Long-term outcomes of alternating chemoradiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: a single-centre experience over the last decade.

SUMMARY: We assessed the long-term outcomes of alternating chemoradiotherapy (ACRT) using 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (FP) in 25 patients with stage II or advanced nasopharyngeal cancer treated at our institution between April 1999 and April 2010. Median follow-up duration was 87 months (range 2-189). According to the 2009 TNM classification (UICC), six patients were in stage II, nine in stage III, and 10 in stage IV. Treatment completion, response and five-year survival rates were retrospectively assessed. ACRT was performed with a first course of chemotherapy administered followed by the initial round of radiotherapy (36 Gy). Then, a second course of chemotherapy with additional radiotherapy (20-30 Gy) was administered, followed by a final third course of chemotherapy. For chemotherapy, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 800 mg/m2/24 h) was intravenously administered for five days, and cisplatin (CDDP, 50 mg/m2/24 h) was administered on the last two days. Treatment completion rate was 96% (24 of 25 cases), and the response rate was 100% (CR: 24 cases and PR: 1 case). Additionally, the five-year overall survival rate was 89.3%. We have demonstrated that ACRT is an effective regimen to treat nasopharyngeal cancer, revealing higher treatment completion, response, and five-year overall survival rates compared with other combinatorial radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment regimens.

Comparison of osseous healing after sagittal split ramus osteotomy and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy.

The sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) is generally associated with greater postoperative stability than the intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO); however, it entails a risk of inferior alveolar nerve damage. In contrast, IVRO has the disadvantages of slow postoperative osseous healing and projection of the antegonial notch, but inferior alveolar nerve damage is believed to be less likely. The purposes of this study were to compare the osseous healing processes associated with SSRO and IVRO and to investigate changes in mandibular width after IVRO in 29 patients undergoing mandibular setback. On computed tomography images, osseous healing was similar in patients undergoing SSRO and IVRO at 1year after surgery. Projection of the antegonial notch occurred after IVRO, but returned to the preoperative state within 1year. The results of the study indicate that IVRO is equivalent to SSRO with regard to both bone healing and morphological recovery of the mandible.

Posttransplant oxygen inhalation improves the outcome of subcutaneous islet transplantation: A promising clinical alternative to the conventional intrahepatic site.

Subcutaneous tissue is a promising site for islet transplantation, due to its large area and accessibility, which allows minimally invasive procedures for transplantation, graft monitoring, and removal of malignancies as needed. However, relative to the conventional intrahepatic transplantation site, the subcutaneous site requires a large number of islets to achieve engraftment success and diabetes reversal, due to hypoxia and low vascularity. We report that the efficiency of subcutaneous islet transplantation in a Lewis rat model is significantly improved by treating recipients with inhaled 50% oxygen, in conjunction with prevascularization of the graft bed by agarose-basic fibroblast growth factor. Administration of 50% oxygen increased oxygen tension in the subcutaneous site to 140 mm Hg, compared to 45 mm Hg under ambient air. In vitro, islets cultured under 140 mm Hg oxygen showed reduced central necrosis and increased insulin release, compared to those maintained in 45 mm Hg oxygen. Six hundred syngeneic islets subcutaneously transplanted into the prevascularized graft bed reversed diabetes when combined with postoperative 50% oxygen inhalation for 3 days, a number comparable to that required for intrahepatic transplantation; in the absence of oxygen treatment, diabetes was not reversed. Thus, we show oxygen inhalation to be a simple and promising approach to successfully establishing subcutaneous islet transplantation.

Pharmacological strategies for protection of extrahepatic islet transplantation.

The safety and effectiveness of islet transplantation has been proven through world-wide trials. However, acute and chronic islet loss has hindered the ultimate objective of becoming a widely used treatment option for type 1 diabetes. A large islet loss is attributed, in part, to the liver being a less-than-optimal site for transplantation. Over half of the transplanted islets are destroyed shortly after transplantation due to direct exposure to blood and non-specific inflammation. Successfully engrafted islets are continuously exposed to the liver micro-environment, a unique immune system, low oxygen tension, toxins and high glucose, which is toxic to islets, leading to premature islet dysfunction/death. Investigations have continued to search for alternate sites to transplant islets that provide a better environment for prolonged function and survival. This article gathers courses and conditions that lead to islet loss, from organ procurement through islet transplantation, with special emphasis on hypoxia, oxidative stress, and antigen non-specific inflammation, and reviews strategies using pharmacological agents that have shown effectiveness in protecting islets, including a new treatment approach utilizing siRNA. Pharmacological agents that support islet survival and promote ß-cell proliferation are also included. Treatment of donor pancreata and/or islets with these agents should increase the effectiveness of islets transplanted into extrahepatic sites. Furthermore, the development of methods designed to release these agents over an extended period, will further increase their efficacy. This requires the combined efforts of both islet transplant biologists and bioengineers.

Multiple roles of the PGE2 -EP receptor signal in vascular permeability.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: PGE2 is a major prostanoid that regulates inflammation by stimulating EP1-4 receptors. However, how PGE2 induces an initial inflammatory response to vascular hyper-permeability remains unknown. Here we investigated the role of the PGE2 -EP receptor signal in modulating vascular permeability both in vivo and in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We used a modified Miles assay and intravital microscopy to examine vascular permeability in vivo. Endothelial barrier property was assessed by measuring transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) in vitro. KEY RESULTS: Local administration of PGE2 , an EP2 or EP4 receptor agonist into FVB/NJcl mouse ear skin caused vascular leakage, indicated by dye extravasation. Intravital microscopy and laser Doppler blood-flow imaging revealed that these treatments dilated peripheral vessels and increased local blood flow. Pretreatment with the vasoconstrictor phenylephrine inhibited the PGE2 -induced blood flow increase and vascular leakage. In contrast to the EP2 and EP4 receptor agonists, administration of an EP3 receptor agonist suppressed vascular leakage without altering vascular diameter or blood flow. In isolated HUVECs, the EP3 receptor agonist elevated TER and blocked thrombin-induced dextran passage. Inhibiting PKA restored the hypo-permeability induced by the EP3 receptor agonist. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Activation of the PGE2 -EP2 or -EP4 receptor signal induces vasodilatation in mural cells, resulting in increased local blood flow and hyper-permeability. In contrast, activation of the PGE2 -EP3 receptor signal induces a cAMP-dependent enhancement of the endothelial barrier, leading to hypo-permeability. We provide the first evidence that endothelial cells and mural cells cooperate to modulate vascular permeability.

Novel multilayer Ti foam with cortical bone strength and cytocompatibility.

The major functions required for load-bearing orthopaedic implants are load-bearing and mechanical or biological fixation with the surrounding bone. Porous materials with appropriate mechanical properties and adequate pore structure for fixation are promising candidates for load-bearing implant material. In previous work, the authors developed a novel titanium (Ti) foam sheet 1-2mm thick by an original slurry foaming method. In the present work, novel Ti foam is developed with mechanical properties compatible with cortical bone and biological fixation capabilities by layer-by-layer stacking of different foam sheets with volumetric porosities of 80% and 17%. The resulting multilayer Ti foam exhibited a Young's modulus of 11-12GPa and yield strength of 150-240MPa in compression tests. In vitro cell culture on the sample revealed good cell penetration in the higher-porosity foam (80% volumetric porosity), which reached 1.2mm for 21 days of incubation. Cell penetration into the high-porosity layers of a multilayer sample was good and not influenced by the lower-porosity layers. Calcification was also observed in the high-porosity foam, suggesting that this Ti foam does not inhibit bone formation. Contradictory requirements for high volumetric porosity and high strength were attained by role-sharing between the foam sheets of different porosities. The unique characteristics of the present multilayer Ti foam make them attractive for application in the field of orthopaedics.

Immune responses to porphyromonas gingivalis infection suppress systemic inflammatory response in experimental murine model.

Periodontitis is a localized infectious disease caused by periodontopathic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), and the severity correlates to significance of immune responses. Recently, it has been reported that periodontitis is associated with the development of systemic disease such as diabetes and atherosclerosis because of increasing invasion of oral pathogens to the circulation. However, the association between local and systemic infectious responses is still unclear. In the present study, we examined the differences of biological responses in animals with or without bacterial infection. After Balb/c mice were infected subcutaneously with live P. gingivalis W83, serum, skin and liver were collected according to experimental protocol. The skin and liver tissues were observed pathologically by haematoxylin-eosin staining, and serum IL-6 levels were measured using ELISA method. Throughout the experimental period, conditions of the mice were observed continuously. As expected, severe infiltration of leukocytes were observed at inflamed skin corresponding to the number of bacterial challenges. Although no inflammatory appearance of skin was observed, serum IL-6 levels were increased dramatically (P <0.01, Student's t-test) and liver tissues were injured in the mice without bacterial challenge. Interestingly, although severe inflammatory appearance of the skin was observed, serum IL-6 levels were not increased and no inflammatory responses were observed in the liver of the 3-times bacterially challenged group. Importantly, immunoglobulin G against P. gingivalis W83 was detected in the blood of mice with 3-times bacterial challenge corresponding to improvement of weight loss and survival. In conclusion, although multiple infections develop severe localized inflammation, the immune system should be sufficient to protect the systemic inflammatory responses.

mRNA of the pro-apoptotic gene BBC3 serves as a molecular marker for TNF-α-induced islet damage in humans.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: TNF-α plays important roles in the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In light of this, we examined the involvement of a pro-apoptotic gene, BBC3 (also known as PUMA), in TNF-α-mediated beta cell dysfunction and destruction in human islets. METHODS: Human islets were exposed in vitro to TNF-α alone or in combination with IFN-γ. Gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR using a set of single islets. Protein abundance and cellular localisation of BBC3 were assessed by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. A marginal number of islets were transplanted into diabetic NODscid mice to correlate in vivo islet function with BBC3 expression. RESULTS: BBC3 and IL8 mRNA were upregulated in TNF-α-stimulated islets in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced through addition of IFN-γ, but not upregulated by IFN-γ alone. Immunohistochemistry revealed that TNF-α in combination with IFN-γ upregulated basal BBC3 abundance in the cytoplasm of beta cells along with the perinuclear clustering of mitochondria partially co-localised with BBC3. TNF-α alone did not induce beta cell death, but did abrogate preproinsulin precursor mRNA synthesis in response to high glucose stimulation, which was inversely associated with upregulation of BBC3 mRNA expression by TNF-α. Higher BBC3 mRNA expression in islets correlated with decreased graft function in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These results suggest that BBC3 mRNA can serve as a molecular marker to detect early TNF-α-induced beta cell stress and may help identify islet-protective compounds for the treatment of diabetes.

PDK1 regulates chemotaxis in human neutrophils.

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK1) plays a central role in signal transduction mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) and regulates cellular functions in neutrophils. Neutrophils from individuals diagnosed with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) present an in vivo phenotype with depressed chemotaxis. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that PDK1 regulates chemotaxis in neutrophils and is responsible for the abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis LAP. Neutrophil chemotaxis was significantly suppressed by the PDK1 inhibitor staurosporine. When cells were transfected with PDK1 siRNA, there was a significant reduction in chemotaxis, while superoxide generation was not significantly affected. In primary neutrophils from persons with LAP, PDK1 expression and activation levels were significantly reduced, and this reduction was associated with the reduced phosphorylation of Akt (Thr308) and chemotaxis. Analysis of these data demonstrates that PDK1 is essential for the chemotactic migration of neutrophils, and in the absence of PDK1, neutrophil chemotaxis is impaired.

Testing combinations of protease inhibitor and preservation solution to improve islet quality and yield.

UNLABELLED: Pancreas preservation using an oxygenated two-layer method (TLM) has been reported to improve islet yields, as has supplementation of Liberase with Pefabloc. We hypothesized that using both TLM and Pefabloc could enhance islet yield as compared with preservation in University of Wisconsin (UW) or Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate (HTK) solution. METHODS: Ninety-eight pancreata with no significant differences of age, body mass index, or cold ischemia time preserved randomly with UW (n = 40), TLM (n = 48), or HTK (n = 10) were processed with (n = 36) or without (n = 66) Pefabloc. RESULTS: The total islet equivalent (IEQ) from TLM-preserved pancreata processed with Pefabloc (n = 12) showed lower yields versus those processed without Pefabloc (n = 36): 216,120 +/- 27,906 vs. 301,427 +/- 21,447 IEQ (P < .05). Islets from 1 of 12 (8.33%) pancreata processed with Pefabloc in TLM were transplanted, in contrast with 15/36 TLM (41.67%) pancreata processed without it. Islet yields were not significantly different among pancreata preserved in UW and processed with Pefabloc (n = 17) versus without Pefabloc (n = 23): 342,693 +/- 45,588 versus 266,609 +/- 29,006 IEQ (P = .149). The number of transplants from UW-preserved pancreata was 3/17 (17.65%) when processed with Pefabloc and 4/23 (17.39%) without. Among the HTK group, there was no significant difference in islet yields between pancreata processed with (n = 7) versus without Pefabloc (n = 3): 248,227 +/- 65,294 versus 483,555 +/- 144,070 IEQ (P = .118). CONCLUSIONS: Pefabloc showed no benefit to improve islet yields. Pancreata preserved in TLM provided better transplant quality islets when processed in the absence of Pefabloc.

Multipotent progenitor cells isolated from adult human pancreatic tissue.

The supply of islet cells is a limiting factor for the widespread application of islet transplantation of type-1 diabetes. Islets constitute 1% to 2% of pancreatic tissue, leaving approximately 98% as discard after islet isolation and purification. In this report we present our data on the isolation of multipotent progenitor cells from discarded adult human pancreatic tissue. The collected cells from discarded nonislet fractions, after enzymatic digestion and gradient purification of islets, were dissociated for suspension culture in a serum-free medium. The cell clusters grown to a size of 100 to 150 mum contained cells staining for stage-specific embryonic antigens, but not insulin or C-peptide. To direct cell differentiation toward islets, clusters were recultured in a pancreatic differentiation medium. Insulin and C-peptide-positive cells by immunocytochemistry appeared within a week, reaching over 10% of the cell population. Glucagon and somatostatin-positive cells were also detected. The cell clusters were found to secrete insulin in response to glucose stimulation. Cells from the same clusters also had the capacity for differentiation into neural cells, as documented by staining for neural and glial cell markers when cultured as monolayers in media containing neurotrophic factors. These data suggest that multipotent pancreatic progenitor cells exist within the human pancreatic tissue that is typically discarded during islet isolation procedures. These adult progenitor cells can be successfully differentiated into insulin-producing cells, and thus they have the potential for treatment of type-1 diabetes mellitus.

Maxacalcitol therapy decreases circulating osteoprotegerin levels in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Osteoprotegerin is a natural glycoprotein which plays a critical role in osteoclast physiology. Elevated levels of circulating osteoprotegerin may account for the development of bone and mineral metabolic abnormalities in uremia. Little is known about the effects of vitamin D therapy on the circulating osteoprotegerin levels in dialysis patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty chronic dialysis patients whose plasma intact PTH levels were greater than 300 pg/ml were analyzed for the study. Following a four-week washout time during which all vitamin D administration was halted, 10 microg of maxacalcitol was intravenously injected thrice a week. RESULTS: The circulating intact PTH, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and intact osteocalcin levels were significantly lowered, while the serum calcium levels were elevated after the therapy. The osteoprotegerin levels significantly decreased after the therapy (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Maxacalcitol therapy reduced the circulating osteoprotegerin levels and improved secondary hyperparathyroidism. The observed effects were the opposite of those expected from previous in vitro studies. Osteoprotegerin may mediate and/or modify the effect of active vitamin D therapy in dialysis patients.

Potential role of phosphodiesterase 7 in human T cell function: comparative effects of two phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

Even though the existence of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 7 in T cells has been proved, the lack of a selective PDE7 inhibitor has confounded an accurate assessment of PDE7 function in such cells. In order to elucidate the role of PDE7 in human T cell function, the effects of two PDE inhibitors on PDE7A activity, cytokine synthesis, proliferation and CD25 expression of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined. Recombinant human PDE7A was obtained and subjected to cyclic AMP-hydrolysis assay. PBMC of Dermatophagoides farinae mite extract (Df)-sensitive donors were stimulated with the relevant antigen or an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb). PBMC produced IL-5 and proliferated in response to stimulation with Df, while stimulation with anti-CD3 MoAb induced CD25 expression and messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 in peripheral T cells. A PDE inhibitor, T-2585, which suppressed PDE4 isoenzyme with high potency (IC50 = 0.00013 microM) and PDE7A with low potency (IC50 = 1.7 microM) inhibited cytokine synthesis, proliferation and CD25 expression in the dose range at which the drug suppressed PDE7A activity. A potent selective inhibitor of PDE4 (IC50 = 0.00031 microM), RP 73401, which did not effectively suppress PDE7A (IC50 > 10 microM), inhibited the Df- and anti-CD3 MoAb-stimulated responses only weakly, even at 10 microM. PDE7 may play a critical role in the regulation of human T cell function, and thereby selective PDE7 inhibitors have the potential to be used to treat immunological and inflammatory disorders.

Molecular cloning and characterization of the Cl(-) pump-associated 55-kDa protein in rat brain.

The Cl(-)-ATPase/pump in the plasma membrane of the rat brain is a candidate for active outwardly directed Cl(-) translocating systems. We recently isolated a Cl(-) pump, 520- or 580-kDa protein complex, which consisted of 51-, 55-, 60-, and 62-kDa proteins. In this study, we cloned a cDNA encoding a 55-kDa glycoprotein, designated as ClP55, which contained an open reading frame of 1512 base pairs encoding a protein of 504 amino acids including a signal peptide of 28 amino acids. Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrated expression of ClP55 mainly in the cerebrum. Application of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides to cultured neurons resulted in a marked increase in the intracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)](i)). Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that ClP55 was localized to the plasma membranes of neurons such as hippocampal pyramidal neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells. Taken together, these results suggest that ClP55 is one of the Cl(-) pump subunits responsible for Cl(-) pump activity.

Inhibition of cardiac delayed rectifier K+ currents by an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against IsK (minK) and over-expression of IsK mutant D77N in neonatal mouse hearts.

The IsK (minK or KCNE1) protein is known to co-assemble with the KvLQT1 (KCNQ1) protein to form a channel underlying the slowly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKs). Controversy remains as to whether the IsK protein assembles with ERG (the ether-a-go-go-related gene) products to form or modulate the channel-underlying the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr). We investigated the effects of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODN) against IsK and its mutant D77N [which underlies a form of long QT syndrome (LQT5) in humans] on the delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) of neonatal mouse ventricular myocytes in primary culture. Patch-clamp experiments on these cells showed that IK consists of IKs and IKr. IK was not recorded from ventricular cells transfected with AS-ODN, while it was recorded from cells transfected with the corresponding sense oligodeoxynucleotides (S-ODN). IK was not recorded from cells transfected with the D77N mutant, and the action potential duration was much longer than in cells transfected with wild-type IsK. Furthermore, HERG could not induce currents in COS-1 cells co-expressed with the D77N mutant and HERG (the human form of ERG). These results indicate that the IsK protein associates with both KvLQT1 and ERG products to modulate IKr and IKs in cardiac myocytes.

Developmental changes in Cl(-)-ATPase activity in rat brains.

Developmental changes in brain Cl(-)-ATPase activity were examined using fetal, neonatal and adult rats. The Cl(-)-ATPase activity rapidly increased over 20 postnatal days to a level four-fold higher than that in an 18-day-old fetus. On Western blot analysis using an anti-Cl(-)-ATPase/pump 51 kDa subunit (ClP51) antibody, the amount of ClP51 protein increased in parallel with Cl(-)-ATPase activity. Immunohistochemistry using the same antibody showed Cl(-)-ATPase-like immunoreactivity on the cell membranes of neurons such as cerebral and hippocampal pyramidal cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells, where the immunoreactivity increased with developmental changes in the size and shape of the neurons. These findings suggest that neuronal Cl(-)-ATPase activity markedly increases during early postnatal development with an increase in the amount of Cl(-)-ATPase protein, which may support the formation of inwardly directed neuronal Cl(-) gradients.

Genetic polymorphisms in the promoter and 5' UTR region of the Fc alpha receptor (CD89) are not associated with a risk of IgA nephropathy.

The molecular mechanisms of immunoglobulin A glomerulonephritis (IgAN), the most prevalent form of primary glomerulonephritis, remain poorly understood. Recently, the essential role of soluble Fc alpha receptor (FcalphaR) in the formation of the pathogenic immune complex has been revealed. We screened genomic DNA samples from patients with IgAN and those with other glomerular diseases for polymorphisms in the promoter and the 5'-untranslated region region of the FcalphaR gene by direct nucleotide sequencing. We found three common polymorphisms in this region, T-114C, T-27C, and T+56C from the putative transcription initiation site. Each genotype was determined in 151 patients with IgAN and 163 patients with other glomerular diseases shown to have no mesangial IgA deposition by renal biopsy. The haplotype analysis revealed tight linkage disequilibrium among them. An association study for the genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies of the polymorphisms between the patients with histologically proven IgAN and those with other glomerular diseases showed no significant difference in the genotype, allele, and haplotype distributions between the two groups. The present study indicates that the analyzed polymorphisms of the FcalphaR gene do not appear to be primarily involved in the susceptibility to IgAN.

Rational, effective metyrapone treatment of ACTH-independent bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH).

Standard therapy for ACTH-independent bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH), a rare form of Cushing's syndrome, is bilateral adrenalectomy. Patients with AIMAH are usually elderly, with a variety of complications, and at risk for surgery. Postoperatively, they must receive lifelong corticosteroids and spend the remainder of their lives avoiding adrenal crisis. Therapy using metyrapone, a potent inhibitor of steroidogenesis, provides the advantages of avoiding the surgery. Its effectiveness is further anticipated because adrenal steroidogenic enzymes are reportedly weak in AIMAH. Treatment with metyrapone thus appears a good therapy for AIMAH, but its effectiveness has not, to our knowledge, been studied. We treated a 59-year-old man with AIMAH with metyrapone. At a low dose of metyrapone (500 to 750 mg/day), his plasma cortisol levels decreased to the normal range, and hypertension and diabetes mellitus were ameliorated. Therapy using metyrapone thus appears effective in treating AIMAH, and can be recommended for high risk AIMAH patients as an alternative therapy.

Experience with photodynamic therapy (endoscopic laser therapy) for the treatment of early gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Photodynamic therapy has been developed as an endoscopic laser therapy for gastrointestinal malignant tumors. The targets for curative upper gastrointestinal endoscopic therapy are carcinomas that are considered statistically unlikely to be accompanied with metastases to the lymph nodes. Endoscopic mucosal resection is the therapy of first choice for such carcinomas. In the application of photodynamic therapy, we narrow down its practical indications to patients who are not indicated for curative endoscopic treatment by preoperative examination or those with histologic findings of endoscopic mucosal resection specimens who reject surgical treatment or are at high risk in surgical treatment. METHODOLOGY: The effect of photodynamic therapy using Porfimer sodium and an Excimer dye laser was evaluated endoscopically in 8 lesions of 7 patients with early gastric cancer. RESULTS: Complete responses were obtained in all patients. As side effects, mild photosensitivity was seen in 6 patients and lasted for several months. CONCLUSIONS: Photodynamic therapy was safety employed, with success in 7 patients with early gastric cancer. We conclude that photodynamic therapy can be a useful palliative method with high tumor selectivity in the treatment of early gastric cancer.

Characterization and effects of methyl-2- (4-aminophenyl)-1, 2-dihydro-1-oxo-7- (2-pyridinylmethoxy)-4-(3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxylate sulfate (T-1032), a novel potent inhibitor of cGMP-binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5).

An isoquinolone derivative, methyl-2-(4-aminophenyl)-1, 2-dihydro-1-oxo-7-(2-pyridinylmethoxy)-4-(3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxylate sulfate (T-1032), was found to be a novel potent inhibitor of cyclic GMP (cGMP)-binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5). We investigated the inhibitory effects of T-1032 on six PDE isozymes isolated from canine tissues. T-1032 specifically inhibited the hydrolysis of cGMP by PDE5 partially purified from canine lung, at a low concentration (IC(50) = 1.0 nM, K(i) = 1.2 nM), in a competitive manner. In contrast, the IC(50) values of T-1032 for PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, and PDE4 were more than 1 microM. T-1032 also inhibited PDE6 from canine retina with an IC(50) of 28 nM, which is of the same order of magnitude as the IC(50) of sildenafil. cGMP hydrolytic activities of two alternative splice variants of canine PDE5 expressed in COS-7 cells were inhibited by this compound to a similar extent. T-1032 increased the intracellular concentration of cGMP in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells in the presence and absence of C-type natriuretic peptide, an activator of membrane-bound guanylate cyclase, whereas the compound did not change cyclic AMP levels. These data indicated that T-1032, which belongs to a new structural class of PDE5 inhibitors, is a potent and selective PDE5 inhibitor. This compound may be useful in pharmacological studies to examine the role of a cGMP/PDE5 pathway in tissues.