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Acute lung injury (ALI) including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication and increase the mortality of patients with cardiac surgery. We previously found that the protein cargoes enriched in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are closely associated with cardiopulmonary disease. We aimed to evaluate the implication of EVs on cardiac surgery-associated ALI/ARDS. The correlations between "oncoprotein-induced transcript 3 protein (OIT3) positive" circulating EVs and postoperative ARDS were assessed. The effects of OIT3-overexpressed EVs on the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) -induced ALI in vivo and inflammation of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were detected. OIT3 enriched in circulating EVs is reduced after cardiac surgery with CPB, especially with postoperative ARDS. The "OIT3 positive" EVs negatively correlate with lung edema, hypoxemia and CPB time. The OIT3-overexpressed EVs can be absorbed by pulmonary epithelial cells and OIT3 transferred by EVs triggered K48- and K63-linked polyubiquitination to inactivate NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and restrains pro-inflammatory cytokines releasing and immune cells infiltration in lung tissues, contributing to the alleviation of CPB-induced ALI. Overexpression of OIT3 in human bronchial epithelial cells have similar results. OIT3 promotes the E3 ligase Cbl proto-oncogene B associated with NLRP3 to induce the ubiquitination of NLRP3. Immunofluorescence tests reveal that OIT3 is reduced in the generation from the liver sinusoids endothelial cells (LSECs) and secretion in liver-derived EVs after CPB. In conclusion, OIT3 enriched in EVs is a promising biomarker of postoperative ARDS and a therapeutic target for ALI after cardiac surgery.
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The mechanism by which aging induces aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) remains unclear. A total of 430 participants were recruited for the screening of differentially expressed plasma microRNAs (miRNAs). We found that miR-1204 is significantly increased in both the plasma and aorta of elder patients with AAD and is positively correlated with age. Cell senescence induces the expression of miR-1204 through p53 interaction with plasmacytoma variant translocation 1, and miR-1204 induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence to form a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, miR-1204 aggravates angiotensin II-induced AAD formation, and inhibition of miR-1204 attenuates ß-aminopropionitrile monofumarate-induced AAD development in mice. Mechanistically, miR-1204 directly targets myosin light chain kinase (MYLK), leading to the acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) by VSMCs and loss of their contractile phenotype. MYLK overexpression reverses miR-1204-induced VSMC senescence, SASP and contractile phenotypic changes, and the decrease of transforming growth factor-ß signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that aging aggravates AAD via the miR-1204-MYLK signaling axis.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Aneurisma Aórtico , Dissecção Aórtica , Senescência Celular , MicroRNAs , Músculo Liso Vascular , Quinase de Cadeia Leve de Miosina , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Envelhecimento/genética , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Aneurisma Aórtico/metabolismo , Aneurisma Aórtico/genética , Aneurisma Aórtico/patologia , Dissecção Aórtica/metabolismo , Dissecção Aórtica/genética , Dissecção Aórtica/patologia , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/patologia , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Quinase de Cadeia Leve de Miosina/metabolismo , Quinase de Cadeia Leve de Miosina/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
Ferroptosis is a novel cell death mechanism that is mediated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. It may be involved in atherosclerosis development. Products of phospholipid oxidation play a key role in atherosclerosis. 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) is a phospholipid oxidation product present in atherosclerotic lesions. It remains unclear whether PGPC causes atherosclerosis by inducing endothelial cell ferroptosis. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with PGPC. Intracellular levels of ferrous iron, lipid peroxidation, superoxide anions (O2â¢-), and glutathione were detected, and expression of fatty acid binding protein-3 (FABP3), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and CD36 were measured. Additionally, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was determined. Aortas from C57BL6 mice were isolated for vasodilation testing. Results showed that PGPC increased ferrous iron levels, the production of lipid peroxidation and O2â¢-, and FABP3 expression. However, PGPC inhibited the expression of GPX4 and glutathione production and destroyed normal MMP. These effects were also blocked by ferrostatin-1, an inhibitor of ferroptosis. FABP3 silencing significantly reversed the effect of PGPC. Furthermore, PGPC stimulated CD36 expression. Conversely, CD36 silencing reversed the effects of PGPC, including PGPC-induced FABP3 expression. Importantly, E06, a direct inhibitor of the oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine IgM natural antibody, inhibited the effects of PGPC. Finally, PGPC impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, ferrostatin-1 or FABP3 inhibitors inhibited this impairment. Our data demonstrate that PGPC impairs endothelial function by inducing endothelial cell ferroptosis through the CD36 receptor to increase FABP3 expression. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of atherosclerosis and a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Aterosclerose , Cicloexilaminas , Ferroptose , Fenilenodiaminas , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Fosfolipídeos , Fosforilcolina , Éteres Fosfolipídicos/metabolismo , Éteres Fosfolipídicos/farmacologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Endotélio/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Ferro/metabolismo , Proteína 3 Ligante de Ácido GraxoRESUMO
Cardiopulmonary bypass has been speculated to elicit systemic inflammation to initiate acute lung injury (ALI), including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), in patients after cardiac surgery. We previously found that post-operative patients showed an increase in endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (eEVs) with components of coagulation and acute inflammatory responses. However, the mechanism underlying the onset of ALI owing to the release of eEVs after cardiopulmonary bypass, remains unclear. Plasma plasminogen-activated inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and eEV levels were measured in patients with cardiopulmonary bypass. Endothelial cells and mice (C57BL/6, Toll-like receptor 4 knockout (TLR4-/-) and inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (iNOS-/-)) were challenged with eEVs isolated from PAI-1-stimulated endothelial cells. Plasma PAI-1 and eEVs were remarkably enhanced after cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma PAI-1 elevation was positively correlated with the increase in eEVs. The increase in plasma PAI-1 and eEV levels was associated with post-operative ARDS. The eEVs derived from PAI-1-stimulated endothelial cells could recognize TLR4 to stimulate a downstream signaling cascade identified as the Janus kinase 2/3 (JAK2/3)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) pathway, along with iNOS induction, and cytokine/chemokine production in vascular endothelial cells and C57BL/6 mice, ultimately contributing to ALI. ALI could be attenuated by JAK2/3 or STAT3 inhibitors (AG490 or S3I-201, respectively), and was relieved in TLR4-/- and iNOS-/- mice. eEVs activate the TLR4/JAK3/STAT3/IRF-1 signaling pathway to induce ALI/ARDS by delivering follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1), and FSTL1 knockdown in eEVs alleviates eEV-induced ALI/ARDS. Our data thus demonstrate that cardiopulmonary bypass may increase plasma PAI-1 levels to induce FSTL1-enriched eEVs, which target the TLR4-mediated JAK2/3/STAT3/IRF-1 signaling cascade and form a positive feedback loop, leading to ALI/ARDS after cardiac surgery. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for ALI/ARDS after cardiac surgery.
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Lesão Pulmonar Aguda , Vesículas Extracelulares , Proteínas Relacionadas à Folistatina , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/etiologia , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Proteínas Relacionadas à Folistatina/metabolismo , Proteínas Relacionadas à Folistatina/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/metabolismo , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/uso terapêutico , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/etiologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate whether pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in microvesicles (MVs) can be a valuable biomarker for the prediction of acute heart failure (AHF) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). One hundred and twenty-four patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were included and analyzed (29 with AHF and 95 without AHF). The concentrations of PTX3 in MVs isolated from plasma were measured by ELISA kits before, 12 h, and 3 days after surgery. Patients' demographics, medical history, surgical data, and laboratory results were collected. The levels of PTX3 in MVs were significantly elevated during perioperative surgery, which was increased more in the AHF group. The concentrations of PTX3 in MVs at postoperative 12 h were independent risk factors for AHF with the area under the ROC curve of 0.920. The concentration of PTX3 in MVs may be a novel biomarker for prediction of AHF after cardiac surgery.
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Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Ponte Cardiopulmonar/efeitos adversos , Componente Amiloide P Sérico/análise , Proteína C-Reativa , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Biomarcadores , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/cirurgiaRESUMO
Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common complication after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). No precise way, however, is currently available to predict its occurrence. We and others have demonstrated that microparticles (MPs) can induce ALI and were increased in patients with ALI. However, whether MPs can be used to predict ALI after cardiac surgery with CPB remains unknown. Methods: In this prospective study, 103 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB and 53 healthy subjects were enrolled. MPs were isolated from the plasma before, 12 h after, and 3 d after surgery. The size distributions of MPs were measured by the LitesizerTM 500 Particle Analyzer. The patients were divided into two subgroups (ALI and non-ALI) according to the diagnosis of ALI. Descriptive and correlational analyzes were conducted between the size distribution of MPs and clinical data. Results: Compared to the non-ALI group, the size at peak and interquartile range (IQR) of MPs in patients with ALI were smaller, but the peak intensity of MPs is higher. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the size at peak of MPs at postoperative 12 h was an independent risk factor for ALI. The area under the curve (AUC) of peak diameter at postoperative 12 h was 0.803. The best cutoff value of peak diameter to diagnose ALI was 223.05 nm with a sensitivity of 88.0% and a negative predictive value of 94.5%. The AUC of IQR at postoperative 12 h was 0.717. The best cutoff value of IQR to diagnose ALI was 132.65 nm with a sensitivity of 88.0% and a negative predictive value of 92.5%. Combining these two parameters, the sensitivity reached 92% and the negative predictive value was 96%. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the size distribution of MPs could be a novel biomarker to predict and exclude ALI after cardiac surgery with CPB.
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BACKGROUND: Current diagnostic strategies for acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are nonspecific and limited. Previously, we demonstrated that circulating microparticles (MPs) in patients with valve heart disease (VHD) and congenital heart diseases (CHD) induce endothelial dysfunction and neutrophil chemotaxis, which may result in kidney injury. We also found that circulating MPs increase after cardiac surgery with CPB and are related to cardiac function. However, the relationship between circulating MPs and AKI after CPB is unknown. METHODS: Eighty-five patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were enrolled. Patients were divided into AKI and non-AKI groups based on the serum creatinine levels at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB. Circulating MPs were isolated from plasma, and their levels including its subtypes were detected by flow cytometer. Independent risk factors for the CPB-associated AKI (CPB-AKI) were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to measure the prognostic potential of CPB-AKI. RESULTS: The morbidity of AKI at 12 h and 3 d after cardiac surgery with CPB was 40% and 31.76%, respectively. The concentrations of total MPs and platelet-derived MPs (PMP) remained unchanged at 12 h and then increased at 3 d post-CPB, while that of endothelial-derived MPs (EMP) increased at both time points. In patients with AKI, PMP and EMP were elevated compared with the patients without AKI. However, no significant change was detected on monocyte-derived MPs (MMP) at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB. The logistic regression analysis showed that EMP was the independent risk factor for AKI both at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB. The area under ROC for the concentrations of EMP at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB was 0.86 and 0.91, with the specificity up to 0.88 and 0.91, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating EMP may serve as a potential biomarker of AKI after cardiac surgery with CPB.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide D-4F, among its anti-atherosclerotic effects, improves vasodilation through mechanisms not fully elucidated yet. METHODS: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor null (LDLr-/-) mice were fed Western diet with or without D-4F. We then measured atherosclerotic lesion formation, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and its association with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2â¢-) production, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH-1) concentration in the aorta. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and aortas were treated with oxidized LDL (oxLDL) with or without D-4F; subsequently, BH4 and GCH-1 concentration, NO and O2â¢- production, eNOS association with HSP90, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation were measured. RESULTS: Unexpectedly, eNOS phosphorylation, eNOS-HSP90 association, and O2â¢- production were increased, whereas BH4 and GCH-1 concentration and NO production were reduced in atherosclerosis. D-4F significantly inhibited atherosclerosis, eNOS phosphorylation, eNOS-HSP90 association, and O2â¢- generation but increased NO production and BH4 and GCH-1 concentration. OxLDL reduced NO production and BH4 and GCH-1 concentration but enhanced O2â¢- generation and eNOS association with HSP90, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. D-4F inhibited the overall effects of oxLDL. CONCLUSIONS: Hypercholesterolemia enhanced uncoupled eNOS activity by decreasing GCH-1 concentration, thereby reducing BH4 levels. D-4F reduced uncoupled eNOS activity by increasing BH4 levels through GCH-1 expression and decreasing eNOS phosphorylation and eNOS-HSP90 association. Our findings elucidate a novel mechanism by which hypercholesterolemia induces atherosclerosis and D-4F inhibits it, providing a potential therapeutic approach.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III , Animais , Apolipoproteína A-I , Aterosclerose/tratamento farmacológico , Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Biopterinas/análogos & derivados , Células Endoteliais , Endotélio Vascular , GTP Cicloidrolase , Guanosina Trifosfato , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico , Peptídeos , SuperóxidosRESUMO
We previously demonstrated that circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patients with valvular heart disease (VHD; vEVs) contain inflammatory components and inhibit endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Neutrophil chemotaxis plays a key role in renal dysfunction, and dexmedetomidine (DEX) can reduce renal dysfunction in cardiac surgery. However, the roles of vEVs in neutrophil chemotaxis and effects of DEX on vEVs are unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of vEVs on neutrophil chemotaxis in kidneys and the influence of DEX on vEVs. Circulating EVs were isolated from healthy subjects and patients with VHD. The effects of EVs on chemokine generation, forkhead box protein O3a (FOXO3a) pathway activation and neutrophil chemotaxis on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and kidneys in mice and the influence of DEX on EVs were detected. vEVs increased FOXO3a expression, decreased phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO3a, promoted FOXO3a nuclear translocation, and activated the FOXO3a signaling pathway in vitro. DEX pretreatment reduced vEV-induced CXCL4 and CCL5 expression and neutrophil chemotaxis in cultured HUVECs via the FOXO3a signaling pathway. vEVs were also found to suppress Akt phosphorylation and activate FOXO3a signaling to increase plasma levels of CXCL4 and CCL5 and neutrophil accumulation in kidney. The overall mechanism was inhibited in vivo with DEX pretreatment. Our data demonstrated that vEVs induced CXCL4-CCL5 to stimulate neutrophil infiltration in kidney, which can be inhibited by DEX via the FOXO3a signaling. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism involving vEVs in inducing neutrophils chemotaxis and may provide a novel basis for using DEX in reducing renal dysfunction in valvular heart surgery.
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Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/imunologia , Vesículas Extracelulares/imunologia , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/imunologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/imunologia , Rim/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Insuficiência Renal/imunologia , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/farmacologia , Adulto , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Quimiocina CCL5/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimiocina CCL5/imunologia , Quimiocina CCL5/metabolismo , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/efeitos dos fármacos , Dexmedetomidina/farmacologia , Vesículas Extracelulares/efeitos dos fármacos , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Feminino , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/imunologia , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/metabolismo , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamação , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação , Fator Plaquetário 4/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator Plaquetário 4/imunologia , Fator Plaquetário 4/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Insuficiência Renal/metabolismo , VasodilataçãoRESUMO
We recently demonstrated that circulating microparticles (MPs) from patients with valvular heart diseases (VHD) subjected to cardiac surgery impaired endothelial function and vasodilation. However, it is unknown whether or not the protein composition of these circulating MPs actually changes in response to the disease and the surgery. Circulating MPs were isolated from age-matched control subjects (nâ=â50) and patients (nâ=â50) with VHD before and 72âh after cardiac surgery. Proteomics study was performed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry combined with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification technique. The differential proteins were identified by ProteinPilot, some of which were validated by Western blotting. Bio-informatic analysis of differential proteins was carried out. A total of 849 proteins were identified and 453 proteins were found in all three groups. Meanwhile, 165, 39, and 80 proteins were unique in the control, pre-operation, and postoperation groups respectively. The unique proteins were different in localization, molecular function, and biological process. The pro-inflammatory proteins were increased in VHD patients and more so postoperatively. Proteins related to coagulation were dramatically changed before and after surgery. The protein composition of circulating MPs was changed in patients with VHD undergoing cardiac surgery, which may lead to activation of the systemic inflammatory response and disorders of coagulation.
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Coagulação Sanguínea , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/sangue , Síndrome de Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica/sangue , Adulto , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Feminino , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pré-Operatório , Síndrome de Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica/cirurgiaRESUMO
Simvastatin treatment is cardioprotective in patients undergoing noncoronary artery cardiac surgery. However, the mechanisms by which simvastatin treatment protects the myocardium under these conditions are not fully understood. Seventy patients undergoing noncoronary cardiac surgery, 35 from a simvastatin treatment group and 35 from a control treatment group, were enrolled in our clinical study. Simvastatin (20 mg/d) was administered preoperatively for 5-7 days. Myocardial tissue biopsies were taken before and after surgery. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. The expressions of Bcl-2 and Bak in myocardial tissue were detected by immunoblotting. The expressions of miRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from rat and cultured cells. MiR-15a-5p mimic was transfected into cardiomyocytes, and the Bcl-2 was detected by immunoblotting. TUNEL staining showed significantly less myocardial apoptosis in the simvastatin treatment group when compared with the control treatment group. Protein expression of Bcl-2 was increased in the simvastatin treatment group before surgery, and Bak expression was increased in the control treatment group after surgery. Further comparisons showed that Bcl-2/Bak ratios were reduced in the control treatment group but were not significantly changed in the simvastatin treatment group after surgery. Furthermore, microarray assays revealed that miR-15a-5p was significantly decreased by simvastatin treatment. This was validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. MiR-15a-5p was predicted to target Bcl-2 mRNA at nucleotide positions 2529-2536. This was validated by luciferase binding assays. Coincident with the change in miR-15a-5p, the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 was increased in the simvastatin treatment group. MiR-15a-5p mimic significantly inhibited Bcl-2 expression in cardiomyocytes. Our findings strongly suggest that simvastatin treatment preoperatively protected the myocardium in patients undergoing noncoronary artery cardiac surgery, at least in part, by inhibiting apoptosis via suppressing miR-15a-5p expression, leading to increasing expression of Bcl-2 and decreasing expression of Bak.
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Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Eletivos/efeitos adversos , Cardiopatias/prevenção & controle , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/administração & dosagem , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinvastatina/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Animais , Células Cultivadas , China , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Cardiopatias/genética , Cardiopatias/metabolismo , Cardiopatias/patologia , Humanos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/efeitos adversos , Masculino , MicroRNAs/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinvastatina/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Proteína Killer-Antagonista Homóloga a bcl-2/genética , Proteína Killer-Antagonista Homóloga a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMO
Endothelial dysfunction is an early stage of atherosclerosis. We recently have shown that 25-hydroxycholesterol found in atherosclerotic lesions could impair endothelial function and vasodilation by uncoupling and inhibiting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 1-Palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC), the oxidation product of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, is another proinflammatory lipid and has also been found in atherosclerotic lesions. However, whether POVPC promotes atherosclerosis like 25-hydroxycholesterol remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of POVPC on endothelial function and vasodilation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with POVPC. Endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation were measured. Nitric oxide (NO) production and superoxide anion generation (O2-) were determined. The expression and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), AKT, PKC-ßII and P70S6K as well as the association of eNOS and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) were detected by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. Endothelial cell apoptosis was monitored by TUNEL staining. The expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Cleaved Caspase 3 were detected by immunoblotting. Finally, aortic ring from C57BL6 mice were isolated and treated with POVPC and the endothelium-dependent vasodilation was evaluated. POVPC significantly inhibited HUVECs proliferation, migration, tube formation, decreased NO production but increased O2- generation. POVPC inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS at Ser1177, increased activation of PKC-ßII, P70S6K and the phosphorylation of eNOS at Thr495, reduced the association of HSP90 with eNOS. Meanwhile, POVPC induced endothelial cell apoptosis by inhibiting Bcl-2 expression, increasing Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expressions as well as caspase-3 activity and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. These data demonstrated that POVPC impaired endothelial function by uncoupling and inhibiting eNOS as well as by inducing endothelial cell apoptosis. Therefore, POVPC may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and may be considered as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/patologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Éteres Fosfolipídicos/farmacologia , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Neovascularização Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase C beta/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases S6 Ribossômicas 70-kDa/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxidos/metabolismoRESUMO
Cold cardioplegia is used to induce heart arrest during cardiac surgery. However, endothelial function may be compromised after this procedure. Accordingly, interventions such as adenosine, that mimic the effects of preconditioning, may minimize endothelial injury. Herein, we investigated whether adenosine prevents cold-induced injury to the endothelium. Cultured human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells were treated with adenosine for different durations. Phosphorylation and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and p70S6K6 were measured along with nitric oxide (NO) production using diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2DA) probe. Cold-induced injury by hypothermia to 4°C for 45 minutes to mimic conditions of cold cardioplegia during open heart surgery was induced in human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Under basal conditions, adenosine stimulated NO production, eNOS phosphorylation at serine 1177 from 5 minutes to 4 hours and inhibited eNOS phosphorylation at threonine 495 from 5 minutes to 6 hours, but increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and p70S6K only after exposure for 5 minutes. Cold-induced injury inhibited NO production and the phosphorylation of the different enzymes. Importantly, adenosine prevented these effects of hypothermic injury. Our data demonstrated that adenosine prevents hypothermic injury to the endothelium by activating ERK1/2, eNOS, p70S6K, and p38MAPK signaling pathways at early time points. These findings also indicated that 5 minutes after administration of adenosine or release of adenosine is an important time window for cardioprotection during cardiac surgery.
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Adenosina/administração & dosagem , Temperatura Baixa/efeitos adversos , Crioprotetores/administração & dosagem , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotermia Induzida/efeitos adversos , Lesões do Sistema Vascular/prevenção & controle , Células Cultivadas , Citoproteção , Esquema de Medicação , Células Endoteliais/enzimologia , Células Endoteliais/patologia , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Humanos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteínas Quinases S6 Ribossômicas 70-kDa/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo , Lesões do Sistema Vascular/enzimologia , Lesões do Sistema Vascular/etiologia , Lesões do Sistema Vascular/patologia , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are increased in mitral valve diseases and impair valvular endothelial cell function. Perioperative systemic inflammation is an important risk factor and complication of cardiac surgery. In this study, we investigate whether EMPs increase in congenital heart diseases to promote inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. METHODS: The level of plasma EMPs in 20 patients with atrial septal defect (ASD), 23 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD), and 30 healthy subjects were analyzed by flow cytometry. EMPs generated from human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were injected into C57BL6 mice, or cultured with HUVECs without or with siRNAs targeting P38 MAPK. The expression and/or phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), P38 MAPK, and caveolin-1 in mouse heart and/or in cultured HUVECs were determined. We evaluated generation of nitric oxide (NO) in mouse hearts, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cultured HUVECs and in mice. RESULTS: EMPs were significantly elevated in patients with ASD and VSD, especially in those with pulmonary hypertension when compared with controls. EMPs increased caveolin-1 expression and P38 MAPK phosphorylation and decreased eNOS phosphorylation and NO production in mouse hearts. EMPs stimulated P38 MAPK expression, TNF-α and IL-6 production, which were all inhibited by siRNAs targeting P38 MAPK in cultured HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS: EMPs were increased in adult patients with congenital heart diseases and may contribute to increased inflammation leading to endothelial dysfunction via P38 MAPK-dependent pathways. This novel data provides a potential therapeutic target to address important complications of surgery of congenial heart disease.
Assuntos
Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Cardiopatias Congênitas/patologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Animais , Caveolina 1/metabolismo , Demografia , Ecocardiografia Doppler , Endotélio Vascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Cardiopatias Congênitas/sangue , Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Interleucina-6/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Vascular function is very important for maintaining circulation after cardiac surgery. Circulating microparticles (MPs) generated in various diseases play important roles in causing inflammation, coagulation, and vascular injury. However, the impact of MPs generated from patients who have valvular heart disease (VHD), before and after cardiac surgery, on vascular function remains unknown. This study is designed to investigate the impact of such MPs on vasodilation. METHODS: Microparticles were isolated from age-matched healthy subjects and patients who had VHD, before cardiac surgery, and at 12 hours and 72 hours afterward. The number of MPs was measured and compared. Effects evaluated were of the impact of MPs on: vasodilation of mice aorta; the phosphorylation and expression of Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), protein kinase C-ßII (PKC-ßII), and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K); expression of caveolin-1; the association of eNOS with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90); and generation of nitric oxide and superoxide anion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy subjects, VHD patients had significantly higher levels of circulating MPs and those MPs before cardiac surgery can: impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation; inhibit phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS; increase activation of PKC-ßII and p70S6K; enhance expression of caveolin-1; reduce the association of HSP90 with eNOS; decrease nitric oxide production, and increase superoxide anion generation. These deleterious effects were even stronger in postoperative MPs. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that MPs generated from VHD patients before and after cardiac surgery contributed to endothelial dysfunction, by uncoupling and inhibiting eNOS. Circulating MPs are potential therapeutic targets for the maintenance of vascular function postoperatively.
Assuntos
Aorta/metabolismo , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/sangue , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/cirurgia , Vasodilatação , Adulto , Animais , Aorta/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Células Cultivadas , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Normal high density lipoprotein (HDL) protects vascular function; however these protective effects of HDL may absent in valvular heart disease (VHD). Because vascular function plays an important role in maintaining the circulation post-cardiac surgery and some patients are difficult to stabilize, we hypothesized that a deleterious vascular effect of HDL may contribute to vascular dysfunction in VHD patients following surgery. HDL was isolated from age-match 28 healthy subjects and 84 patients with VHD and during cardiac surgery. HDL pro-inflammation index was measured and the effects of HDL on vasodilation, protein interaction, generation of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide were determined. Patients with VHD received either simvastatin (20mg/d) or routine medications, and endothelial effects of HDL were characterized. HDL inflammation index significantly increased in VHD patients and post-cardiac surgery. HDL from VHD patients and post-cardiac surgery significantly impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, inhibited both Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation at S1177, eNOS associated with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), NO production and increased eNOS phosphorylation at T495 and superoxide generation. Simvastatin therapy partially reduced HDL inflammation index, improved the capacity of HDL to stimulate eNOS and Akt phosphorylation at S1177, eNOS associated with HSP90, NO production, reduced eNOS phosphorylation at T495 and superoxide generation, and improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Our data demonstrated that HDL from VHD patients and cardiac surgery contributed to endothelial dysfunction through uncoupling of eNOS. This deleterious effect can be reversed by simvastatin, which improves the vasoprotective effects of HDL. Targeting HDL may be a therapeutic strategy for maintaining vascular function and improving the outcomes post-cardiac surgery.
Assuntos
Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/metabolismo , Valvas Cardíacas/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas HDL/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Vasos Sanguíneos/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasos Sanguíneos/patologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/metabolismo , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/genética , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/patologia , Valvas Cardíacas/efeitos dos fármacos , Valvas Cardíacas/patologia , Humanos , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Lipoproteínas HDL/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Sinvastatina/uso terapêutico , Superóxidos/antagonistas & inibidores , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Mitral valve endothelial cells are important for maintaining lifelong mitral valve integrity and function. Plasma endothelial microparticles (EMPs) increased in various pathological conditions related to activation of endothelial cells. However, whether EMPs will increase in mitral valve disease and their relationship remains unclear. Here, 81 patients with mitral valve disease and 45 healthy subjects were analyzed for the generation of EMPs by flow cytometry. Human mitral valve endothelial cells (HMVECs) were treated with EMPs. The phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the association of eNOS and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O(2)(â-)) were measured. EMPs were increased significantly in patients with mitral valve disease compared with those in healthy subjects. EMPs were negatively correlated with mitral valve area in patients with isolated mitral stenosis. EMPs were significantly higher in the group with severe mitral regurgitation than those in the group with mild and moderate mitral regurgitation. Furthermore, EMPs were decreased dramatically in both Akt and eNOS phosphorylation and the association of HSP90 with eNOS in HMVECs. EMPs decreased NO production but increased O(2)(â-) generation in HMVECs. Our data demonstrated that EMPs were significantly increased in patients with mitral valve disease. The increase of EMPs can in turn impair HMVEC function by inhibiting the Akt/eNOS-HSP90 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that EMPs may be a therapeutic target for mitral valve disease.
Assuntos
Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/metabolismo , Estenose da Valva Mitral/metabolismo , Valva Mitral , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Células Cultivadas , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/citologia , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Feminino , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valva Mitral/citologia , Valva Mitral/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Transdução de Sinais , Superóxidos/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Deficiency in number and activity of circulating EPCs is associated with reduced arterial elasticity in humans with advancing aging. Physical exercise can increase the number and activity of circulating EPCs in humans. Here we investigated whether regular exercise-induced enhanced circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) improves age-related decline in arterial elasticity in healthy men. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the number and activity of circulating EPCs as well as brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) of young and older sedentary or endurance-trained healthy men were studied. Then we observed the effect of regular exercise on circulating EPCs and baPWV of 10 older and 10 young sedentary healthy men. RESULTS: In both sedentary and endurance-trained men, the number and activity of circulating EPCs were significantly low in older men compared with young men, which was paralleled to increased baPWV. After three months of regular exercise, the number and activity of circulating EPCs increased, and the baPWV of 10 older and 10 young sedentary healthy men decreased. However, the increased number and activity of circulating EPCs and decreased baPWV of older sedentary healthy men were higher. There was a close correlation between circulating EPCs and baPWV. Multivariate analysis identified proliferative activity of circulating EPCs as an independent predictor of baPWV. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates for the first time that regular physical exercise-induced enhanced circulating EPCs attenuates age-related decline in arterial elasticity in healthy men. These findings provide novel insights into the protective effects of exercise on age-related vascular injury.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Elasticidade/fisiologia , Células Endoteliais/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Índice Tornozelo-Braço/métodos , Contagem de Células/métodos , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Glucosídeos/uso terapêutico , Iridoides/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Glucosídeos Iridoides , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Resultado do Tratamento , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the importance of the specific structure of L-4F, an apolipoprotein A-1 mimetic, in inhibiting atherosclerosis. The study was designed to compare the effect of L-4F and scramble-4F (SC-4F) in preventing low density lipoprotein (LDL) induced endothelial cell dysfunction. L-4F and SC-4F has the same amino acids but different nucleotide sequence. METHODS: Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were incubated with single L-4F 10 microg/ml or SC-4F 10 microg/ml, or LDL 6.2 mmol/L in the absence or presence of L-4F 10 microg/ml or SC-4F 10 microg/ml for 24 h and assayed for (1) changes of superoxide anion (O2-*) generation in BAEC by superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable ferricytochrome C reduction, and (2) the production of nitric oxide (NO) in BAEC by ozone chemiluminescence with VCL3. RESULTS: (1) L-4F and SC-4F themselves had no affect on BAEC O2-* generation. (2) LDL significantly increased O2-* generation in BAEC and LDL-induced O2-* generation was inhibited by pretreatment of LDL with L-4F. However, pretreatment of LDL with SC-4F had no effect on inhibition of LDL-induced O2-* generation. (3) LDL significantly inhibited NO generation in BAEC and pretreatment of LDL with L-4F could inhibit LDL-induced decrease of NO generation, but pretreatment of LDL with SC-4F still inhibited NO generation in BAEC. CONCLUSION: L-4F can prevent LDL induced endothelial cell dysfunction by maintaining the balance of NO and O2-*, but SC-4F doesn't. It suggests that the specific structure of L-4F may play a crucial role in preventing atherosclerosis and it may provide a new clue for searching a novel approach on prevention and therapeutics of atherosclerosis in the future.