitted to the intensive care unit after non-cardiac surgery were classified according to three types of risk: cardiovascular risk (CVR), Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI); and inherent risk of surgery (IRS). The main outcome was all-cause mortality. Cox regression was used as well as c-statistics before and after addition of high-sensitivity troponin (at least one measurement up to three days after surgery). Finally, net reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement were used to assess the incremental power of troponin for risk stratification. Significance level was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 63.8 years and 55.6% were women. The prevalence of myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) was 9.4%. High CVR-patients had a higher occurrence of MINS (40.1 x 24.8%, p<0.001), as well as high IRS-patients (21.3 x 13.9%, p=0.004) and those with a RCRI≥3 (3.0 x 0.7%, p=0.009). Patients without MINS, regardless of the assessed risk, had similar mortality rate. The addition of troponin to the risk assessment improved the predictive ability of death at 30 days and at 1 year in all risk assessments. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MINS is higher in the high-risk population. However, its prevalence in lower-risk population is not negligible and causes a higher risk of death. The addition of high-sensitivity troponin increased the predictive ability of risk assessment in all groups.

FUNDAMENTO: A estratificação ode risco é uma importante etapa na avaliação perioperatória. No entanto, os principais escores de risco não incorporam biomarcadores em seus conjuntos de variáveis. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o poder incremental da troponina à estratificação de risco tradicional. MÉTODOS: Um total de 2230 pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva após cirurgia não cardíaca foram classificados de acordo com três tipos de risco: Risco Cardiovascular (RCV), Índice de Risco Cardíaco Revisado (IRCR), e Risco Inerente da Cirurgia (RIC). O principal desfecho foi mortalidade por todas as causas. A regressão de Cox foi usada, assim como a estatística C antes e após a adição de troponina ultrassensível (pelo menos uma medida até três dias após a cirurgia). Finalmente, o índice de reclassificação líquida e a melhoria de discriminação integrada foram usadas para avaliar o poder incremental da troponina para a estratificação de risco. O nível de significância usado foi de 0,05. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi 63,8 anos e 55,6% eram do sexo feminino. A prevalência de lesão miocárdica após cirurgia não cardíaca (MINS) foi 9,4%. Pacientes com um RCV elevado apresentaram uma maior ocorrência de MINS (40,1% x 24,8%, p<0,001), bem como pacientes com alto RIC (21,3 x 13,9%, p=0,004) e aqueles com IRCR≥3 (3,0 x 0,7%, p=0,009). Pacientes sem MINS, independentemente do risco avaliado, apresentaram taxa de mortalidade similar. A adição de troponina à avaliação de risco melhorou a capacidade preditiva de mortalidade em 30 dias e de mortalidade em um ano em todas as avaliações de risco. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de MINS é mais alta na população de alto risco. No entanto, sua prevalência na população de risco mais baixo não é desprezível e causa um maior risco de morte. A adição da troponina ultrassensível melhorou a capacidade preditiva da avaliação de risco em todos os grupos.

Association of Dietary Inflammatory Potential in Metabolically Healthy and Metabolically Unhealthy Obese Individuals

Abstract Introduction: Currently, two types of phenotypes have been recognized in individuals who are obese. Among the factors related to lifestyle, diet has a relevant influence, although there is no consensus regarding the role of diet in metabolic phenotypes; furthermore, diet is a strong moderator of chronic systemic inflammation. Objective: Investigate dietary inflammatory potential between metabolic phenotypes and to compare the differences between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory diets in individuals with the same phenotype. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study that utilized the database of 533 individuals divided into 4 groups, according to metabolic phenotype and dietary inflammatory characteristic. Sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric and biochemical characteristics were evaluated and the inflammatory index of the diet was calculated. Results: The mean Dietary Inflammatory index (DII) of the total sample was 0.974±1.02, with a maximum of 4.34 and a minimum of −1.74. In the metabolically unhealthy groups, we found a statistical difference in relation to systolic blood pressure when comparing the anti-inflammatory [median 120 (110.0-130.0)] and pro-inflammatory diets [median 130 (120.0-140.0); p = 0.022], and mean isoprostane concentrations were lower in the metabolically healthy group with anti-inflammatory diet. In regression analysis, the only variable that demonstrated a higher risk of alterations in all groups when compared to the metabolically healthy and anti-inflammatory group were isoprostane concentrations. Conclusion: We are able to conclude that an anti-inflammatory diet is associated with lower oxidative stress in metabolically healthy obese, and a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with higher systolic blood pressure values.

One Size Does Not Fit All: The Need to Rethink the Metabolic Syndrome in Women

Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing at epidemic proportions worldwide. MetS and its components are frequent among Brazilian women (41.8%). Women are affected by changes in adipose tissue distribution, lipid profile, insulin resistance (IR), and vascular remodeling during their lives. These changes result from the lack of estrogen after menopause. There have been various attempts to propose a uniform origin for the clustering of the MetS components, including genetics, IR, obesity, lifestyle, sleep disturbances, inflammation, fetal and neonatal programming, and disturbed circadian rhythm of the body functions. The proinflammatory and prothrombotic state in MetS is well-defined. Socioeconomic and lifestyle-related factors are also essential triggers of MetS, which is associated with a higher risk for coronary artery diseases (CAD) and stroke in women. Population measures in health and community medicine, such as continuing education on the importance of lifestyle change to reduce cardiovascular risks from early childhood, are fundamental strategies. Statins reduce high-sensitivity C-reactive protein blood levels and treat high cholesterol. According to the patient, hypoglycemic agents, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1a), and sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, in addition to metformin, have their indication due to their beneficial cardiometabolic and vascular effects. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) should be the first choice to treat hypertension in postmenopausal womem. The recognition of the different gender- and age-specific risk factors, allowing for specific and targeted interventions, is fundamental, especially for women.

Association between Mortality from Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases and Human Development Index in Brazil between 1980 and 2019. / Associação entre a Mortalidade por Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil entre 1980 e 2019.

BACKGROUND: Chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs) caused more than 734,000 deaths (55% of all deaths) in Brazil in 2019, with an important socioeconomic impact. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the mortality rates from CNCDs in Brazil from 1980 to 2019 and their association with socioeconomic indicators. METHOD: This was a descriptive, time-series study of deaths from CNCDs in Brazil from 1980 to 2019. Data on the annual frequencies of deaths and on population were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Crude and standardized mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants were estimated using the direct method (Brazilian population in 2000). The quartiles of each CNCD were calculated, where a quartile change, due to an increase in mortality rate, was represented by a chromatic gradient. The Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) of each Brazilian federative unit was extracted from the Atlas Brasil website and correlated with the rates of CNCD mortality. RESULTS: There was a reduction in mortality rates due to diseases of the circulatory system during the period, except in the Northeast Region. There was also an increase in mortality from neoplasia and diabetes, while the rates of chronic respiratory diseases showed little variation. There was an inverse correlation between the federative units with greater reduction in CNCD mortality rates and the MHDI. CONCLUSIONS: The observed decrease in mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system may reflect an improvement in socioeconomic indicators in Brazil during the period. The increase in mortality rates due to neoplasms is probably related to the aging of the population. The higher mortality rates of diabetes seem to be associated with an increase in the prevalence of obesity in Brazilian women.

FUNDAMENTO: No Brasil, em 2019, as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) acarretaram mais de 734 mil óbitos, 55% de todas as mortes, com importante impacto socioeconômico. OBJETIVOS: Analisar as taxas de mortalidade das DCNT, no Brasil, de 1980 a 2019, e sua associação com indicadores socioeconômicos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de séries temporais dos óbitos por DCNT, no Brasil, de 1980 a 2019. Os dados relativos às frequências anuais de mortes e da população foram obtidos do DATASUS. Foram estimadas as taxas de mortalidade brutas e padronizadas por 100.000 habitantes, pelo método direto (população do Brasil de 2000). Foram calculados os quartis de cada DCNT, onde a mudança de quartil, por aumento das taxas de mortalidade, foi representada por gradiente cromático. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) de cada unidade da federação (UF) foi extraído do site Atlas Brasil e correlacionado com as taxas de mortalidade por DCNT. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu redução nas taxas de mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório no período, exceto na região Nordeste. Houve também aumento da mortalidade por neoplasia e diabetes, enquanto as taxas das doenças respiratórias apresentaram poucas variações. Houve correlação inversa entre as UF com maior redução nas taxas de mortalidade por DCNT e o IDHM. CONCLUSÕES: A redução observada na mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório pode refletir melhoria dos indicadores socioeconômicos, no Brasil, nesse período. O aumento da taxa de mortalidade por neoplasias provavelmente se relaciona com o envelhecimento da população. As maiores taxas de mortalidade por diabetes parecem ser associadas com o aumento da prevalência da obesidade nas mulheres brasileiras.

Registro Brasileiro de Cardiologia Intervencionista durante a Pandemia de COVID-19 (RBCI-COVID19) / Brazilian Registry of Interventional Cardiology during the COVID-19 Pandemic (RBCI-COVID19)

Resumo Fundamento No início da pandemia de COVID-19, os pacientes com infarto do miocárdio (IM) demoraram para procurar um hospital por medo de contágio ou dificuldades no acesso aos serviços de saúde. Objetivos Avaliar procedimentos de cardiologia intervencionista realizados durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e implicações na abordagem do IM. Métodos Registro prospectivo de 24 centros de hemodinâmica no Brasil, com pacientes adultos submetidos a procedimentos de cardiologia intervencionista entre 26 de maio e 30 de novembro de 2020. Os desfechos foram complicações cardiovasculares (CV) e não CV, morte e IM. A concomitância de COVID-19 foi confirmada com RT-PCR. Técnicas de machine learning foram usadas com modelos não paramétricos de árvores de classificação. Usou-se análise de correspondência simples com o software R. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Este estudo incluiu 1.282 pacientes, 435 dos quais (33,9%) apresentaram IM: IM com supra de ST (IMCSST), 239 (54,9%); e IM sem supra de ST(IMSSST), 196 (45.1%). Dos 1.282 pacientes, 29 tiveram complicações CV, 47 tiveram complicações não CV e 31 morreram. O diagnóstico de COVID-19 foi confirmado em 77 pacientes (6%), com 15,58% de mortalidade e 6,49% de complicações não CV. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou significativa doença arterial coronariana (63%). Trombo intracoronariano foi mais frequente na presença de IMCSST (3,4%) e COVID-19 (4%). Tempo porta-mesa superior a 12 horas no IMSSST associou-se a 30,8% de complicações, 25% em pacientes com COVID-19. Conclusões Todos os óbitos foram precedidos por complicações CV ou não CV. A presença de COVID-19 foi associada a óbito e complicações não fatais dos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de cardiologia intervencionista durante a pandemia.

Abstract Background At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with myocardial infarction (MI) took longer to present to hospitals because of fear of contamination and health care access difficulties. Objectives To assess interventional cardiology procedures performed during the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for MI approach. Methods Prospective registry of 24 cardiac catheterization laboratories in Brazil, with adult patients undergoing interventional cardiology procedures between May 26 and November 30, 2020. The outcomes were cardiovascular (CV) and non-CV complications, death, and MI. Concomitant COVID-19 was confirmed using RT-PCR. Machine learning techniques were used with nonparametric Classification Trees models, and Simple Correspondence Analysis, with R statistical software package. Significance level adopted of 5%. Results This study included 1282 patients, 435 of whom (33.9%) had MI as follows: ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI), 239 (54.9%); and non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI), 196 (45.1%). Of the 1282 patients, 29 had CV complications, 47 had non-CV complications, and 31 died. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed in 77 patients (6%), with 15.58% mortality and non-CV complications in 6.49%. Most patients had significant coronary artery disease (63%), and an intracoronary thrombus was more often found in the presence of STEMI (3.4%) and COVID-19 (4%). A door-to-table time longer than 12 hours in NSTEMI was associated with 30.8% of complications, 25% in COVID-19 patients. Conclusions All deaths were preceded by CV or non-CV complications. The presence of COVID-19 was associated with death and non-fatal complications of patients undergoing interventional cardiology procedures during the pandemic.

Indicadores Socioeconômicos e Mortalidade por Doença Isquêmica do Coração e Doença Cerebrovascular no Brasil de 2000 a 2019 / Socioeconomic Indicators and Mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease in Brazil from 2000 to 2019

Resumo Fundamento: Estudos prévios identificaram desigualdade na variação das taxas de mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração (DIC) e doença cerebrovascular (DCBV) quando comparadas regiões com diferentes níveis de indicadores de desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Objetivo: Analisar a variação das taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV e do desenvolvimento econômico, avaliado pelos índices sociodemográfico (ISD) e de vulnerabilidade social (IVS) no Brasil, em um período de 20 anos. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais das taxas de mortalidade bruta e padronizada (método direto com a população brasileira de 2000) por DIC e DCBV por sexo e UF entre 2000 e 2019 comparadas com o ISD e com o IVS. Resultados: Houve melhora do ISD e IVS concomitante a redução da taxa de mortalidade padronizada por faixa etária por DIC e por DCBV no país, entretanto isso ocorreu de modo desigual entre as unidades federativas (UFs). As UFs com melhores indicadores socioeconômicos obtiveram maior redução nas taxas de mortalidade. Discussão: A variação das taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV em comparação com a variação do desenvolvimento socioeconômico são compatíveis com estudos prévios, mas vamos além ao comparar de modo concomitante com o ISD e o IVS. As limitações são o fato de ser um estudo observacional, trabalhar com bancos de dados e estar sujeito ao viés ecológico. Conclusão: Os dados observados levantam a hipótese de que a melhora das condições socioeconômicas é um dos fatores responsáveis pela redução das taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV.

Abstract Background: Previous studies have identified inequalities in the variation of mortality rates from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) when comparing regions with different levels of socioeconomic development indicators. Objective: To analyze the variation in IHD and CBVD mortality rates and economic development, evaluated by the sociodemographic index (SDI) and social vulnerability index (SVI) in Brazil over a period of 20 years. Methods: Ecological study of time series of crude and standardized mortality rates (direct method, based on the Brazilian population in year 2000) from IHD and CBVD by sex and Federative Unit (FU) between 2000 and 2019, compared using the SDI and SVI. Results: There was an improvement in SDI and SVI concomitantly to a reduction in age-standardized mortality rate from IHD and CBVD in the country; however, this occurred unevenly across the FUs. The FUs with the best socioeconomic indicators had the greatest reduction in mortality rates. Discussion: The variations in mortality rates from IHD and CBVD, compared using variations in socioeconomic development, are aligned with those from previous studies, but the present study goes further by including the indicators SDI and SVI in the comparison. The limitations include the observational nature of the study, the use of databases, and the vulnerability to ecological bias. Conclusion: The observed data raise the hypothesis that the improvement in socioeconomic conditions is one of the factors responsible for the reduction in mortality rates from IHD and CBVD.

Associação entre a Mortalidade por Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil entre 1980 e 2019 / Association between Mortality from Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases and Human Development Index in Brazil between 1980 and 2019

Resumo Fundamento No Brasil, em 2019, as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) acarretaram mais de 734 mil óbitos, 55% de todas as mortes, com importante impacto socioeconômico. Objetivos Analisar as taxas de mortalidade das DCNT, no Brasil, de 1980 a 2019, e sua associação com indicadores socioeconômicos. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de séries temporais dos óbitos por DCNT, no Brasil, de 1980 a 2019. Os dados relativos às frequências anuais de mortes e da população foram obtidos do DATASUS. Foram estimadas as taxas de mortalidade brutas e padronizadas por 100.000 habitantes, pelo método direto (população do Brasil de 2000). Foram calculados os quartis de cada DCNT, onde a mudança de quartil, por aumento das taxas de mortalidade, foi representada por gradiente cromático. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) de cada unidade da federação (UF) foi extraído do site Atlas Brasil e correlacionado com as taxas de mortalidade por DCNT. Resultados Ocorreu redução nas taxas de mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório no período, exceto na região Nordeste. Houve também aumento da mortalidade por neoplasia e diabetes, enquanto as taxas das doenças respiratórias apresentaram poucas variações. Houve correlação inversa entre as UF com maior redução nas taxas de mortalidade por DCNT e o IDHM. Conclusões A redução observada na mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório pode refletir melhoria dos indicadores socioeconômicos, no Brasil, nesse período. O aumento da taxa de mortalidade por neoplasias provavelmente se relaciona com o envelhecimento da população. As maiores taxas de mortalidade por diabetes parecem ser associadas com o aumento da prevalência da obesidade nas mulheres brasileiras.

Abstract Background Chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs) caused more than 734,000 deaths (55% of all deaths) in Brazil in 2019, with an important socioeconomic impact. Objectives To analyze the mortality rates from CNCDs in Brazil from 1980 to 2019 and their association with socioeconomic indicators. Method This was a descriptive, time-series study of deaths from CNCDs in Brazil from 1980 to 2019. Data on the annual frequencies of deaths and on population were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Crude and standardized mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants were estimated using the direct method (Brazilian population in 2000). The quartiles of each CNCD were calculated, where a quartile change, due to an increase in mortality rate, was represented by a chromatic gradient. The Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) of each Brazilian federative unit was extracted from the Atlas Brasil website and correlated with the rates of CNCD mortality. Results There was a reduction in mortality rates due to diseases of the circulatory system during the period, except in the Northeast Region. There was also an increase in mortality from neoplasia and diabetes, while the rates of chronic respiratory diseases showed little variation. There was an inverse correlation between the federative units with greater reduction in CNCD mortality rates and the MHDI. Conclusions The observed decrease in mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system may reflect an improvement in socioeconomic indicators in Brazil during the period. The increase in mortality rates due to neoplasms is probably related to the aging of the population. The higher mortality rates of diabetes seem to be associated with an increase in the prevalence of obesity in Brazilian women.

Echocardiogram in Critically ill Patients with COVID-19: ECOVID Study

Abstract Background Literature is scarce on echocardiographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Objectives To describe echocardiographic characteristics of ICU COVID-19 patients and associate them with clinical signals/symptoms, laboratory findings and outcomes. Methods Patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19, admitted to the ICU, who underwent echocardiography were included. Clinical characteristics associated with an abnormal echocardiogram (systolic ventricular dysfunction of any degree — left and/or right ventricle — and/or high filling pressures and/or moderate to severe pericardial effusion) were analyzed. Groups were compared using the Student's t-test, chi-square, and logistic regression. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 140 patients met inclusion criteria, and 74 (52.9%) had an abnormal echocardiogram. A low number of left and right ventricular systolic dysfunction was observed, and 35% of the population had a normal diastolic function. In the univariate analysis, characteristics associated with abnormal echocardiogram were age, chronic kidney disease, elevated troponin, previous heart failure, and simplified acute physiology score 3 (SAPS 3). In the regression model, troponin and SAPS3 score were independent markers of abnormal echocardiogram. An abnormal echocardiogram was associated with a higher prevalence of in-hospital death (RR 2.10; 95% CI 1.04-4.24) and orotracheal intubation (RR 2.3; 95% CI 1.14-4.78). Conclusions COVID-19 has little effect on ventricular function, but it is common to find increased filling pressures. Elevated serum troponin level and SAPS3 score were the independent markers of an abnormal echocardiogram. In addition, the prevalence of in-hospital death and need for mechanical ventilation were higher in patients with abnormal echocardiogram.

Food Consumption and Health Outcomes in Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has changed food consumption. Objective Evaluate the association between metabolic phenotypes, changes in food consumption during the pandemic, and health outcomes in obese women. Methods Cross-sectional observational study including 491 women without previous diagnosis of chronic diseases, evaluated according to metabolic phenotype. During the pandemic, a subsample was re-evaluated by online questionnaires via Google Forms. Analyzed anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary data as well as health outcomes (coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia or death). Information on mortality was collected from the Internal Affairs Office of the State of Rio de Janeiro and the Health Department of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical program SPSS 21, with Mann-Whitney test, Pearson's chi-squared, Spearman correlation, and binary logistic regression, at a significance level of 5%. Results The anthropometric, glucose, and lipid profiles showed significant differences between the metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy groups (p = 0.00). Before the pandemic, women in the metabolically unhealthy group had higher dietary intakes of lipids (p = 0.01), saturated fat (p = 0.01) and sodium (p = 0.04), during the pandemic, they consumed more energy (p = 0.04), lipids (p = 0.02), saturated fat (p = 0.02), proteins (p = 0.03) and sodium from ultra-processed foods (p = 0.03). Consequently, health outcomes were more prevalent in the metabolically unhealthy group (p = 0.00). Conclusion Observed that metabolically healthy women had qualitatively better food intake and fewer health outcomes throughout the study.

Effect of Hypoenergetic Diet Combined With Pumpkin Seed Flour Consumption on Obese Women

Abstract Background Dietary treatment containing fiber-rich foods may contribute to lowering weight in obese women. Objective To investigate the effect of a hypoenergetic diet combined with pumpkin seed flour (PSF) consumption on diet quality, anthropometric indices, and glucose and lipid metabolism in obese women. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 90-day clinical trial with obese women, distributed into the following two groups: hypoenergetic diet + placebo (PG) and hypoenergetic diet + pumpkin seed flour (PSFG). A total of 100 participants were included in the PSFG (n = 47) and PG (n = 53). We evaluated neck circumference (NC); waist to height ratio; conicity index; fat mass (FM); lipid profile; blood concentrations of glucose and insulin; homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI); and blood pressure at baseline, 30, 60, and 90 days. Dietary analysis was determined by differences between diet quality indices before and after prescribing the experimental diet. Chi-squared, Student's t-tests and analysis for repeated measures were used, and values were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results The dietary pattern improved after 90 days in both groups. The PSFG presented lower NC (p < 0.001), FM (p = 0.010), triglycerides (TG) (p = 0.025), insulin (p = 0.003), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.018). The PG presented a lower diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.004) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (p = 0.056). Conclusion A hypoenergetic diet combined with PSF consumption contributes to lowering NC, FM, HOMA-IR, TG, and insulin concentrations.

Disparidade de Gênero na Autoria Principal e Sênior em Periódicos Brasileiros de Cardiologia / Gender Disparity in First and Senior Authorship in Brazilian Cardiology Journals

Resumo Fundamento: Apesar da importância das mulheres na pesquisa clínica, não existe uma avaliação da fração de mulheres em posições de autoria nos periódicos de cardiologia da SBC. Objetivos: Avaliar a fração de mulheres autoras na International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS) e nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC Cardiol) nas últimas décadas. Métodos: Realizamos busca dos artigos originais dos ABC Cardiol, entre 2000 e 2019, e da IJCS, entre 2010 e 2019. Foi feito levantamento do número de primeiras e últimas autoras e do total de artigos originais de 2010 a 2019. Calculamos as proporções totais de autorias femininas e comparamos o primeiro quinquênio com o segundo. Para avaliar a evolução temporal das duas décadas, analisamos apenas dados dos ABC Cardiol. Utilizamos o teste Qui-quadrado para analisar as diferenças dentro de cada revista e entre ambas. O software IBM® SPSS® foi utilizado nas análises. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: De 2010 a 2019, foram publicados 1157 artigos originais nos ABC Cardiol e 398 na IJCS. Observamos que as mulheres têm maior predominância como primeiras autoras na IJCS em relação aos ABC Cardiol, mas os homens predominam como últimos autores em ambos. De 2010 a 2019, não houve modificação significativa na proporção de autorias femininas. Ao longo das décadas analisadas para os ABC Cardiol, houve projeção de crescimento linear de autorias femininas, sendo que a inclinação da reta é maior na projeção da primeira autoria que na autoria sênior. Conclusões: Há disparidade de gênero com menor representatividade feminina nas autorias dos artigos dos periódicos cardiológicos brasileiros analisados: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia e International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. Acreditamos que a partir destes resultados mais esforços devam ser implementados em busca de equidade de gênero na produção científica cardiológica veiculada por estes periódicos.

Abstract Background: Despite the importance of women in clinical research, no assessment has been made of the fraction of women in a leadership positions in the Cardiology journals of the SBC. Objectives: To assess the fraction of female authors in the International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS) and the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC Cardiol) over the last decades. Methods: We searched the original articles of the ABC Cardiol, from 2000 to 2019, and of the IJCS, from 2010 to 2019. We surveyed the number of first and senior female authors and the total number of original articles from 2010 to 2019. We calculated the total proportion of female authorship and compared the first quinquennium with the second. Only data from the ABC Cardiol were analyzed to assess the temporal evolution of the two decades. We used the chi-square test to assess the differences within each journal and between them. The IBM® SPSS® software was used in the analyses. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: From 2010 to 2019, 1,157 original articles were published in the ABC Cardiol and 398 in the IJCS. We observed that women are more prevalent as first authors in the IJCS compared to the ABC Cardiol, but men prevail as senior authors in both journals. From 2010 to 2019, there was no significant change in the proportion of female authorship. Throughout the decades analyzed for the ABC Cardiol, there was a projection of linear growth of female authorship, with the slope of the line being greater in the first authorship than in senior authorship. Conclusions: There is gender disparity, with lower female representativeness in authorship in the articles from the Brazilian Cardiology journals analyzed: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia and International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. We believe that based on these results, more efforts should be implemented in the search for gender equity in the cardiology scientific production published by these journals.

Mulheres Médicas: Burnout durante a Pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil / Women Physicians: Burnout during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil

Resumo Fundamento A COVID-19 adicionou um fardo enorme sobre os médicos ao redor do mundo, especialmente as mulheres médicas, que são afetadas pelo aumento da carga de trabalho e pela perda da qualidade de vida. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19 na qualidade de vida, burnout e espiritualidade de médicas brasileiras que atendem pacientes com COVID-19 direta ou indiretamente. Método Estudo prospectivo, observacional realizado de 28 de julho a 27 de setembro de 2020, no Brasil, com mulheres médicas de 47 especialidades, a mais frequente sendo a cardiologia (22,8%), sem restrição de idade. Elas responderam voluntariamente um questionário online com questões sobre características demográficas e socioeconômicas, qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-brief) e espiritualidade (WHOQOL-SRPB) e enunciados do Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. A análise estatística utilizou o software R, regressão beta, árvores de classificação e matriz de correlação policórica, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Das 769 respondentes, 61,6% relataram sinais de burnout. Cerca de 64% relataram perda salarial de até 50% durante a pandemia. Algumas relataram falta de energia para as tarefas diárias, sentimentos negativos frequentes, insatisfação com a capacidade para o trabalho, e que cuidar de outras pessoas não agregava sentido às suas vidas. Os sentimentos negativos correlacionaram-se negativamente com a satisfação com a vida sexual, a satisfação com as relações pessoais e a energia para as tarefas diárias. A incapacidade de permanecer otimista em tempos de incerteza correlacionou-se positivamente com a sensação de insegurança no dia a dia e com o não reconhecimento de que cuidar de outras pessoas trouxesse sentido à vida. Conclusão O presente estudo mostrou uma alta frequência de burnout entre as médicas brasileiras que responderam ao questionário durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Apesar disso, apresentavam uma qualidade de vida relativamente boa e acreditavam que a espiritualidade trazia-lhes conforto e segurança nos momentos difíceis.

Abstract Background COVID-19 has placed a tremendous burden on physicians worldwide, especially women physicians, affected by increased workload and loss of quality of life. Objective To assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life, burnout and spirituality of Brazilian women physicians directly or indirectly providing care to COVID-19 patients. Methods Prospective, observational study performed from July 28 to September 27, 2020, in Brazil, with women physicians from 47 specialities, the most frequent being cardiology (22.8%), with no age restriction. They voluntarily answered an online survey with questions on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, quality of life (WHOQOL-brief), spirituality (WHOQOL-SRPB), and statements from the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Statistical analysis used the R software, beta regression, classification trees, and polychoric correlation matrix, with a 5% of significance level. Results Of the 769 respondents, 61.6% reported signs of burnout. About 64% reported wage loss of up to 50% during the pandemic. Some reported lack of energy for daily tasks, frequent negative feelings, dissatisfaction with capability for work, and caring for others not adding meaning to their lives. Negative feelings correlated negatively with satisfaction with sexual life and personal relations, and energy for daily tasks. The inability to remain optimistic in times of uncertainty correlated positively with feeling unsafe daily and not acknowledging that caring for others brings meaning to life. Conclusion This study showed a high frequency of burnout among Brazilian women physicians who answered the survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, they presented with a relatively good quality of life and believed that spirituality comforted and reassured them in hard times.